A controversy dating from the appearance of Altum's book, Der Vogel und sein Leben, 1868 (Mayr, 1935) is that of the biological function or functions of the territorial behavior in birds. However, attention was not focused upon this problem until the advent of Howard's book, Territory in Bird Life, published in 1920. In a general review of the problem Hinde (1956) discussed several functions of the territory and presented evidence both for and against their importance. The more important of these presumed functions are; (1) limitation of population density; (2) facilitation of pair formation and maintenance of the pair bond; (3) reduction in interference with reproductive activities by other members of the species; (4) provision of an adequate food supply for rearing the young; (5) reduction of loss to predators; (6) reduction of time spent in aggression; and (7) prevention of epidemics.

This study focused mainly upon regional and religious variables influencing a mother's decision for a particular infant feeding practice. The problem of this study was to investigate the breast feeding and maternal attitudes of Mormon and non-Mormon mothers who were raised within the Mountain States region and compare them to the attitudes of Mormon and non-Mormon women who are not residents of this region. No significant differences were found between the resident and non- resident women in their practice of bottle or breast feeding, nor was any significant difference found between the number of Mormon and non-Mormon women who breast fed their children. What was discovered however, was an amazingly large percentage of women that had selected to breast feed their babies. Mothers who breast fed were more inclined to mention a closeness between mother and baby as their main reason for the method that they selected . They also believed that it was more convenient, economical , and better for the baby. Physical problems that make breast feeding difficult, if not impossible, were most often mentioned by mothers who selected to bottle feed their children. Bottle feeding was also listed as more convenient and allowed more mobility. Scores obtained from the Infant Feeding Scale, which was developed to measure a mother 1s religious and traditional attitudes in regards to infant feeding, indicated that the Mormon group scored significantly higher on both the religious and traditional parts. The nonresidents in general also scored higher indicating a more conservative traditional response by this group, but it was the Mormon-non-resident group that presented the greater contribution to the over all significance that was found on this scale. Other social and personal variables such as social class, age, family size and educational status were also considered in this study , but no significant difference was found, perhaps because the population in this study was an accumulation of mothers who possessed those variables that tend to positively influence breast feeding.

Com objetivo de descrever a qualidade da alimentação em mulheres de diferentes estratos sociais moradoras de Vila Formosa, cidade de São Paulo, foi realizado um inquérito domiciliar com 295 mulheres abrangendo dados dietéticos e socioeconômicos. Como medida da qualidade da alimentação utilizou-se o \"Índice de Alimentação Saudável\" (IAS), com dez componentes medindo: os seis primeiros a adequação do consumo dos grupos de alimentos; o sétimo e o oitavo a porcentagem de gordura total e saturada; o nono o consumo de colesterol dietético e o décimo avalia a variedade alimentar. Todos os componentes são pontuados de zero a dez, totalizando 100 pontos. Das mulheres estudadas 12% apresentaram alimentação saudável e 69,2% alimentação pouco saudável. Evidenciou-se que o IAS não apresentou diferenças entre os diferentes estratos sociais. Entretanto, encontrou-se uma variação no consumo, com diferenças significativas (p<0,05), caracterizada pelos diferentes componentes do IAS. As mulheres mais pobres consumiram mais cereais e feijões e as mais ricas verduras e legumes, frutas e leite e produtos lácteos; as mulheres de menor escolaridade obtiveram melhores pontuações no consumo de gordura saturada. Quando o efeito da renda foi controlado pela escolaridade, apenas o consumo das frutas foi confirmado. Ainda observou-se que a qualidade da alimentação melhorava quando as mulheres realizavam um maior número de refeições ao dia (p<0,01). / In order to describe the quality of eating consumed by women from different socioeconomic levels who live in Vila Formosa, São Paulo, 295 women were interviewed in their homes. The questionnaire included dietetics and socioeconomic data. Eating quality was measured by using the \"Healthy Eating Index\" (HEI). Ten components were assessed: the first six measured the adequacy of the consumption of food groups; the seventh and eighth, the percentage of total and saturated fat; the ninth, the consumptiom of dietary cholesterol, and the tenth, food variety. The score for each component was proportionally calculated, ranging from zero to ten. The maximum possible score is one hundred. Twelve percent of the sample follow a \"good diet\", and 69.2 % need to \"improve\" their diets. Results shows that HEI does not differ for different socioeconomic levels. However, a variation in the consumption with significant differences (p<0.05) was found, and it was marked by different HEI components. Poorer women consumed more cereais and beans than the rich ones whereas these consumed more vegetables, fruits, milk and dairy products than those poorer. Women with a low levei of education presented betler scores regarding consumption of saturated fat. When the income effect was controlled by education levei, only the consumption .of fruits was confirmed. It was also observed that eating quality is betler when women have more meals per day (p<0.01).

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 290-309) Investigates aspects of the intake and utilization of barley grain and grain legume supplements by sheep fed low quality pasture hay and when grazing mature summer pastures.

A procedure for preparing an enteral formula was developed, using Pakistani indigenous food items. The basis of development was that it would be nutritionally effective, easy to prepare and relatively cheap. 100 indigenous enteral diets were formulated using a computer aided master sheet in which various combinations were analysed. In order to prove the efficacy of these diets, a modified PER was carried out on 6 diets and results indicated a higher PER for the experimental diet. 29 formulations were shortlisted for preparation trials, and 2 main techniques were applied: incubation and cooking techniques. Physical and chemical analyses were carried out to assess the effect of preparation, the cooking methodologies were tried on various diets and 2 diets were shortlisted for human trials. To compare the efficacy of the indigenous enteral formula versus commercial formulae, a pilot study was carried out. Patient nutritional outcomes were assessed using biochemical parameters, and preliminary findings indicated that the experimental diet performed as well as the control diet. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

"March 2004" / Bibliography: leaves R1-24 / xix, 209 p., A54, R24 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / "This thesis describes two models developed to investigate the effect of maternal feed intake on muscle cellularity and myogenic gene expression of fetal sheep." --p. vi.