This thesis introduces a workflow to accomplish invasion-consistent Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) measurement interpretations. Magnetic resonance measurements are affected by mud-filtrate invasion because the radial depth of investigation (DOI) of NMR logging tools is very shallow (approximately 1 to 4 inches). This characteristic indicates that identification of in-situ fluid saturations from NMR measurements is uncertain. Calculation of fluid saturations from apparent electrical resistivities and nuclear logs does not guarantee a precise estimation of the fluid distributions. Free water in the reservoir displaced by oil based mud (OBM) poses more challenges in the estimation of in-situ fluid saturations. To mitigate this ambiguity, I construct layer-by-layer static and dynamic reservoir models. The common stratigraphic framework (CSF) proposed by Voss et al. (2009) was used to construct the earth model. Appraisal of static petrophysical properties is based on the iterative adjustments to minimize the discrepancy between available well logs and their numerical simulations. Evaluation of dynamic petrophysical properties can be achieved with the simulation of mud-filtrate invasion. This simulation can assess accurate fluid saturations at specific radial distances. In addition, numerically simulated apparent resistivity and nuclear logs are in agreement with measured logs. Algorithms are also developed to cross-validate NMR measurements based on the assumption of spherically shaped water-wet pores. The algorithms need all petrophysical parameters and fluid saturations yielded from the dynamic model as inputs. Various NMR parameter changes were tested to validate this algorithm. Examples of NMR responses include wettability change and kerogen contained in nano-scale pores. For the field case examples, two 15 meter-thick depth intervals in oil- and gas-bearing siliciclastic formations were selected. Two-dimensional (2D) NMR simulations were performed with petrophysical parameters provided from the numerical simulation of mud-filtrate invasion. The 2D NMR maps are more favorable in fluid typing than conventional NMR T₂ distributions because they contrast fluid diffusion coefficient. Comparisons of simulation results to inversion results confirm the validity of the workflow introduced in this thesis for the quantification of virgin reservoir fluids and mud-filtrate saturations. Finally, forward modeling and inversion processes are applied to 2D NMR data. The reconstructed echo decay sequences are more advantageous than raw measurements because of their higher signal to noise ratio (SNR). Linear inversion using these echo decay sequences provides proton density distribution functions of D-T₂ and T₁-T₂ maps. Application of inversion to the two field cases measured from two different radial depths verifies the validity of the NMR interpretations. / text

The purpose of the study was to investigate how different types of filtrates (oxidized and unoxidized) would effect on oxygen delignification for softwood pulp, as well as study its impact on yield final-pH, viscosity and kappa number.

In spite of vaccine and treatment strategies, Mycobacterium tuberculosis kills more than 3 people per minute. The emergence of drug-resistant strains makes treating the disease complicated and expensive for government health departments, and unpleasant and laborious for patients. The current vaccine, parenterally administered BCG, is only 50% effective. Oral vaccination has the advantage of targeting the mucosal immune system, which acts at the direct site of initial exposure to the infecting airborne pathogen. In addition, oral vaccines are cheaper and safer to administer than parenteral vaccines. This dissertation provides a conceptual framework for the prevention of the disease by means of oral vaccination and outlines methods that were developed for the production of concentrated purified somatic and extracellular antigens. Immune responses to somatic antigens were also examined in conjunction with established and novel adjuvants. The role of Propionibacterium jensenii 702 as a suitable mucosal adjuvant was supported by the results obtained. / Masters Thesis

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:25:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ariane.pdf: 1180363 bytes, checksum: 5cccbdb393d6e8854e4584c1018ca32d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-12 / Invasive plants can cause problems to the exploitation of agriculture worldwide. The chemical control of these plants has generated several environmental problems, such as the contamination of natural resources, the compromising the food quality, the poisoning of farmers, the development of the weed s resistance, among others. An alternative to reduce the use of pesticides is the use of biological control, using pathogenic fungi that produce a variety of secondary compounds in culture medium, which exhibit phytotoxicity. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the allelopathic activity of culture filtrate produced by pathogenic fungi that attack soybeans (Fusarium solani, Macrophomina phaseolina) and maize (Fusarium graminearum, Diplodia maydis). We evaluated the effects of fungal filtrates at concentrations of 0, 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20% on seed germination and on the developments of both radicle and hypocotyl of Canadian horseweed (Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.) broomstick (Bidens pilosa L.) and milkweed (Euphorbia heterophylla L.). Such effects were also tested on cultivated plants (soy and corn). The design of the experiment was completely randomized, with six treatments and four replications. The results indicate that the filtered solution of the Fusarium solani culture presented negative effect on Canadian horseweed, broomstick and milkweed without affecting the soy negatively. Diplodia maydis provided the reduction of growth of horseweed and milkweed without causing damage to the maize culture. Finally, the one of Macrophomina phaseolina decreased the growth of milkweed plantules without affecting the maize negatively, suggesting that these filtered solutions can be used for controlling invasive plants, being an ecologically friendly alternative for the reduction of the herbicides use and for protecting the environment / Plantas invasoras causam problemas à exploração da agricultura mundial, e o controle químico dessas plantas tem gerado diversos problemas ambientais, como contaminação de recursos naturais, comprometimento da qualidade de alimentos, intoxicação de agricultores, resistência de plantas invasoras, entre outros desequilíbrios. Uma das alternativas para reduzir o uso de agrotóxicos é a utilização do controle alternativo, empregando fungos fitopatogênicos que produzem uma variedade de compostos secundários em meio de cultivo, os quais exibem atividade fitotóxica. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a atividade alelopática do filtrado de cultura produzido por fungos fitopatogênicos que atacam a soja (Fusarium solani e Macrophomina phaseolina) e o milho (Fusarium graminearum e Diplodia maydis). Foram avaliados os efeitos in vitro dos filtrados fúngicos, nas concentrações de 0, 1, 5, 10, 15 e 20%, sobre a germinação de sementes e desenvolvimento de radícula e hipocótilo de buva (Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.), picão-preto (Bidens pilosa L.) e amendoim bravo (Euphorbia heterophylla L.). Também foi testado este efeito sobre as plantas cultivadas (soja e milho). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com vinte e um tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e de regressão polinomial. Os resultados indicaram que o filtrado de cultura de Fusarium solani apresentou efeitos negativos sobre buva, picão-preto e amendoim bravo sem afetar negativamente a soja. Diplodia maydis proporcionou redução de crescimento de buva e amendoim bravo sem causar prejuízo à cultura do milho. Finalmente, o filtrado de Macrophomina phaseolina diminuiu o crescimento de plântulas de amendoim bravo sem afetar negativamente o milho, sugerindo que esses filtrados possam ser utilizados para controle das plantas invasoras em questão como alternativa ecologicamente correta na redução do consumo de herbicidas e na proteção ao ambiente

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:48:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ariane.pdf: 1180363 bytes, checksum: 5cccbdb393d6e8854e4584c1018ca32d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-12 / Invasive plants can cause problems to the exploitation of agriculture worldwide. The chemical control of these plants has generated several environmental problems, such as the contamination of natural resources, the compromising the food quality, the poisoning of farmers, the development of the weed s resistance, among others. An alternative to reduce the use of pesticides is the use of biological control, using pathogenic fungi that produce a variety of secondary compounds in culture medium, which exhibit phytotoxicity. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the allelopathic activity of culture filtrate produced by pathogenic fungi that attack soybeans (Fusarium solani, Macrophomina phaseolina) and maize (Fusarium graminearum, Diplodia maydis). We evaluated the effects of fungal filtrates at concentrations of 0, 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20% on seed germination and on the developments of both radicle and hypocotyl of Canadian horseweed (Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.) broomstick (Bidens pilosa L.) and milkweed (Euphorbia heterophylla L.). Such effects were also tested on cultivated plants (soy and corn). The design of the experiment was completely randomized, with six treatments and four replications. The results indicate that the filtered solution of the Fusarium solani culture presented negative effect on Canadian horseweed, broomstick and milkweed without affecting the soy negatively. Diplodia maydis provided the reduction of growth of horseweed and milkweed without causing damage to the maize culture. Finally, the one of Macrophomina phaseolina decreased the growth of milkweed plantules without affecting the maize negatively, suggesting that these filtered solutions can be used for controlling invasive plants, being an ecologically friendly alternative for the reduction of the herbicides use and for protecting the environment / Plantas invasoras causam problemas à exploração da agricultura mundial, e o controle químico dessas plantas tem gerado diversos problemas ambientais, como contaminação de recursos naturais, comprometimento da qualidade de alimentos, intoxicação de agricultores, resistência de plantas invasoras, entre outros desequilíbrios. Uma das alternativas para reduzir o uso de agrotóxicos é a utilização do controle alternativo, empregando fungos fitopatogênicos que produzem uma variedade de compostos secundários em meio de cultivo, os quais exibem atividade fitotóxica. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a atividade alelopática do filtrado de cultura produzido por fungos fitopatogênicos que atacam a soja (Fusarium solani e Macrophomina phaseolina) e o milho (Fusarium graminearum e Diplodia maydis). Foram avaliados os efeitos in vitro dos filtrados fúngicos, nas concentrações de 0, 1, 5, 10, 15 e 20%, sobre a germinação de sementes e desenvolvimento de radícula e hipocótilo de buva (Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.), picão-preto (Bidens pilosa L.) e amendoim bravo (Euphorbia heterophylla L.). Também foi testado este efeito sobre as plantas cultivadas (soja e milho). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com vinte e um tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e de regressão polinomial. Os resultados indicaram que o filtrado de cultura de Fusarium solani apresentou efeitos negativos sobre buva, picão-preto e amendoim bravo sem afetar negativamente a soja. Diplodia maydis proporcionou redução de crescimento de buva e amendoim bravo sem causar prejuízo à cultura do milho. Finalmente, o filtrado de Macrophomina phaseolina diminuiu o crescimento de plântulas de amendoim bravo sem afetar negativamente o milho, sugerindo que esses filtrados possam ser utilizados para controle das plantas invasoras em questão como alternativa ecologicamente correta na redução do consumo de herbicidas e na proteção ao ambiente

In drilling technologies, Na-bentonite-water mixtures are used as drilling mud. As the reserves of sodium-bentonite decline, calcium or low-quality bentonites are activated with inorganic salts and/or treated with different types of polymers as an alternative to Na-bentonite. The quality of such bentonites, commonly referred to as extended bentonite may deteriorate under severe drilling conditions, such as / bacterial activity, high temperature etc. It was considered that borates could prevent the deterioration of extended bentonites due to their well known bactericide properties. This study involves the use of Na-Borate as an activating agent for bentonites in place of the commonly used Na-carbonate. The effects of Na-borate on the rheological and filtrate behaviours of two different bentonites, namely, Edirne Bentonite (E-Ben) and &Ccedil / ankiri Bentonite (C-Ben) were investigated. The results were evaluated based on API standards and in comparison to those of Na-carbonate activated bentonites. It was found that Na-borate could be used as a bentonite activator, although somewhat higher dosages (3,78% Na2O equivalent for E-Ben and 0,76% Na2O equivalent for C-Ben) than Na-carbonate (2,90% Na2O equivalent for E-Ben and 0,58% Na2O equivalent for C-Ben) are necessary to obtain the same rheological properties. In terms of aging, it was determined that aging had no adverse effect on v the rheological and filtrate properties of bentonite treated with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyanionic cellulose (PAC), but rheological properties of bentonites treated with xanthan gum were found to deteriorate upon aging. The presence of Na-borate in the mud appears to alleviate this adverse effect.

No description available.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has become an effective borehole measurement option to assess petrophysical and fluid properties of porous and permeable rocks. In the case of fluid typing, two-dimensional (2D) NMR interpretation techniques have advantages over conventional one-dimensional (1D) interpretation as they provide additional discriminatory information about saturating fluids and their properties. However, often there is ambiguity as to whether fluids detected with NMR measurements are mobile or residual. In some instances, rapid vertical variations of rock properties (e.g. across thinly-bedded formations) can make it difficult to separate NMR fluid signatures from those due to pore-size distributions. There are also cases where conventional fluid identification methods based on resistivity and nuclear logs indicate dominant presence of water while NMR measurements indicate presence of water, hydrocarbon, and mud filtrate. In such cases, it is important to ascertain whether existing hydrocarbons are residual or mobile. The radial lengths of investigation of resistivity, nuclear, and NMR measurements are very different, with NMR measurements being the shallowest sensing. Even in the case of several radial zones of NMR response attributed to different acquisition frequencies and DC magnetic field gradients, the measured signal originates from a fairly shallow radial zone compared to that of nuclear and resistivity logs. Depending on drilling mud being used and the radial extent of mud-filtrate invasion, the NMR response of virgin reservoir fluids can be masked by mud filtrate because of fluid displacement and mixing. In order to separate those effects, it is important to reconcile NMR measurements with electrical and nuclear logs for improved assessment of porosity and mobile hydrocarbon saturation. Previously, Voss et al. (2009) and Gandhi et al. (2010) introduced the concept of Common Stratigraphic Framework (CSF) to construct and validate multi-layer static and dynamic petrophysical models based on the numerical simulation of well logs. In this thesis, the concept of CSF is implemented to reconcile 2D NMR interpretations with multi-layer static and dynamic petrophysical models. It is found that quantifying the exact radial zone of response and corresponding fluid saturations can only be accomplished with studies of mud-filtrate invasion that honor available resistivity and nuclear logs. This thesis indicates that the two interpretation methods complement each other and when applied in conjunction, improve and refine the overall petrophysical understanding of permeable rock formations. Examples of successful application include field data acquired in thinly-bedded gas formations invaded with water-base mud, where bed-boundary effects are significant and residual hydrocarbon saturation is relatively high. In such cases, numerical simulation of mud-filtrate invasion and well logs acquired after invasion enables reliable interpretations of petrophysical and fluid properties. The interpretation procedure introduced in this thesis also provides an explicit way to determine the uncertainty of petrophysical and fluid interpretations. / text

Disposal of effluent from pulp and paper industry is one of the major problems faced by entrepreneur in view of increasing environmental standards day by day. In addition to this, industry loses economic value by disposing the effluent or selling it for a low price to other industries. Therefore, to address this problem, in the present study, 2 pulp mill effluents were selected to recover the economic value namely Hemi caustic stream and brown stock filtrate. As far as the recovery of value of hemi caustic stream is concerned, freeze concentration technique was used to recover water in its pure form and membrane separation was used to separate hemi cellulose from effluent so that permeate can be used as a pure source of caustic elsewhere. In addition to this, hemi caustic stream was subjected to acid hydrolysis to convert hemi cellulose into sugars. These sugars can be used to produce bioethanol. As far as the recovery of values of brown stock filtrate is concerned, it was proposed to recycle brown stock filtrate as a source of washing water for brown stock washers in the mill. However, continuous recycling of brown stock filtrate into the process causes building up of extractives in the recycle stream which in turn might deposit on the pulp and affects the quality of the pulp. Therefore, it was decided to separate extractives from the brown stock filtrate before recycle it into the mill. Dissolved Air flotation technique was used to achieve the above mentioned objective. An attempt was made to develop an improved and most reliable version of existing extractives measurement method to quantify the performance of Dissolved air flotation technique.

Estimation of static and dynamic petrophysical properties of multi-layer hydrocarbon reservoirs is crucial for the assessment of storage and flow capacities, compartmentalization, and for best primary or enhanced recovery practices. Interactive numerical simulation to reproduce field logs and core data is a reliable procedure to estimate static and dynamic petrophysical properties of complex rock formations. Previously, Voss et al. (2009) introduced the concept of Common Stratigraphic Framework (CSF) to construct and cross-validate multi-layer static/dynamic petrophysical models by invoking the interactive, numerical simulation of well logs both before and after invasion. This thesis documents the successful implementation of the CSF concept to examine and quantify the effects of mud-filtrate invasion on apparent resistivity, nuclear, and magnetic resonance logs acquired in San Martin, Cashiriari and Pagoreni gas fields in Camisea, Peru. Conventional petrophysical interpretation methods yield abnormally high estimates of water saturation in some of the reservoir units that produce gas with null water influx. This anomalous behavior is due to relatively low values of deep apparent electrical resistivity, and has otherwise been attributed to the presence of clay-coating grains and/or electrically conductive grain minerals. On the other hand, electrical resistivity logs exhibit substantial invasion effects as evidenced by the separation of apparent resistivity logs (both LWD and wireline) with multiple radial lengths of investigation. In extreme cases, apparent resistivity logs “stack” because of very deep invasion. We diagnose and quantify invasion effects on resistivity and nuclear logs with interactive numerical modeling before and after invasion. The assimilation of such effects in the interpretation consistently decreases previous estimates of water saturation to those of irreducible water saturation inferred from core data. It is shown that capillary pressure effects are responsible for the difference in separation of resistivity curves in some of the reservoir units. The final multi-layer CSF is in agreement with gas production measurements and permits reliable flow predictions to assist in reservoir engineering and production studies. / text