A obesidade infantil vem aumentando progressivamente e está associada a várias complicações na infância e na idade adulta. Apresenta etiologia multifatorial, sendo o resultado de complexas interações entre fatores genéticos, dietéticos e ambientais. O presente estudo investiga um dos fatores ambientais, a influência familiar, e utiliza um novo instrumento para especificar como o comportamento dos pais influencia o excesso de peso de seus filhos durante a infância. O Questionário de Alimentação da Criança (QAC) avalia as crenças, atitudes e práticas dos pais em relação à alimentação de seus filhos e a relação destes componentes com a tendência ao desenvolvimento obesidade infantil. A versão original deste instrumento apresenta 31 questões e avalia 07 fatores: Percepção de responsabilidade, Percepção do peso dos pais, Percepção do peso da criança, Preocupação com o peso da criança, Restrição, Pressão para comer e Monitoramento. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as atitudes, crenças e práticas das mães em relação à alimentação e propensão à obesidade em crianças que são atendidas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) da cidade de Ribeirão Preto - SP. Os participantes foram 300 pais e filhos, sendo 150 mães e 150 crianças, aleatoriamente selecionadas, com idade entre 2 a 11 anos e de ambos os sexos. O QAC foi aplicado às mães e a avaliação antropométrica foi realizada através da aferição de peso corporal e estatura das mães e filhos, de acordo com as instruções recomendadas pelo Ministério da Saúde. Realizou-se a descrição dos dados por meio de frequências e percentuais e o teste de correlação de Kendall entre as variáveis em estudo. Os níveis de significância estatísticaestabelecido foi p<0,05. A avaliação do estado nutricional foi realizada através do IMC, segundo os critérios de classificação recomendados pela OrganizaçãoMundial da Saúde (OMS).Os resultados mostraram que parte das crianças e das mães apresentou excesso de peso. Em relação ao QAC, no fator Percepção de responsabilidade as mães consideram-se, na maior parte do tempo, responsáveis pela alimentação dos filhos. Para o fator Percepção do peso dos pais e percepção do peso da criança, estas relatam peso normal desde a infância até atualmente. Para o fator Preocupação com o peso da criança as mães consideram-se preocupadas. Para o fator Restrição, as mães concordam com a prática de restringir que sua criança coma determinados alimentos. No fator Pressão para comer, as mães concordam em relação à pressão para que sua criança coma determinada quantidade ou tipo de alimento. No fator Monitoramento, as mães relatam que sempre devem monitorar o que sua criança come. Além disso, verificou-se correlação positiva entre as variáveis IMC dos filhos e dos pais; IMC dos filhos e os fatores Percepção de responsabilidade, Percepção do peso da criança, Preocupação com o peso da criança, Restrição e Monitoramento; e negativa entre IMC dos filhos e Pressão para comer. Desta forma, é possível sugerir que as crenças, atitudes e práticas dos pais durante a alimentação dos filhos estão associadas com o excesso de peso na infância. / Childhood obesity has been increasing steadily and is associated with various complications in childhood and adulthood. Presents several causes and is the result of complex interactions between genetic, dietary and environmental. This study investigates one of the environmental factors, family influence, and uses a new tool to specify how parents\' behavior influences the overweight of their children during infancy. The Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ) assesses parents beliefs, attitudes and practices about childs feeding and relationship of these components with the trend of childhood obesity. The original version of this questionnaire has 31 questions and it evaluates 7 factors: Perceived Responsibility, Perceived Parent Weight, Perceived Child Weight, Concern about Child Weight, Restriction, Pressure to Eat and Monitoring. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the attitudes, beliefs and practices of the parents about childs feeding and obesity proneness on children who are served by the Unified Health System in the city of Ribeirão Preto-SP. The participants were 300 parents and children (150 mothers and 150 children). The children were randomly chosen, with the age ranging from 2 to 11 years and of both sexes. The CFQ was applied on mothers and the anthropometric measurements were recorded by measurement of mothers and childrens body weight and height, according to the instructions recommended by the Ministry of Health. For the data analysis, a descriptive statistics (percentages and frequencies), the Kendall correlation test, when applicable, was used. The levels of statistical significance were set at p<0.05. The assessment of nutritional status used the Body Mass Index (BMI) according to the classification criteria recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The results showed that most children and mothers were overweight. In relation to the QAC, for the Perceived Responsibility Factor, mothers considered themselves, the responsible ones for feeding their child most of the time. As for Perceived Parent Weight Factor, they reported to have had normal weight from childhood up to the present moment. The Perceived Child Weight Factor, parents also affirmed that their children always had normal weight from their childhood up to the present moment. On Concern about Child Weight Factor, the mothers are considered to be worried. About the Restriction Factor, mothers agree with the practice to restrict the ingestion of some type of food to their children. For the Pressure to Eat Factor, mothers agree about the pressure to regulate the quantity of determined type of food consumed by their children. On Monitoring Factor, mothers reported that, they always should monitor what their child eats. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between children and parents BMI variables, as well as childrens BMI and the factors Perceived Responsibility; Perceived Child Weight; Concern about Child Weight, Restriction and Monitoring, and negative correlation between childrens BMI and Pressure to Eat. It can be concluded that the parental attitudes, beliefs and practices about childs feeding are positively associated with overweight in childhood.

INTRODUÇÃO: O hábito alimentar dos escolares pode ser influenciado por características sociodemográficas e do ambiente, seja escolar, doméstico oufora do lar e a valiar o consumo de alimentos do escolar em diferentes locais,pode fornecer informações sobre a qualidade dos alimentos ofertados em cada local. O Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado (IQD -R) é um instrumento apropriado, pois, analisa a qualidade dos alimentos consumidos, comparando - os com as recomendações brasileiras. OBJETIVO: descrever a qualidade da dieta de escolares utilizando o IQD - R. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com escolares de 7 a 10 anos de duas escolas municipais de São Paulo. Foram coletadas informações socioeconômicas, de estado nutricional e de consumo alimentar, por meio da aplicação de três recordatórios de 24h. A qualidade da dieta foi avaliada pelo método IQD-R. RESULTADOS:A média do IQD-R foi de 64,6 pontos e a maioria dos escolares apresentou dieta que necessita de modificação. Os componentes que apresentaram menores escores foram cereais integrais e sódio, e os maiores escores foram observados nos óleos, carnes, ovos e leguminosas, e cereais totais. As meninas apresentaram maior consumo de frutas e menor consumo de carnes, ovos e leguminosas, e sódio. O menor consumo de sódio esteve associado ao maior nível de escolaridade da pessoa de referência da família e maior número de refeições diárias. Escolares que consomem café da manhã possuem maior consumo de vegetais e de leite e derivados. O maior consumo de refeições em casa esteve associado com o menor consumo de gordura saturada e calorias provenientes de gordura sólida e açúcares de adição (Gord_AA), além de ser fator de proteção para uma melhor qualidade da dieta. Escolares que consumiram refeições fora do lar, apresentaram maior consumo de cereais integrais e Gord_AA. CONCLUSÃO: A análise da qualidade da dieta dos escolares mostrou que estes não consomem os alimentos e nutrientes conforme a recomendação brasileira. O maior número de refeições em casa é considerado como fator de proteção para uma melhor dieta quando comparado ao maior número de refeições fora do lar, por isto, ações de educação alimentar e nutricional devem ser direcionadas aos escolares, com intuito de reduzir o consumo de alimentos industrializados e fora do lar. Além disto, a presença do nutricionista nas unidades produtoras de alimentos e na regulamentação da produção dos alimentos industrializados, pode auxiliar na elaboração de cardápios saudáveis, em que se incluem os cereais integrais, frutas e hortaliças, utilizando-se o aproveitamento integral dos alimentos, modos de preparo com menos gordura, como as preparações cozidas, assadas e grelhadas, redução na quantidade de sal de adição e da utilização de alimentos industrializados. / INTRODUCTION: the feeding habits of school children can be influenced by sociodemographic characteristics and environment, whether school, home or outside the home. To assess food intake school among children in different settings can provide information about the quality of food offered at each lo cation. The Healthy Eating Index 2005 (HEI - 2005) is an appropriate tool, for assessing the quality of food consumed, comparing them with Brazilian recommendations. OBJECTIVE: to describe the diet quality of school children by means of the HEI - 2005. METHODS : this was a cross - sectional study of school children 7 - 10 years of two public schools in São Paulo. Information on socioeconomic and nutritional status was collected, as well as, food consumption by the application of three 24 - hour records. The diet quali ty was assessed by HEI - 2005 method. RESULTS: the mean HEI - 2005 score was 64.6 points and most children presented a diet needing improvement. The components that had lower scores were whole grains and sodium, and higher scores were observed for oils, meats, eggs and beans, and total cereals. Girls had higher consumption of fruits and lower consumption of meat, eggs and beans, and sodium. The lowest sodium intake associated with parents higher level of education and increased number of daily meals. School ch ildren who consumed breakfast had higher consumption of vegetables and milk. The increased consumption of meals at home was associated with lower intake of saturated fat and calories from solid fats and added sugars (SoFAAS), in addition to being a protect ive factor for a better diet quality. School children that consumed meals outside the home had higher intake of whole grains and SoFAAS. CONCLUSION: The assessment of diet quality of school children showed that they do have a food intake that meets Brazili an recommendations . The more meals at home is regarded as a protective factor for a better diet when compared to more meals outside the home, thus, shares of food and nutrition education shall be directed to the school children, in order to reduce the cons umption of processed foods and outside the home. Furthermore, the presence of a nutritionist in food producing units and the regulation of the production of processed foods, can help to develop healthy menus, where whole grains, fruits and vegetables are i ncluded, using the full utilization of food, modes of preparation with less fat as cooked, baked and grilled preparations, reduction in the amount of added salt and the use of processed foods.

The three components of the aerobic respiratory metabolism of sablefish, digestion (SDA), activity, and standard metabolism, were examined separately and together as dependent variables responding to the independent variable, feeding frequency. All fish were similar in size and held within a temperature range of 8.5 - 9.5 C on a 12 hr photoperiod. Fish were studied in both 4000 L mass respirometers equipped with activity meters and in a tunnel respirometer. Identical meals were given every 4, 7, and 14 days. A fourth series of starved fish served as controls. In the mass respirometers, oxygen consumption, ammonia nitrogen excretion, and activity were monitored continuously before, during, and after acclimation to the different feeding frequencies. This permitted estimation of total metabolism, the activity and feeding components of total metabolism, standard metabolism, and protein and lipid catabolism. In the tunnel respirometer, energy expenditures at similar levels of Imposed activity were compared before and after eating to examine repartitioning of locomotor and feeding metabolism. It was found that swimming energy expenditures and standard metabolism are a sigmoid functions of ration frequency. The lowest metabolic rates are associated with the least frequent feedings and the greatest with the most frequent meals. Consequently, total and routine metabolic rates are also direct functions of ration history. The lowest metabolic rates are based on lipid oxidation as an energy source. The fish primarily oxidize proteins to meet metabolic needs when on higher rations. It is also shown that apparent specific dynamic action (SDA) results to a greater extent from catabolic rather than anabolic processes. When the dual metabolic load of locomotion and digestion threatens to exceed the aerobic metabolic scope of the fish, a physiological mechanism exists whereby oxygen supply is preferentially shunted to locomotor requirements. When spontaneously active in the mass respirometers, the activity component of metabolism is generally less than 25% of the standard metabolic rate and digestion and locomotion can proceed synchronously. When swimming spontaneously, the sablefish move at a single, probably optimal velocity regardless of ration history. The better fed fish in the experiments were active most of the day despite the low contribution of the activity component to the routine metabolic rate. These results have significance regarding assumptions often made in bioenergetic models, specifically that activity energy expenditures and standard metabolic rates are independent of ration. They reveal an adaptable physiology which applies different energy partitioning strategies to meet the changing metabolic needs of fish in a dynamic environment with a variable food supply. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

The objective was to determine how the interaction of implant strategies with the galanin receptor 2 genotype would influence feeding behavior, production efficiencies, carcass characteristics, and meat quality in finishing steers. Angus steers were selected based on GALR2-c.-199T>G genotype (n = 36 TT, 38 TG, and 19 GG). Calves were blocked by body weight and fed a standard feedlot ration, blood and BW were collected every 28 d. Steers were randomly assigned to an implant strategy of Revalor-S (1×) or Revalor-S (2×). Intake and feeding behavior data were individually recorded. There was an effect of genotype on DMI but not feed efficiency. Treatment interactions were observed for several meat quality attributes but not carcass characteristics. Altering implant strategy does not appear to interact with the GALR2-c.-199T>G genotype to alter production or carcass characteristics.

The biological process of estrus in cattle is known to initiate behavioral responses as a result of fluctuations in hormones, which may alter time budgeted for feeding. The current study aimed to quantify these variations that may exist in feed intake and behaviors in the days pre and post estrus. For this study, 517 estrous cycles in crossbred beef heifers of divergent sizes were used to analyze the impact of estrus behavior on feeding behavior with or without the presence of a bull. There were few differences in estrus behavior among heifers of divergent sizes, however the presence of a bull influenced all estrus activity parameters. Our findings indicate that feed intake and behaviors were sharply decreased on the day of estrus, but returned to baseline levels the following day. Thus, decreases in feed intake and behavior may serve as an additional tool indicating the onset of estrus.

Thesis advisor: Britt F. Pados / Background. Ankyloglossia, commonly known as tongue-tie, reduces tongue mobility through restriction of the lingual frenulum. A recent professional consensus notes that tongue-tie is one possible reason for breastfeeding challenges. Prevalence reporting of tongue-tie has been variable, and an understanding of which infants benefit most from treatment is unknown.Screening and treatment guidelines have not been developed, mainly due to low-level evidence in published research. Despite this, there has been a substantial increase in tongue-tie treatment via frenotomy in the last 15 years. Purpose. The purpose of this program of research was to improve our understanding of tongue- tie and its impact on infant feeding. Eight specific aims were developed to achieve this purpose: 1) identify the prevalence rate of anyloglossia in infants age birth through 12 months; 2) review and evaluate the diagnostic criteria used to diagnose ankyloglossia; 3) identify and summarize original research addressing the impact of ankyloglossia on infant feeding, comparing symptoms of problematic feeding before and after frenotomy; 4) review the quality of the feeding-related outcome measures and psychometric properties of the assessment tools used; 5) describe changes in problematic feeding symptoms, as measured by the NeoEAT, pre- and post-frenotomy; 6) explore the contribution of infant age to the magnitude of change in problematic feeding pre- and post-frenotomy; 7) describe changes in maternal symptoms pre- and post-frenotomy; and 8) evaluate the relationships between maternal symptoms and symptoms of problematic feedingpre- and post-frenotomy. Methods. First, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature on tongue- tie to determine the prevalence of the anomaly in the infant population and critiqued the methods used to achieve tongue-tie diagnosis. Second, we identified and summarized original research addressing the impact of tongue-tie on infant feeding, comparing symptoms of problematic feeding before and after frenotomy. In this same study, we evaluated the psychometric properties of the assessment tools used in the published research. Next, we assessed maternal and infant symptoms of problematic feeding pre- and post-frenotomy. In this same study, we utilized a comprehensive evaluation of infant feeding symptoms using a validated measure. Results. Cumulatively, this dissertation research has identified symptoms in both mothers and their infants in the setting of tongue-tie. Each of the eight specific aims proposed for this dissertation were addressed. Specifically, through the meta-analysis and systematic review, we determined 1) prevalence of tongue-tie is higher than previously thought, affecting 8% of the infant population, 2) current screening tools for tongue-tie require psychometric evaluation, 3) LATCH scores and maternal self-efficacy improve following frenotomy but little is known about the effect of frenotomy on infant feeding, and 4) infant feeding has not been evaluated comprehensively or with a validated measure for babies with tongue-tie. The research study conducted in Chapter IV found that 5) infants with severe tongue-tie experienced significant improvements in problematic feeding symptoms following tongue-tie correction as measured by the NeoEAT, 6) regardless of infant age, improvements in symptoms of problematic feeding were seen post-frenotomy in babies with severe tongue-tie, 7) maternal symptoms previously thought to occur in the setting of tongue-tie improved following frenotomy (e.g., painful or difficult latch), and 8) symptoms that have not been assessed in earlier research also improved after tongue-tie correction (e.g., chewing on nipple, incomplete breast drainage, and over supply of breastmilk). Conclusions. The program of research in this dissertation has made meaningful contributions to the literature on tongue-tie. Through the production of the first meta-analysis of prevalence data, a thorough evaluation of the available research, and the determination of maternal and infant symptoms associated with tongue-tie, we have crafted recommendations for future research and recommendations for improvements in the clinical management of infants with this oral anomaly. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. Connell School of Nursing. / Discipline: Nursing.

A series of grazing trials were conducted on high elevation summer range near Cedar City, Utah . Cattle and sheep were stocked alone and in common in .4 hectare (ha) paddocks. Stocking rates were .76 ha/AUM in 1981 and .60 ha/AUM in 1982. Vegetation measurements were taken before and after grazing treatments to quantify vegetation disappearance. Diet samples were collected from esophageally fistulated sheep in the paddocks before grazing treatments were applied. After a predetermined level of forage utilization was achieved, the paddocks were re-sampled by the esophageally fistulated sheep to examine diets consumed from the forage-reduced vegetation. Behavioral observations were made throughout the trials on sheep grazing alone and with cattle. The length of time sheep spent at a feeding station, feeding station interval, was measured. Sheep ate less grass and more forbs and shrubs than cattle. Cattle showed a strong reluctance to browse snowberry (Symphoricarpos oreophilus) even when the herbaceous vegetation was greatly reduced. Utilization of grasses, forbs and shrubs in the common use paddocks did not represent an average of the utilization by cattle and sheep each grazing alone. Cattle and sheep grazing together used more forage, especially snowberry, than calculated from single use averages. The diets of esophageally fistulated sheep were altered by the various grazing treatments. Diets consumed from previously ungrazed paddocks were higher in forbs, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and crude protein (CP) and lower in fiber than those diets consumed after paddocks had been grazed. Sheep consumed diets higher in IVOMD but lower in CP in paddocks previously grazed by sheep than where cattle had grazed alone or in commonly grazed paddocks. Sheep selected diets from the remaining herbaceous layer when grazing after sheep but ate mostly snowberry when grazing after cattle. Diets of sheep consumed subsequent to common use grazing were intermediate containing both snowberry and grasses. Sheep adjusted their feeding behavior as the grazing trials progressed by increasing the number of brief feeding station intervals. This trend was consistent regardless of whether sheep grazed alone or in common with cattle. However, when sheep grazed with cattle, longer feeding station station intervals persisted further into the grazing trials indicating that amounts of acceptable forage per feeding station were not reduced as quickly as when sheep grazed alone.

This s tudy examined feeding behaviors and habitat preferences of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) and elk (Cervus canadensis nelsoni) in aspen (Populus tremuloides) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) types. Specific purposes were 1) to determine where deer and elk, undisturbed by humans, prefer to graze and rest within these two types and 2) to consider what species- specific characteristics contribute to their differing forage and habitat preferences. Tame free-ranging mule deer and elk were observed for 24-hour periods biweekly through summer to determine their grazing and resting preferences for various habitat subunits. Relative distributions of deer and elk fecal groups were also recorded and compared with actual distribution of the animals . Species dry-weight compositions of monthly diets in the aspen type and lodgepole pine type were quantified by the bite count technique and used as basis for assessing consumption rates , intake and certain aspects of diet quality. In particular, relative digestive capacities of deer versus elk were investigated by using rumen inocula from each species in the fermentation of that animal' s diet, as well as in fermentation of the other species' diet . Crude protein values of diets in the aspen type were also determined monthly and compared with values reported for deer and elk in the lodgepole pine type. In either type , both deer and elk exhibited strong grazing preference for open habitat subunits. However, elk most preferred highly productive meadow bottoms, whereas deer most preferred less productive clearcut lodgepole pine. Aspen forest subunits were also preferred by deer. Clearcutting greatly increased deer and elk grazing use of these areas in the lodgepole pine type, but aspen clearcuts were used about equally to uncut aspen, even though forage production doubled. The reason deer used meadow bottoms less than elk is attributed to the deer's preference for a more digestible diet; deer were generally more selective than elk, especially in meadow subunits where density of vegetation and abundance of nonpreferred grasses and sedges apparently interferred with forage selection and prevented maximum forage consumption rates. Elk had significantly greater digestive capacity than deer and were apparently better adapted to using a more diverse array of plant species as food. In any case, consumption rates were highest on subunits the animals most preferred to graze. The fact that both species made considerable use of less preferred habitat, where consumption rates were "suboptimal", suggests that deer and elk are innately motivated to explore their environments for alternate food resources. Elk generally preferred to bed near where they finished feeding, although always in close proximity to cover. In contrast, deer generally retreated to specific beds which they used repeatedly t hroughout the summer . Deer resting behavior made them better adapted than elk to cope with biting insects. Relative distributions of deer and elk pellet groups differed significantly from actual habitat use by either animal. Importance of the most valuable habitat was underestimated by pellet group distributions, and value of less important habitat was overestimated.

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<p>Calves raised in automated milk feeder (AMF) systems benefit from social interaction and having access to large amounts of milk, which they can consume in multiple small meals. Additionally, these systems record longitudinal feeding behavior measurements on each calf. However, if group size, composition, and disease detection are not optimal, the health and performance of calves can be compromised. The analysis of AMF data can provide information that may allow for improved disease detection and group management to maximize health and welfare of pre-weaned dairy calves. A proper understanding of the data generated by AMF and its context are essential to derive meaningful information about health status and group dynamics of dairy calves. Because the goal is that farmers can use this information to support decisions, six years of historical data from a commercial dairy farm were first collected, described, and stored in a research data ecosystem and then used to evaluate feeding and social behavior of calves. The first chapter evaluates the effect of environmental and biological factors on the feeding behavior of 9,737 calves. The results showed that reductions in milk consumption and drinking speed preceded the detection of bovine respiratory disease using farm protocols. In addition to health status, temperature humidity index, birth weight, and parity of the dam also influenced milk consumption and drinking speed. Therefore, including data on the traits of the individuals and the conditions of their environment can improve predictive models for sickness detection and performance assessment. The second chapter evaluates the use of AMF records and social network analysis. Interactions that occur at the autofeeder from 254 calves in five groups were used to rank individual animals and assess the groups’ stability. Enrollment order was associated with dominance rating, based on feeder displacements. Birth weight, however, had no influence on dominance rating. Social network analysis showed that although displacements are not constant over time, calves did not displace every other calf in their group, indicating some selectivity. This study demonstrates the possibility of using longitudinal data from precision technology to assess group dynamics.</p>