Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar clínica e hitologicamente a reação do material de preenchimento em dois sítios diferentes. Método: Vinte e duas femêas de ratos Wistar (Rattus novergicus) foram submetidas a aplicação de PMMA testando duas técnicas: subcutânea e transmuscular. Passados 3 meses do ato cirúrgico os ratos foram eutanasiados e as áreas injetadas foram excisadas, submetidas a técnica de inclusão em parafina e coloração por hematoxilina e eosina. As lâminas foram analisadas observando-se a resposta local à injeção do corpo estranho quanto ao grau de inflamação. Resultados: Foi encontrada diferença significativamente estatística entre os sítios muscular e subdérmico quanto a formação de granuloma (p<0,05), sendo que o grupo subdérmico obteve melhores resultados. Conclusão: A aplicação de materiais de preenchimento, que provoca maior trauma e sangramento nos tecidos, é a casusa de reações adversas. / Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate clinical and hitopathology the reaction of the fill material at two different sites. Method: Twenty-two female Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) submitted the application of PMMA testing two techniques: subcutaneous and trans. After 3 months of surgery, the rats were euthanized and the injected areas were excised, subjected to paraffin embedding technique and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The slides were analyzed by observing the local response to injection of foreign body in the degree of inflammation. Results: We found statistically significant differences between sites and subdermal muscle as granuloma formation (p <0.05), and the subdermal group achieved better results. Conclusion: The application of filling materials, which causes more injury and bleeding in the tissues, is Casusa of adverse reactions.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:28:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

La compréhension des phénomènes de vieillissement dans les élastomères réticulés chargés par des particules inorganiques est primordiale pour proposer un critère de fin de vie aux câbles électriques en usage au sein des centrales nucléaires. En effet, la gaine isolante de ces câbles met en jeu une matrice élastomère formulée par différents adjuvants et charges. Une quantité importante de particules inorganiques, du tri-hydrate d’aluminium (ATH), est usuellement introduite au sein de la matrice afin de lui conférer des propriétés anti-feu satisfaisantes. Les particules utilisées sont de taille micrométrique et du fait de la faible surface de contact polymère / charge intrinsèque aux microcomposites, l’ajout d’ATH est supposé n’impliquer aucune modification des mécanismes de vieillissement de la matrice. Or, des travaux récents ont mis en évidence un comportement au vieillissement thermique différent entre une matrice d’EPDM (élastomère à base d’unités éthylène, propylène et diène) chargée par des particules d’ATH micrométriques et la même matrice, sans ATH.L’objectif de cette thèse est de renseigner plus en détail l’effet du vieillissement thermo- et radio-oxydatif sur une matrice d’EPDM chargée par des particules d’ATH et de mieux comprendre les modifications observées. L’influence de paramètres physico-chimiques importants (taux de charges, fonctionnalisation de la surface des charges) sur le comportement en vieillissement sera en particulier abordée. Nous nous sommes, plus précisément, attachés à décrire l’évolution du réseau à l’échelle macromoléculaire, en déterminant les différentes populations du réseau (chaînes élastiquement actives, chaînes pendantes et extractibles) ainsi que la distribution de la densité de réticulation. Ces données ont été obtenues par le biais de la RMN (Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire) du solide.Les résultats de ces expériences montrent une diminution importante de la période d’induction au vieillissement thermo-oxydatif des matrices d’EPDM lors de l’ajout de particules d’ATH dans le réseau. Cet effet dépend fortement de la quantité de charges ATH introduites et de la fonctionnalisation ou non de leur surface. Lors du vieillissement radio-oxydatif, en revanche, aucune modification des cinétiques de vieillissement n’est observée. La confrontation des données issues des deux types de vieillissement suggère une modification des mécanismes d’amorçage de l’oxydation, dans les réseaux d’EPDM, lorsque ces derniers sont chargés par des particules d’ATH. Le rôle des interfaces charge / matrice semble donc déterminant dans ces modifications / A deep understanding of the ageing behaviour within cross-linked elastomers filled by inorganic particles is a key feature to propose a criterion for the end of life of electric cables in nuclear power plants. Indeed, materials used for wire insulation are usually composed of rubbers designed with several adjuvants and fillers. A significant amount of inorganic particles, such as aluminium trihydrate (ATH), is usually incorporated with the polymer matrix in order to achieve satisfactory fire-retardant properties. The ATH particles used are characterized by a micrometric-size and due to the weak polymer / filler contact area involved in such composites, the ageing mechanisms of the polymer matrix are expected to be essentially unchanged compared to the ones involved in the unfilled matrix. However, recent studies pointed out some differences in the thermal-ageing mechanisms between a cross-linked EPDM rubber (elastomer based on ethylene, propylene and diene units) filled by micrometric ATH (aluminium trihydrate) particles and the corresponding unfilled cross-linked EPDM.In that respect, this work aims at investigating the extent of generality of the above-mentioned filler effect on both thermo- and radio-oxidative ageing behaviour of an EPDM matrix filled by ATH particles. In particular, the influence of both filler content and filler surface functionalization is investigated. A special attention was paid to the evolution of the network at the macromolecular scale by determining the fraction of the various network components (elastically active chains, dangling chains and extractibles) as well as the cross-link density distribution. Such information have been derived using solid-state NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance).The results obtained evidence a significant decrease of the thermal-ageing induction period for the EPDM network filled by ATH particles. This effect display a strong dependence with the amount and the surface functionalization of the ATH particles. However, no modifications of the oxidation kinetics may be observed under radio-chemical ageing. The comparison between the results suggests a possible modification of the oxidation initiation mechanisms within EPDM networks filled by ATH particles. Therefore, interfacial areas should play a great role in the observed modifications

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar clínica e hitologicamente a reação do material de preenchimento em dois sítios diferentes. Método: Vinte e duas femêas de ratos Wistar (Rattus novergicus) foram submetidas a aplicação de PMMA testando duas técnicas: subcutânea e transmuscular. Passados 3 meses do ato cirúrgico os ratos foram eutanasiados e as áreas injetadas foram excisadas, submetidas a técnica de inclusão em parafina e coloração por hematoxilina e eosina. As lâminas foram analisadas observando-se a resposta local à injeção do corpo estranho quanto ao grau de inflamação. Resultados: Foi encontrada diferença significativamente estatística entre os sítios muscular e subdérmico quanto a formação de granuloma (p<0,05), sendo que o grupo subdérmico obteve melhores resultados. Conclusão: A aplicação de materiais de preenchimento, que provoca maior trauma e sangramento nos tecidos, é a casusa de reações adversas. / Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate clinical and hitopathology the reaction of the fill material at two different sites. Method: Twenty-two female Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) submitted the application of PMMA testing two techniques: subcutaneous and trans. After 3 months of surgery, the rats were euthanized and the injected areas were excised, subjected to paraffin embedding technique and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The slides were analyzed by observing the local response to injection of foreign body in the degree of inflammation. Results: We found statistically significant differences between sites and subdermal muscle as granuloma formation (p <0.05), and the subdermal group achieved better results. Conclusion: The application of filling materials, which causes more injury and bleeding in the tissues, is Casusa of adverse reactions.

Apresenta-se aqui a caracterização do filito e a avaliação da sua aplicação como carga mineral na produção de materiais plásticos. Amostras de jazidas em lavra no município de Itapeva, sudoeste do Estado de São Paulo, foram preparadas em laboratório, através de secagem e peneiramento, e analisadas física e quimicamente, sendo comparadas com outros minérios utilizados comumente como cargas minerais. Uma dessas amostras, após sua preparação, foi aplicada como carga na produção de peças plásticas no Centro Técnico de Serviços CTS da empresa Braskem S.A., a partir de pastas formadas com PVC e plastificantes, conhecidas como plastisóis. O filito foi incorporado em varias formulações de compostos utilizados para produção de bolas plásticas comuns. Os resultados, em termos de resistência mecânica, foram comparados com os de compostos contendo carbonato de cálcio natural, moído, em malha inferior a 44 m. O carbonato de cálcio natural, ou calcita, constitui a carga mais tradicionalmente utilizada nesse setor industrial. Os testes realizados indicaram que o filito confere ao material polimérico produzido, composto de polímeros, aditivos e cargas, propriedades desejáveis de resistência mecânica e acabamento, algumas propriedades resultando melhores que as obtidas com o uso da calcita para determinadas proporções e formulações. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que o filito beneficiado comporta-se similarmente a minerais industriais tradicionais e pode vir a ser empregado na indústria de plásticos dito reforçados na geração de produtos diversos tais como bolas de parque, cabeças de bonecas, tapetes, tubos plásticos flexíveis e painéis de veículos, entre outros segmentos do setor. / This paper presents the characterization of the White-phyllite and an evaluation of its application as filler in the production of plastic materials. Phyllite samples with origin in ore body located in the district of Itapeva, southwest area of Sao Paulo State, they were beneficiated, prepared in laboratory through granulometric separation and drying and applied in the production of reinforced thermoplastic (Plastisol) in laboratories of the Braskem S. A. located in São Paulo city. The accomplished tests indicated that the beneficiated phyllite checks to the material plastic produced desirable properties of mechanical resistance and finish. The use of the phyllite it was compared with the calcite in the production of the plastics materials in several composition and proportions, showing in some compositions strips better than obtained results them with the calcite, traditional filler used for those products. The obtained results allow to conclude that the phyllite, properly beneficiated, is similar to traditional industrial minerals and it can benefit the industry of plastics reinforced in the production, among others, of balls, doll heads, rubber rugs, flexible plastic tubes, panels of vehicles.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:28:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Na primeira etapa deste trabalho foi avaliada a potencialidade do uso da cinza de casca de arroz como carga em polipropileno (PP) comparando-a com o talco que é a carga mineral mais utilizada em polímeros. Esta comparação foi feita utilizando os compósitos formados por polipropileno com 20% da cinza de casca de arroz assim como, os formados por polipropileno com 20% de talco, determinando as suas propriedades. Apesar das propriedades do compósito de PP com a carga de 20% de cinza de casca de arroz apresentarem resultados inferiores em relação àqueles quando se utilizou o talco como carga, pode-se dizer que a cinza de casca de arroz pode ser usada como carga para outros usos menos nobres do PP. Desta forma se está dando um destino para esse resíduo que hoje é descartado no meio ambiente contribuindo assim, para a preservação do mesmo, além de reduzir o custo do produto. Este trabalho também teve como objetivo estudar o efeito da radiação ionizante nas propriedades destes compósitos de PP com 20% de cinza de casca de arroz. Utilizou-se o agente de acoplagem, anidrido maleico, para verificar se houve melhora na homogeneização das amostras. Em virtude do PP ser um polímero semicristalino, quando exposto ao processo de irradiação, tem sua morfologia modificada devido aos mecanismos de cisão das cadeias poliméricas. Este fato é atribuído aos mecanismos de cisão das cadeias poliméricas, que está de acordo com a literatura. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering: Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa. 2017. / In this study, the fatigue life of fiber reinforced composite (FRC) materials system was investigated. A nano-filler was used to increase the service life of the composite structures under cyclical loading since such structures require improved structural integrity and longer service life. Behaviour of glass fiber reinforced composite (GFRC) enhanced with various weight percentages (1 to 5 wt. %) of Cloisite 30B montmorillonite (MMT) clay was studied under static and fatigue loading. Epoxy clay nanocomposite (ECN) and hybrid nanoclay/GFRC laminates were characterised using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The mechanical properties of neat GFRC and hybrid nanoclay/GFRC laminates were evaluated. Fatigue study of the composite laminates was conducted and presented using the following parameter; matrix crack initiation and propagation, interfacial debonding, delamination and S–N relationship. Residual strength of the materials was evaluated using DMA to determine the reliability of the hybrid nanoclay/GFRC laminates. The results showed that ECN and hybrid nanoclay/GFRC laminates exhibited substantial improvement in most tests when compared to composite without nanoclay. The toughening mechanism of the nanoclay in the GFRC up to 3 wt. % gave 17%, 24% and 56% improvement in tensile, flexural and impact properties respectively. In the fatigue performance, less crack propagations was found in the hybrid nanoclay/GFRC laminates. Fatigue life of hybrid nanoclay/GFRC laminate was increased by 625% at the nanoclay addition up to 3 wt. % when compared to neat GFRC laminate. The residual strength of the composite materials revealed that hybrid nanoclay/GFRC showed less storage modulus reduction after fatigue. Likewise, a positive shift toward the right was found in the tan delta glass transition temperature (Tg) of 3 wt. % nanoclay/GFRC laminate after fatigue. It was concluded that the application of nanoclay in the GFRC improved the performance of the material. The hybrid nanoclay/GFRC material can therefore be recommended mechanically and thermally for longer usage in structural application. / M

Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of: Pharmaceutical Technology Supervisor: Consultants: Assoc. Prof. PharmDr. Zdeňka Šklubalová, Ph.D. Mgr. Jana Brokešová, Mgr. Daniel Pěček Student: Miroslav Ouzký Title of Thesis: Study of excipientsʼ influence on the drug dissolution from tablets The aim of this work was to study the influence of excipients on the dissolution of the high-dose active substance from tablets. The tablets were compressed from the granules prepared by wet-granulation method. 11 batches of tablets which contained two different fillers: either lactose or microcrystalline cellulose, respectively; and extragranularly added disintegrant: either croscarmellose or crospovidone, respectively, in three concentration levels of 2 %, 3,7 % or 5,4 % were prepared. Tablets were packed into aluminium/PVC blisters. The paddle dissolution test was used to determine the release of the active substance into phospate buffer pH 7,2 at the time of preparation (time 0) and at the time points 1.5, 3 and 6 months of stability assay at 40 řC and 75 % relative air humidity. The results show that the drug release from tablets containing microcrystalline celulose was generally faster than from those containing lactose. The same was true for tablets to which croscarmellose was...

Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of: Pharmaceutical Technology Consultant: Doc. PharmDr. Zdeňka Šklubalová, Ph.D. Student: Eliška Macáková Title of Thesis: Formulation of freeze dried tablets for oromucosal administration of peptides Freeze-drying is one out of the important methods for stabilization of active substances, particularly peptides, in pharmacy. The formulation of freeze-dried buccal/sublingual tablets for administration of peptides into the oral cavity is the main target of this thesis. The aim is to propose the combination of appropriate excipients and their concentration to achieve the suitable organoleptic properties and disintegration time of the product cake. The measurement of pH, osmolality, the thermal properties of substances, as well as the evaluation of mechanical quality of tablets and their disintegration were used. In conclusion, the combination of excipients for the composition of matrix for the futher development.

Bakgrund: Huden är människans största organ och har många viktiga funktioner. En av de viktigaste funktionerna är att skydda kroppens inre miljö. Med åren åldras huden och volymen i ansiktet avtar på grund av yttre och inre faktorer. Nasolabialveck är linjer på sidorna mellan mun och näsa, dessa linjer blir mer synliga med ökande ålder. Hyaluronsyra finns naturligt i huden och ger huden fukt och volym. Med åren minskar mängden hyaluronsyra, vilket leder till rynkor i huden. Hyaluronsyra-fillers används ofta som en behandlingsmetod för att jämna ut rynkor och återskapar volym i huden. De delas in i två typer: mono-fasisk filler och bi-fasisk filler som är tvärbundna på olika sätt för att öka hållbarheten hos hyaluronsyra.  Syftet: Studiens syfte vara att undersöka effektivitet av bi-fasisk hyaluronsyra filler jämfört med mono-fasisk filler vid behandling av nasolabialveck.  Metod: Denna studie utfördes genom sökning med databasen PubMed. För att besvara studiens frågeställning valdes 5 randomiserade kontrollerade studier.  Resultat: Studie 1, 2, 3 och 5 visade bättre effektivt av mono-fasisk HA-filler jämfört med bi-fasisk, dvs de visade bättre WSRS-poäng vid bedömning av rynkorna enligt WSRS och GAIS-poängen. Studie 4 visade att bättre stabilitet av mono-fasisk HA-filler jämfört med kontroll-lösningen (NaCl) vid injicering av hyaluronidas.  Slutsats: Hyaluronsyra är ett effektivt filler-ämne som motverkar rynkor i nasolabialveck. De fem studierna visar bättre effekt av monofasisk filler jämfört med bi-fasisk. Effekten är inte permanent då hyaluronsyra bryts ner naturligt av kroppen av hyaluronidas över tid.