Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate physiological and microbiome differences in a murine model consuming a Mediterranean (M) v. Western (W) diet. Methods Study design: To investigate the potential of diets in modifying the fecal microbiota, we used 16 ICR mice per diet split evenly between males and females. Mice were acclimated for 5 weeks, consuming regular chow, before switching to M or W diets. Four same sex mice were housed per cage and randomly assigned M or W diets with 2 cages of male and female mice/diet. All animals were weighed weekly, and stool samples were collected, freeze-dried, and ground. An aliquot was analyzed for short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) to determine the fecal fermentation profile (FFP). Diets: All animals were acclimated to their surroundings while consuming the standard mouse chow diet for 5 wks. Experimental diets were from Envigo for 10 wks. M v.. W diets were 24.2v. 17.3% protein, 42.3 v. 48.5% carbohydrate, 13 v. 21.2 % fat, 9 v. 5% fiber, and energy density of 3.6 v. 4.5 kcal/g, and were offered ad libitum. Fecal Fermentation Profile: Fecal samples had SCFA extracted and analyzed using a modified Schwiertz et al. method via gas chromatography. The resulting SCFA profiles were used to determine differences between diets. Statistical Model: General linear models examined main effects of diet, sex, and week while accounting for baseline value and a random effect for cage (SCFA) or mouse (weight). Results: Diet effects for M v. W diets for SCFA were Acetate 50.12 v. 38.45% (p< 0.01), Propionate 14.19 v. 7.98% (p< 0.01), Butyrate 8.37 v. 17.27% (p< 0.01), Caproate 16.19 v. 23.68% (p< 0.01), and Caprillic 0.44 v. 0.68% (p< 0.01). Sex comparisons showed higher percentages of Butyrate (p< 0.05) for males and higher percentages of Isobutyrate (p< 0.01), Isovalerate (p< 0.01), and Propionate (p=0.02) for female mice. On the Mediterranean diet, male mice gained more weight than female mice, 4.96g v. 2.86g compared to baseline (p<0.01). Animals on a Western diet approached significance by gaining more weight (p<0.0871).

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-03-07T18:43:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) natalia_avila_soares.pdf: 1056490 bytes, checksum: 869e513c0faa0977b352060ebd8f23f9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-03-30T15:05:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) natalia_avila_soares.pdf: 1056490 bytes, checksum: 869e513c0faa0977b352060ebd8f23f9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-30T15:05:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) natalia_avila_soares.pdf: 1056490 bytes, checksum: 869e513c0faa0977b352060ebd8f23f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar os efeitos da inclus?o de n?veis do farelo de crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hoechst), no perfil fermentativo e valor nutricional da silagem de cana-de-a??car avaliados em diferentes tempos de abertura dos silos. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental do Moura, pertencente ? Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), localizada no Munic?pio de Curvelo, MG e as an?lises laboratoriais forma realizadas no Laborat?rio de Nutri??o Animal do Departamento de Zootecnia da UFVJM, Campus Diamantina, MG. Foi adotado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, sendo quatro n?veis de adi??o do farelo de crambe (FC: 0; 5, 10 e 20%, com base na mat?ria natural) e quatro tempos de abertura dos silos (10; 20; 30; 60 dias ap?s a confec??o das silagens),com quatro repeti??es. Para a avalia??o da composi??o bromatol?gica usou-se: mat?ria seca (MS); mat?ria org?nica (MO), mat?ria mineral (MM), prote?na bruta (PB), extrato et?reo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e prote?na (FDNcp), fibra em detergente ?cido (FDA), carboidratos totais (CT), carboidratos n?o fibrosos (CNF) e nutrientes digest?veis totais calculados (NDTcalculado). Para o perfil fermentativo foram avaliados os valores da atividade de ?gua (Aw), potencial hidrogeni?nico (pH), condutividade el?trica (CE), carboidratos sol?veis (CHOs) e nitrog?nio amoniacal (N-NH3). Os dados foram submetidos ? an?lise de regress?o (P>0,05). Para vari?vel EE, foi observado efeito de dose e tempo (P>0,05). Para a intera??o dos fatores (n?veis de inclus?o do FC x tempo de abertura) observou-se efeito para MS, MM, PB, MO, FDNcp, FDA, CT, CNF, NDT calculado, CE, AW, CHOs, pH e N-NH3. A adi??o do farelo de crambe na ensilagem de cana-de-a??car promoveu melhorias na composi??o bromatol?gica, uma vez que houve eleva??o nos teores de MS, PB, CNF, al?m da redu??o nos componentes fibrosos (FDNcp e FDA), proporcionando assim um alimento de melhor qualidade. As altera??es promovidas pela adi??o do FC at? os 20% de inclus?o na ensilagem de cana n?o comprometeram o perfil fermentativo da massa ensilada. A inclus?o do FC ? indicada at? o n?vel de 10% (com base na mat?ria natural), uma vez que maiores inclus?es acarretam em aumento desfavor?vel da mat?ria seca, nitrog?nio amoniacal e redu??o dos teores de carboidratos sol?veis. A partir dos 30 dias ap?s ensilagem, o material ensilado j? apresentava tend?ncia ? estabiliza??o. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of inclusion levels of crambe meal (Crambe abyssinica Hoechst) the fermentative profile and nutritional value of the silage sugarcane evaluated in different opening times of the silos. The experiment took place at the Experimental Farm of Moura, belonging to the Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), located in the municipality of Curvelo, MG and the laboratory analyzes performed at the Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Animal Science UFVJM Campus Diamantina, MG. A completely randomized 4 x 4 factorial design was adopted, with four levels of addition of crambe meal (CM: 0, 5, 10 and 20%, based on natural materials) and four days of opening of silos (10; 20; 30; 60 days after the opening of silos), with four replicates. For the evaluation of the chemical composition was used: dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), mineral matter (MM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap), acid detergent fiber (ADF), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NCF) and total digestible nutrients calculated (TDN calculated. Regarding the fermentative profile were evaluated: water activity (AW), hydrogenionic potential (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), soluble carbohydrates (sCHT), ammonia-nitrogen concentration (N-NH3). Data were subjected to regression analysis (P> 0.05). For variable EE, only dose and time effect was observed (P> 0.05). For the factors? interaction (levels of inclusion of CM x opening time) was observed effect for MS, MM, CP, MO, NDFap, ADF, TC, NFC, TDN, CE, AW, sCHT, pH and N-NH3. The addition of crambe meal in sugarcane silage boosted the chemical composition, since there was an increase in DM, CP, NFC, and a reduction in fibrous components (NDFap and ADF), thus providing better quality food. The changes promoted by the addition of the FC to the 20% inclusion in cane silage did not affect the fermentation characteristics of silage. The inclusion of the FC is given to the level of 10% (based on natural matter), since larger inclusions lead in an unfavorable increase in dry matte, ammonia nitrogen and reduced levels of carbohydrates. From 30 days after ensiling, the ensiled material already presented tendency towards stabilization.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:55:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 801697 bytes, checksum: 32cbf2924b781d449fc5d6ed4f0df16d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-10 / This study was conducted based on two experiments. The first experiment was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition, the population of microorganisms, fermentation pattern and dry matter recovery of the following treatments: 1- Silage cane sugar; 2- Silage cane sugar with Lactobacillus buchneri, 3- Silage cane sugar with Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus; 4- Silage cane sugar with Propionibacterium acidipropionici and Lactobacillus plantarum; 5- Silage cane sugar with 0.5% lime (CaO); 6- Silage cane sugar with 1.0% lime (CaO); 7- Silage cane sugar with 0.5% urea, 8- Silage cane sugar with 1.0% urea. We used completely randomized design with eight treatments and four replications, totaling 32 experimental units. The sugar cane was chopped and ensiled in 20 kg buckets containing Bunsen valves, open 180 days after ensiling. It was found that the sugar cane treated with urea markedly increased the protein levels and reduced levels of NIDA in silage, however, the concentration of nitrogen ammonia were also increased. The other additives provided no beneficial effects on silage composition, except the lime 0.5%, which reduced the NDF. The 0.5% lime produced higher lactic acid in silage. None of the additives was effective in increasing the population of lactic acid bacteria and decrease the population of yeast, like, did not benefit the recovery of dry matter or organic acid profile in relation to silage cane sugar without additives. The addition of 1% lime increased the yields of propionic acid and butyric acid. The inoculation Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium acidipropionici increased the ethanol content. Based on these results, it was observed that the silage is showed adequate fermentation profile, low population of yeast and high concentrations of ethanol and dry matter recovery. In experiment 2 was to evaluate the intake, digestibility, concentration of urea in blood plasma, the excretion of urea in urine, microbial efficiency, the average daily weight gain, yield and composition of milk from Holstein cows fed sugar cane sugar fresh, corn silage and cane sugar silages treated or not with microbial inoculants. The diets contained the following bulky: Corn silage, Sugarcane fresh; Silage cane sugar; Silage cane sugar with Lactobacillus buchneri and Silage of cane sugar with Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus. Were used fifteen Holstein cows, allocated to individual pens and arranged in randomized block design, adopting milk production as factor of local control with three replications. Isonitrogenous diets were formulated to meet the requirements of lactating cows to produce 27 kg/day, whereas consumption was ad libitum and calculated to allow plenty of 10%. Means were compared by Tukey test at 5 % probability , using the SAS program. It was found that the intake of DM , OM, NDF and NFC did not differ (P>0.05). The CP intake was higher (P>0.05) for diets containing silages cane sugar, the TDN intake was higher (P>0.05) in the diet based on corn silage. The diet with corn silage had a higher value (P>0.05) digestibility of DM and OM compared to diets with silage cane sugar. The digestibility of crude protein (CP) did not differ (P>0.05) between diets. The digestibility of NDF in the diet based on corn silage was higher (P<0.05) than the other diets and silage cane sugar with Lactobacillus buchneri submitted the lowest. Among the diets had a lower (P<0.05) digestibility of NFC for diets containing cane sugar, compared to corn silage, being higher for silage cane sugar with Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus. With respect to production parameters, no differences (P<0.05) were observed between diets for milk production, milk production corrected to 4% fat, milk fat, milk lactose and total solids, and found that there was less milk production (P <0.05) for treatment SC in relation to others, and higher crude protein content in milk (P<0.05) for the diet with cane sugar and less fresh content for silage diet with cane sugar treated with Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus. There was difference between diets (P<0.05) concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) , and the diet of silage cane sugar made superior value to the other diets , while the cane sugar was detected in natura lower value compared to others. With respect to nitrogen urea urine (NUU) and microbial efficiency (EFMIC), it was found not to have been no difference between diets (P>0.05). The average daily gain (ADG) did not differ (P>0.05) between diets. It was concluded that diets with 60% concentrate added to sugar cane silage may allow cows to withstand average production of 25.8 kg / day of milk, similarly to other bulky sources traditionally used as silage corn and sugar cane fresh. / Foram conduzidos dois experimentos para avaliação de silagens de cana-de-açúcar. O experimento 1 foi realizado objetivando avaliar a composição química, a população de microrganismos, o perfil fermentativo e a recuperação de matéria seca. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: Silagem de cana-de-açúcar (SCA); Silagem de cana-de-açúcar com Lactobacillus buchneri (SCALB); Silagem de cana-de-açúcar com Lactobacillus plantarum e Pediococcus pentosaceus (SCALPPP); Silagem de cana-de-açúcar com Propionibacterium acidipropionici e Lactobacillus plantarum (SCAPALP); Silagem de cana-de-açúcar com 0,5% de cal (SCACaO0,5); Silagem de cana-de-açúcar com 1,0% de cal (SCACaO1,0); Silagem de cana-de-açúcar com 0,5% de ureia (SCAU0,5); Silagem de cana-de-açúcar com 1,0% de ureia (SCAU1,0). Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com oito tratamentos e quatro repetições, totalizando 32 unidades experimentais. A cana-de-açúcar foi picada e ensilada em baldes de 20 kg, contendo válvulas de Bunsen, abertos 180 dias após a ensilagem. Verificou-se que a cana-de-açúcar tratada com ureia aumentou acentuadamente os teores protéicos e reduziu os teores de NIDA na silagem, entretanto, os teores de nitrogênio amoniacal também foram incrementados. Os demais aditivos não proporcionaram efeitos benéficos na composição da silagem, exceto a cal a 0,5%, que reduziu o teor de FDN. A cal a 0,5% proporcionou maior produção de ácido lático no material ensilado. Nenhum dos aditivos foi eficaz em aumentar a população de bactérias ácido láticas ou diminuir a população de leveduras, assim como, não beneficiaram a recuperação de matéria seca nem o perfil de ácidos orgânicos em relação à silagem de cana-de-açúcar não aditivada. A adição de cal a 1% aumentou as produções de ácido propiônico e butírico. A inoculação com Propionibacterium acidipropionici e Lactobacillus plantarum aumentou o teor de etanol. Com base nos resultados obtidos, observou-se que as silagens estudadas apresentaram adequado perfil de fermentação, baixa população de leveduras e concentração de etanol e alta recuperação de matéria seca No experimento 2, avaliou-se o consumo, a digestibilidade, a concentração da ureia no plasma sanguíneo, a excreção de ureia na urina, a eficiência microbiana, o ganho de peso médio diário, a produção e composição do leite de vacas da raça Holandês alimentadas com cana-de-açúcar in natura, silagem de milho e silagem de cana-de- açúcar tratada ou não com inoculantes microbianos. As dietas utilizadas continham os seguintes volumosos: Silagem de milho (SM); Cana-de-açúcar in natura (CIN); Silagem de cana-de-açúcar (SCA); Silagem de cana-de-açúcar com Lactobacillus buchneri (SCALB) e Silagem de cana-de-açúcar com Lactobacillus plantarum e Pediococcus pentosaceus (SCALPPP). Foram utilizadas quinze vacas da raça Holandês, alocadas em baias individuais e dispostas no delineamento em blocos casualizados, adotando-se a produção de leite como fator de controle local, com três repetições. As dietas isonitrogenadas foram formuladas para atender as exigências das vacas em lactação, para produção de 27 kg/dia, sendo que o consumo foi ad libitum e calculado de forma a permitir sobra de 10%. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade, utilizando-se o programa SAS. Verificou-se que os consumos de MS, MO, FDN e CNF, CMOD não diferiram entre si (P>0,05). O consumo de PB foi maior (P>0,05) para as dietas contendo silagens de cana-de-açúcar; o consumo de NDT foi maior (P>0,05) na dieta à base de silagem de milho. A dieta com silagem de milho apresentou valor mais elevado (P>0,05) de digestibilidade da MS e MO, em comparação às dietas com silagens de cana-de-açúcar. A digestibilidade da proteína bruta (PB) não apresentou diferenças (P>0,05) entre as dietas. A digestibilidade da FDNcp na dieta à base de silagem de milho foi superior (P<0,05) à das demais dietas, tendo a silagem de cana-de-açúcar com Lactobacillus buchneri apresentado o menor valor. Entre as dietas, observou-se menor (P<0,05) digestibilidade dos CNF para as dietas contendo cana-de-açúcar, em relação à de silagem de milho, sendo mais alta para silagem de cana-de-açúcar com Lactobacillus plantarum e Pediococcus pentosaceus. Com relação aos parâmetros produtivos, não foram observadas diferenças (P<0,05) entre as dietas, produção de leite corrigida para 4% de gordura, gordura do leite, lactose do leite e extrato seco total, sendo constatado que houve menor produção de leite (P<0,05) para o tratamento SC em relação aos demais e maior teor de proteína bruta no leite (P<0,05) para a dieta com cana-de-açúcar in natura e menor teor para dieta com silagem de cana-de- açúcar tratada com Lactobacillus plantarum e Pediococcus pentosaceus. Verificou-se diferença entre as dietas (P<0,05) para concentração de nitrogênio ureico do plasma (NUP), tendo a dieta à base de silagem de cana-de-açúcar apresentado valor superior às demais dietas, enquanto na cana-de-açúcar in natura foi detectado menor valor em relação aos outros. Com relação ao nitrogênio ureico da urina (NUU) e eficiência microbiana (EFMIC), constatou-se não ter ocorrido diferença entre as dietas (P>0,05). O ganho médio diário (GMD) não apresentou diferença (P>0,05) entre as dietas. Concluiu-se que dietas com 60% de concentrado adicionado à silagem de cana-de- açúcar podem permitir às vacas suportarem produção média de 25,8 kg/dia de leite, similarmente a outras fontes volumosas tradicionalmente usadas como a silagem de milho e a cana-de-açúcar in natura.