Sammanfattning Studien undersöker hur revisionsansträngningen hos företag på Nasdaq OMX Nordic Stockholms listor, Mid cap och Small cap, påverkas under hög – respektive lågkonjunktur genom att undersöka faktorerna: Komplexiteten hos företag Risken hos företag  Revisorns erfarenhet   Studien undersöker revisionsansträngningen genom revisionsarvodet under 2007-2009. Multipla linjära regressioner har används för att nå resultatet. Resultatet av studien visade att för samtliga tre undersökningsår var komplexitet signifikant, revisorerna ansåg att utländska dotterföretag var en faktor som påverkade revisionsansträngningen hos företag på Small – och Mid Cap oavsett om Sverige befann sig i en hög- eller lågkonjunktur. Risken hos företag påverkar revisionsansträngningen i hög – respektive lågkonjunktur. Kundfodringar i relation till totala tillgångar ökade revisionsansträngningen samtliga undersökningsår och ett negativt resultat medförde en ökad revisionsansträngning i hög – och lågkonjunktur. Revisorns erfarenhet påverkade inte revisionsarvodet i varken hög – eller lågkonjunktur. Av de undersökta variablerna visade resultatet att revisorn granskar samma faktorer oberoende av hög- och lågkonjunktur och att ansträngningen har ökat mellan åren och det kan beror på konjunkturen men också av andra faktorer. Eftersom studien är kvantitativ kan vi inte yttra oss om varför revisorer agerar på ett visst sätt, och vi ser därför att ytterligare forskning behövs för att undersöka revisorernas beteende samt ytterligare studier kring hur svenska dotterföretag påverkar revisionsansträngningen, då resultatet går emot vad tidigare forskning visat.   Studien har bidragit med att ge en indikation på att revisionsansträngningen är av högre kvalitet när Sverige befinner sig i hög – som lågkonjunktur.

The Canadian banking system has experienced significant changes over the last two decades. Deregulations allowed banks to generate revenue from non-traditional activities, and today fee-based income is as equally important as net interest income. The main objective of this thesis is to investigate how fee-based income affects a bank’s earnings volatility and its exposure to interest rate risk. We conduct empirical analysis of the annual fee-based income earned by the six largest Canadian banks (Royal Bank of Canada, Toronto-Dominion Bank, Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, Bank of Montreal, Bank of Nova Scotia, and National Bank of Canada) over the period from 1990 to 2012 inclusive. This analysis shows that almost all kinds of fee-based income generated by Canadian banks are highly dependent on the performance of the Canadian economy. In particular, we notice that the Canadian Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and oil prices significantly affect the revenues generated through fee-based activities. We also find a high positive correlation between fee-based income and net interest income. Additionally, we find that trading activity generates the most volatile income stream and eventually increases the volatility of bank earnings. We construct a Monte Carlo simulation model to analyze bank income under different possible economic scenarios. The Monte Carlo model simulates different types of banks that are common not only in Canada, but also around the world. In addition to net interest income, these hypothetical banks can generate three categories of fee-based income: traditional income, basic non-traditional income, and advanced non-traditional income. We also account for the costs associated with fee-based income in our analysis. Through simulations we find that a small change in the term structure of interest rates leads to insignificant changes in income at any type of bank, eliminating the need to hedge against interest rate risk. Moreover, even when interest rates are expected to move dramatically, banks have optimal balance sheet structures that minimize interest rate risk and optimize the volatility of income. Banks with sub-optimal balance sheet structures need to hedge in order to avoid financial distress. We find that hedging works equally well when a bank hedges its entire net income or just the net interest income component. Moreover, some sources of fee-based income can serve as a good hedging tool against the interest rate risk because they provide a steady income stream that could serve as a cushion for earnings. For example, traditional income and basic non-traditional income decrease risk per unit of return and help banks to stabilize revenues. However, advanced non-traditional income increases earnings volatility and might even lead a bank to financial distress.

Thesis (Th. M.)--Covenant Theological Seminary, 2007. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-128).

Thesis--University of California, Berkeley. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 203-221).

Thesis (M.A.(Th.))--Acadia University, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.A.(Th.))--Acadia University, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Indiana University, 1989. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 170-179).

Thesis--University of California, Berkeley. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 203-221).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pittsburgh, 1979. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 144-152).

BARBOSA, Fabio Chaffin. Estimativa das necessidades de irrigação e avaliação do impacto da cobrança pelo uso de recursos hídricos na bacia do Baixo Jaguaribe-CE. 2005. 114 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em engenharia agrícola)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2005. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-06-21T18:09:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_fcbarbosa.pdf: 1245465 bytes, checksum: a93d4ee0e56dec900044aaec987077f5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-07-21T20:13:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_fcbarbosa.pdf: 1245465 bytes, checksum: a93d4ee0e56dec900044aaec987077f5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-21T20:13:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_fcbarbosa.pdf: 1245465 bytes, checksum: a93d4ee0e56dec900044aaec987077f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / The goal of this research was to estimate the irrigation requirements for crops grown in the Low Jaguaribe Basin, Ceará State, Brazil, providing essential information for an adequate irrigation scheduling and the establishment of the water rights for each farm. In addition, an analysis on the impact of the price of water on the farm income was conducted. Based of the Ceara Department of Water Resources database, 36 different crops were identified in the basin, all crops irrigated from water pumped from the Jaguaribe river, amounting to 7,570 ha annual acreage. Interpolation techniques were applied on weather data from four stations to generate individualized water budget for each irrigated field for every county within the basin, leading to a more precise estimation of the volumes and flow rates to be assigned as the water right for that individual farm. Furthermore, planting date, values of crop coefficient for every growth stage, and the efficiency of the irrigation system were applied to estimate the gross weekly water depth and flow rate requirements for every plot in the basin. Total annual water demand for the Low Jaguaribe basin was estimated in 103.8 million cubic meters, ranging from 73 thousand m3 per week during the months of March and April (due to the peak on the rainy season), to 5 million m3 per week in October, when the irrigation water requirement peaks. Clearly the unitary flow rate needed to supply irrigation requirement peaks at a value of 8.4 m3.s-1 in October. Simulations in the demands and on flow rate have indicated volume potentially applied to the field can be reduced in 13.2% to 18.8%, by increasing irrigation efficiency to values compatible with the potential of the irrigation system installed in the field, by replacing the surface irrigation by other more efficient technology, and by replacing rice by another crop. By analyzing the water requirements from rice, cowpea and banana fields, which amounted to 44% of the irrigated acreage in the basin, and taking into account the area of each farm in connection with the water fee to be charged in the state of Ceará, it was found an average value of R$ 7.04 per 1,000 m3 of water supplied to the field. Therefore, resulting in an estimated early gross income of R$ 730,900 from water sale to irrigation in the Low Jaguaribe basin. Three alternative parameters were applied in order to analyzed the effect of charging for water: a percentage of the total production cost, a percentage over the gross income, and a percentage over the net benefit. It was found the last parameter produced more adequate results. In addition, it was found most of the crops evaluated, except sugar cane, rice and corn, provided income to pay even for the for the highest values of water fee posted by the state of Ceará. / Estimar as necessidades de irrigação das culturas exploradas na bacia hidrográfica do Baixo Jaguaribe, no Estado do Ceará, possibilitando um manejo de irrigação mais adequado e suporte técnico no planejamento e concessão de outorgas de direito de uso de água para irrigação, foi o objetivo principal deste trabalho. Também foi analisado o impacto do pagamento da água para irrigação sobre o custo de produção e rentabilidade dos principais produtos agrícolas da região. A partir dos cadastros de outorga de água foram identificadas 36 culturas exploradas com irrigação, com captação a partir do rio Jaguaribe, totalizando uma área de exploração anual de 7.570 ha. Através da interpolação de dados meteorológicos foram obtidos balanços hídricos individualizados por município e, mais especificamente, relativos às regiões irrigadas a partir do rio Jaguaribe, possibilitando uma estimativa mais precisa dos volumes e vazões a serem outorgados para cada área irrigada, com base no município a qual esteja situada. Com os balanços hídricos estimados, valores de Coeficientes Culturais mais ajustados à região e estimativa das eficiências de irrigação alcançadas atualmente foram estimados os volumes de água demandados para irrigação, em cada semana do ano e a vazão contínua necessária para atendimento. A estimativa da demanda anual de água para irrigação na bacia do Baixo Jaguaribe corresponde a 103,8 milhões de metros cúbicos, variando de menos de 73 mil m3 por semana, durante os meses de março e abril, devido a maior concentração de chuvas, a mais de 5 milhões m3 por semana no mês de outubro, que corresponde ao mês de máxima necessidade de irrigação das culturas. De forma patente, a vazão contínua necessária no rio para atendimento da demanda acompanha a flutuação desta, atingindo a 8,4 m3.s-1 no mês de outubro. Simulações de demandas e vazões necessárias para atendimento determinaram potenciais de redução do volume de água utilizado para irrigação de 13,2% a 18,8%, simplesmente com a elevação das eficiências de irrigação a níveis potenciais, com a mudança dos métodos de irrigação por superfície e, ainda, com a substituição da cultura de arroz. Analisando os consumos de água das culturas de arroz, feijão e banana, que totalizam 44% da área irrigada da bacia, associando-os às áreas das unidades produtivas e com as faixas de tarifação pelo uso de recursos hídricos para irrigação em função dos consumos mensais, vigentes no Estado, estimou-se um valor médio de tarifa de R$ 7,04 /1.000 m3. Projetando-se este valor médio de tarifa para a demanda total de água estimada neste estudo, obteve-se a previsão de arrecadação anual com a cobrança pelo uso de recursos hídricos para irrigação no Baixo Jaguaribe, de R$ 730.900. O critério do impacto da cobrança de água em relação à receita líquida das culturas foi considerado mais adequado que quando em relação aos custos de produção e sobre o faturamento bruto. A maioria das culturas analisadas apresentou capacidade de pagamento para o maior valor de tarifa previsto, enquanto que a cana-de-açúcar, o arroz e o milho não apresentaram capacidade de pagamento para qualquer faixa de tarifação.