Many agricultural fields that have received long-term applications of P often contain levels of P exceeding those required for optimal crop production. Knowledge of the effect of the P remaining in the soil (residual effect) is of great importance for fertilization management. In order to characterize P forms in soils, a wide variety of methods have been proposed. The use of dialysis membrane tubes filled with hydrous ferric oxide (DMT-HFO) has recently been reported as an effective way to characterize P desorption over a long-term in laboratoty studies. However, there is little information on the relationship between kinetics of P release using this new method and plant P uptake. This method consist of a procedure of shaking a sample for a long period of time there by exploiting the whole volume of the soil which is in contrast to the actual plant mode of uptake. This method has also practical limitations in employing it for a routine soil analysis, as it is very expensive and time consuming. The objectives of this study were (i) to study the changes in labile, non-labile and residual P using successive P desorption by DMT-HFO followed by a subsequent fractionation method (combined method) (ii) to assess how the information gained from P desorption kinetic data relates to plant growth at green house and field trials (iii) to investigate the effect of varying shaking time on DMT-HFO extractable P and (iv) to propose a short cut approach to the combined method. The release kinetics of the plots from long term fertilizer trials at the University of Pretoria and Ermelo were studied. P desorption kinetics were described relatively well by a two-component first-order model (R2 = 0.947, 0.918,&0.993 for NPK, MNK,&MNPK treatments respectively). The relative contributions of both the labile pool (SPA) and the less labile pool (SPB) to the total P extracted increased with increased P supply levels. Significant correlations were observed between the rate coefficients and maize grain yield for both soil types. The correlation between the cumulative P extracted and maize yield (r = 0.997**) however was highly significant for Ermelo soils. This method was also used to determine the changes in the different P pools and to relate these P fractions with maize yield. Highly significant correlations were observed between maize grain yield and the different P fractions including total P. In both soil types the contribution of both the labile and non-labile inorganic P fractions in replenishing the solution Pi was significant where as the contributions from the organic fractions were limited. The C/HCl-Pi is the fraction that decreased most in both cases as well. Investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of varying shaking periods on the extractable DMT-HFO-Pi for UP soils of varying P levels. Four shaking options were applied. Significant difference was observed for the treatment of high P application. Shaking option 2 seemed relatively better than the others since it showed the strongest correlation. Thus for soils with high releasing kinetics and high total P content, provided that the P release from the soil is a rate limiting step, reducing the length of shaking time could shorten the duration one needs to complete the experiment with out influencing the predicting capacity of the methodology. The other objective of this thesis was also to present a short cut method alternative to the combined fractionation method. Comparison of the sum of DMT-HFO-Pi, NaHCO3-Pi, NaOH-Pi, D/HCl-Pi and C/HCl-Pi extracted by a conventional step-by-step method with the sum of DMT-HFO-Pi and a single C/HCl-Pi extraction as a short cut approach for all extraction periods resulted in strong and significant correlations. The C/HCl-Pi fraction extracted by both methods was correlated with maize grain yield and it was found to be highly significant. This study revealed that this short cut approach could be a simplified and economically viable option to study the P dynamics of soils especially for soils where the P pool acting as a source in replenishing the labile portion of P is already identified. The method employed here therefore could act as an analytical tool to approximate successive cropping experiments carried out under green house or field condition. However, data from a wider range of soils is needed to evaluate the universality of this method. More work is also required in relating desorption indices of this method with yield parameters especially at field level. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Plant Production and Soil Science / PhD / unrestricted

Anaerob nedbrytning vid låg temperatur är ett energieffektivt system, men få studier har fastställt kinetiken för anaerob nedbrytning av matavfall vid dessa temperaturer. I denna studie bestämdes kinetiken för en anaerob rötkammare för matavfall med mesofil inokulum vid 20°C. Effekten av acklimatiseringstiden avslöjades. Därefter användes biokol och spårämnen för att utvärdera deras inverkan vid 20°C. Det visade sig att tillsats av spårämnen ökade kinetiken upp till 114% av kontrollreaktorn. Denna studie visade att olika biokol har varierande effekt på kinetiken (här negativ och neutral effekt). De kinetiska värdena utvärderades med en första ordningens modell och användes för att uppskatta en virtuell fabrik. Med ett inflöde på 27 000 ton bioavfall/år och 80 % av den maximala metanpotentialen ansågs en psykrofil i ett steg vara orealistiskt (hydraulisk retentionstid (HRT): 9,6 månader med den experimentella kinetiken). Lovande resultat kan dock uppnås med en lämplig kombination av utetemperatur och substrattemperatur. / Low temperature anaerobic digestion is an energy efficient system, however few studies have determined the kinetics of the anaerobic digestion of food waste at those temperatures. This study determined the kinetics of a food waste anaerobic digestor with mesophilic inoculum at 20°C. The impact of acclimatation time was revealed. Then biochar and trace elements were employed to evaluate their impact at 20°C. It was shown that addition of the trace elements boosted the kinetic up to 114% of the control reactor. This study proved that different biochars have variable effect on the kinetics (here negative and neutral effect). The kinetic values were evaluated with a first order model and used to estimate a virtual factory. With 27 000 tons of biowaste /year influx and 80% expression of the maximum methane potential, a single stage psychrophilic was deemed unrealizable (Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT): 9.6 month with the experimental kinetics). However, promising results can be obtained with an adequate exterior temperature & substrate temperature couple.