Grain quality is important to growers and buyers of durum. Growers are usually docked if their HVAC drops below 90% or their grain protein is below 13 %. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the ability of nitrogen fertilizer application near flowering to increase HVAC and grain protein. Six commercial sites were chosen for this study and Kronos was the variety. The application of about 50 pounds of nitrogen per acre increased HVAC by from 81 to 93% and increased grain protein from 11.2 to 12.3% on average, similar to results obtained in the past.

Malting barley is not a widely planted crop in the Southwest, due to grain protein contents that can sometimes exceed the industry standard of 11.4 %. To achieve < 11.4% grain protein, careful nitrogen (N) management is needed. Tissue testing guidelines for N management for reduced grain protein and acceptable yields have not yet been determined for malting barley in the Southwest. The objectives of this study were to: (i) correlate NO₃-N in dried stem tissue with sap NO₃-N, and (ii) develop stem NO₃-N guidelines for N management in malting barley. In November 1997 two varieties of malting barley, Morex and Crystal, were planted at the Maricopa Agricultural Center. Five N rates (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 lbs/acre) were applied in four split applications. Each treatment was replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Samples were collected from lower stems at the 3-4 leaf 2 node, and flag leaf visible growth stages. Grain yields ranged from 1765 lbs/A to 3439 lbs/A for Morex and 2104 lbs/A to 4274 lbs/A for Crystal. Grain protein ranged from 7.6- 10.5% (Morex) and 7.0- 10.7% (Crystal). Correlation coefficients between stem NO₃-N and sap NO₃-N were 0.80 for Morex and 0.84 for Crystal. For Morex and Crystal, grain protein was within the malting industry grain protein range of 10.5- 11.4% at 240 lbs N/A, and yield was optimized at 180 lbs N/A. Sap NO₃ analysis can be a useful tool for determining N status of malting barley. Stem NO₃-N concentrations at 180 lbs N/A were generally within the optimum range for NO₃-N in small grains.

Ironite and phosphorus were applied to plots seeded to oats to find their effect on crop yield. The effects of both additives were positive, even though not statistically at the 90% level of confidence. The concern for lead and arsenic uptake by plants was also addressed as soil and plant samples were tested for these two elements. The results showed that no more arsenic nor lead were present in oat plants on Ironite plots than from check plots, as they approached maturity.

Bibliography: leaves 256-275.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In Brazil, one of the main activities on small farms is the creation of small animals. The waste produced in this activity can be used as an alternative fertilizer because it contains a number of chemicals readily available or after the process of mineralization can be absorbed by plants. However, the imbalanced composition of the organic fertilizers because of the type of feed and age of animals, in addition to the waste managed data hinders the recommendation and standardization of doses to be applied. Aiming to evaluate different increasing doses of organic fertilizers supplemented with mineral fertilizer topdressing evaluated the yield, production of dry matter accumulation of nutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) in crops of beans, corn, sorghum and oats. The study was conducted in two experimental areas. In the period 2005 to 2008 we used the experimental area of Department of Soil UFSM / RS. In the period 2008 to 2009 was performed on a rural property located in the district of Boca del Monte, Santa Maria (RS). The soils of these two areas were classified as sandy clay loam Ultisol second Embrapa (2006). The treatments at doses of 10, 20 and 30 m3ha-1 of pig slurry and 1 and 2 t ha-1 manure turkey without and with supplementation of mineral N in coverage. Apart from these treatments, we evaluated the recommendation minerals (NPK) according to CQFS-RS/SC (2004). The data on grain yield of beans and corn, dry matter (DM) and nutrient accumulation were subjected to statistical analysis by contrast. The results showed that doses of 30 m3ha-1 of pig slurry and 2 t ha-1 manure turkey complemented with mineral N in coverage favored the grain yield, dry matter production and accumulation of nutrients. The rate of utilization of N, P and K by plants boosted by intermediate doses of 10 m3ha-1 with and without mineral N in coverage, noting that doses above 30 m3ha-1 of pig slurry, in addition to being less efficient to plant nutrition, potentiate the risk of contamination of soil and water. / No Brasil, uma das principais atividades nas pequenas propriedades rurais é a criação de animais de pequeno porte. Os resíduos produzidos nesta atividade podem ser utilizados como uma alternativa de adubação por conter uma série de elementos químicos prontamente disponíveis ou que após o processo de mineralização podem ser absorvidos pelas plantas. Entretanto, a composição desbalanceada dos adubos orgânicos devido ao tipo de alimentação e idade dos animais, além do manejo dado aos dejetos dificulta a recomendação e padronização de doses a serem aplicadas. Com o objetivo de avaliar diferentes doses crescentes de adubos orgânicos complementados com adubação mineral em cobertura avaliou-se a produtividade de grãos, produção de matéria seca é acúmulo de nutrientes (N, P, K, Ca e Mg) nas culturas do feijão, milho, sorgo e aveia preta. O estudo foi conduzido em duas áreas experimentais. No período de 2005 a 2008 utilizou-se a área experimental do Departamento de Solos da UFSM/RS. Já no período de 2008 a 2009 foi realizado em uma propriedade rural localizada no distrito de Boca do Monte, município de Santa Maria (RS). Os solos destas duas áreas foram classificados como Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico segundo Embrapa (2006). Os tratamentos consistiram nas doses de 10, 20 e 30 m3ha-1 de dejeto líquido de suíno e 1 e 2 t ha-1 de esterco de peru sem e com complementação de N mineral em cobertura. Além desses tratamentos, foi avaliada a recomendação mineral (NPK) segundo a CQFS-RS/SC (2004). Os dados de produtividade de grãos de feijão e milho, produção de matéria seca (MS) e acúmulo de nutrientes foram submetidos à análise estatística por contraste. Os resultados mostraram que doses de 30 m3ha-1 de dejetos líquidos de suínos e 2 t ha-1 de esterco de peru complementados com N mineral em cobertura favoreceram a produtividade de grãos, produção de matéria seca e acúmulo de nutrientes. A taxa de aproveitamento de N, P e K pelas plantas incrementaram até doses intermediarias de 10 m3ha-1 sem e com N mineral em cobertura, apontando que doses acima de 30 m3ha-1 de dejeto líquido de suínos, além de serem menos eficientes à nutrição de plantas, potencializam os riscos de contaminação do solo e da água.

Durum grain quality is affected by many factors, but water and nitrogen are factors that the grower can control. The purpose of this research was to determine 1) the nitrogen application rate required at pollen shed to maintain adequate grain protein levels if irrigation is excessive or deficient during grain fill and 2) if nitrogen applications during grain fill can elevate grain protein. Field research was conducted at the Maricopa Agricultural Center using the durum varieties Duraking, Minos, and Turbo. The field was treated uniformly until pollen shed when nitrogen was applied at rates of 0, 30, and 60 lbs/acre. During grain fill, the plots were irrigated based on 30, 50, or 70% moisture depletion. In a separate experiment, nitrogen fertilizer was applied at a rate of 30 lbs N/acre at pollen shed only, pollen shed and the first irrigation after pollen shed, and pollen shed and the first and second irrigation after pollen shed. Irrigation had no effect on grain protein level, although increasing nitrogen rates at pollen shed from 0 to 30 and 30 to 60 lbs N/acre increased protein by 1 percentage point. Nitrogen fertilizer application at the first irrigation after pollen shed increased grain protein content from 10.4 to 11.4% and application at the first and second irrigation after pollen shed increased grain protein content further to 11.9% averaged over varieties. Irrigation management during grain fill may not play as large a role in controlling grain protein content as was originally thought except perhaps on heavy soils, and nitrogen fertilizer application during grain fill may not be too late to increase grain protein content.

No description available.

Application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer in conjunction with the irrigation event occurring closest to the flowering stage is effective in reducing the incidence of yellowberry and boosting grain protein levels of durum wheat. However, N applications at this time normally do not increase grain yield, except perhaps on very sandy soils. A field experiment was conducted to determine the profitability of applying 35 pounds of N per acre at flowering to durum wheat to avoid dockage for poor grain quality. Two treatments consisted of a check plot with no N applied at flowering and UAN 32 water run at a rate of 35 lbs. N /acre to basin irrigated durum wheat grown on a loamy sand soil. Maximum durum wheat grain yield (6157 lbs. /acre), protein concentration (13.7 %), and corrected income per acre ($480.31) was obtained with the N fertilizer application. In fact, N fertilization at flowering on this sandy soil increased durum wheat grain yield by 255 lbs. /acre compared to the unfertilized plot.

No description available.

A antecipação de potássio (K) do milho segunda safra na cultura da soja é um sistema de adubação que pode apresentar aproveitamento do K-fertilizante pela sucessão soja - milho similar ao parcelamento de potássio para cada cultura, sem alterar o desempenho da sucessão soja - milho em região de Cerrado. A viabilidade da antecipação do K de base e cobertura do milho na cultura da soja se dá pela aplicação a lanço, que reduz o tempo de reabastecimento da semeadora durante o plantio. Isto permite rápida semeadura do milho para garantir seu desenvolvimento em época de precipitação pluviométrica adequada. O objetivo desta tese foi avaliar o desempenho da sucessão soja - milho, assim como o aproveitamento de K-fertilizante (acúmulo e recuperação), em razão da aplicação de doses de potássio feitas a lanço em dois sistemas de adubação (antecipação e parcelamento). Os estudos de campo foram feitos nas safras 2014/15 e 2015/16 no estado do Tocantins. Os tratamentos foram as doses 0, 60, 120 e 180 kg ha-1 de K2O com aplicação parcelada (40% - soja e 60% - milho) e antecipada, uma única vez na soja. As avaliações foram acúmulo de biomassa, potássio e magnésio (Mg) na parte aérea das plantas, a concentração K e Mg na folha diagnóstica, e a produtividade de soja e milho. Foram quantificados também, o acúmulo e a recuperação de potássio proveniente do fertilizante por meio de rubídio como traçador de potássio. Os resultados mostraram que antecipação de potássio não alterou a produtividade de grãos das culturas de soja e milho. No entanto, as doses de potássio mostraram efeito positivo na nutrição de K e negativo na de Mg, independente do sistema de adubação. O aproveitamento de K-fertilizante pela sucessão soja-milho foi similiar e até superior (22%) para a antecipação de potássio. Portanto, justifica-se ao produtor fazer a aplicação de potássio uma única vez, por ganhar agilidade durante a semeadura do milho. / Early application is a practice that brings potassium (K) fertilizer from corn to soybean in the soybean - corn succession. Recovery of K-fertilizer by these crops might be similar between early (to soybean) and split (soybean and corn) application, without change crops performance at Cerrado\'s region. Broadcast application allow these practices because planter stops is reduced: avoiding recharges of fertilizer during corn sowing and ensure a good plant development until the end of rainy season. So, the aim of this dissertation was assess crop`s performance, and uptake and recovery of K from fertilizer in the soybean - corn affected by potassim application at two practices (split application and early). Field study was conducted in the rainy season 2014/15 and 2015/16 at Tocantins State, Brazil. Treatments are rates 0, 60, 120 e 180 kg ha-1of K2O with two practices: spplit application (40% - soja e 60% - milho) and early application (once in soybean). Evaluations were aboveground biomass, potassium and magnesium (Mg) accumulation, and leaf K and Mg content, and yield of soybean and corn. Potassium uptake and recovery from fertilizer was meseuared by rubidium as a tracr of potassium. Results showed that early application did not change grain yield for soybean and corn. However, regardless practice, the rate of potassium showed positive effect on K plant nutrition, whilst negative effect was observed on Mg. Overall, K recovery from fertilizer by soybean - corn succession was similar and higher (22%) for early application. Therefore, farmers can do early application for improve corn sowing.