ABSTRACT: Commercial swab transport systems are used for collection and transporting of fecal and other microbiological samples. This system must maintain viability and contribute to survival of microorganisms during transport to the laboratory. Four swab transport systems have been compared, eSwab, Σ- Transwab and fecalSwab, all three with flocked swabs, and Copan Venturi Transystem with rayon swabs. The study followed the recommendations from the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute; document M40-A for recovery of Samonella, Shigella, Yersinia and Neisseria gonorrhoeae after storage for 0, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h at room- (22-25°C) and refrigerated (2-8ºC) temperature. A fecal sample has also been inoculated with Salmonella or Shigella to simulate a fecal sample positive for Salmonella or Shigella. Recovery of all strains was higher with eSwab, Σ- Transwab and fecalswab than with Copan Venturi Transystem stored at both temperatures. A heavy growth was observed with all transport systems after storage for 24, 48 and 72 h at room temperature, except for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Shigella. The number of CFU for all strains was constant up to 72 h at refrigerated temperature with Copan Venturi Transystem. In the experiment with fecal sample recovery of Salmonella and Shigella was best with fecalSwab at both storage temperatures. ESwab, Σ- Transwab and fecalSwab are equivalent and can be used as an alternative to Copan Venturi Transystem with better survival of enteric pathogens and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Fecal samples should be refrigerated in order to avoid heavy overgrowth of fecal flora.

Master of Science / Food Science Institute / Daniel Y.C. Fung / There are many different environmental sampling methods that are currently used in the industry. They include swab, sponge, flocked swab, direct agar contact, and M-Vac. Several studies have been conducted to determine the benefits and drawbacks of each method. Sampling methods utilized in this study were the swab, flocked swab, and M-Vac. Three surfaces were utilized in this study: ultra high density polypropylene, 304 stainless steel with a 2B finish, and 304 stainless steel with a 2B finish and a buffed surface. Surfaces sampled were 100 cm2. Prior to inoculation, surfaces were autoclaved for 15 min at 121 °C for sterilization. Surfaces were inoculated by either Listeria monocytogenes or Escherichia coli O157:H7 at a concentration of 9 log10 CFU/ml by painting the inoculum onto the surface with a sterilized paintbrush. Brushes were dipped in inoculum for 2 sec before painting from left to right once and then from up to down once. Brushes were redipped for 2 sec and the painting step was repeated. The same brush was used for all E. coli O157:H7 samples and a different brush was used for all L. monocytogenes samples. Then, the surfaces were allowed to dry for 30 min before sampling took place. Listeria monocytogenes samples were appropriately diluted and plated in duplicate onto Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) and Modified Oxford Media (MOX). Escherichia coli O157:H7 samples were properly diluted and plated in duplicate onto TSA and MacConkey Sorbital Agar (MSA). After plating, dry surfaces were stained using LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™ Bacterial Viability Kit. The Zeiss LSM 5 Pascal confocal laser scanning electron microscope was used for microscopy images and photographs. Six 1 mm by 1 mm random and representative images were taken of each surface. Viable cell count results show that the sponge sampling method, in general, recovered a higher number of microorganisms. The swab was normally shown to recover the least number of microorganisms. When examining the microscopy images it can be concluded that biofilms are more easily formed with L. monocytogenes than E. coli O157:H7. Imaging also allowed for a visual representation of the remaining organisms that made it appear as if there was actually more bacteria recovery when the M-Vac sampling method was employed than when the sponge method was utilized.

Background: Resistance against antibiotics is a global problem that can lead to serious complications. Many bacteria have developed resistance against several antibiotics which causes infections that are hard to treat. Resistant bacteria such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) are mainly spread within healthcare. To combat these infections, it is important to have reliable detection methods. Purpose: To qualitatively compare the Copan Transsystem 114c with theESwab-system for the detection of MRSA and VRE. Methods: For the study, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods, Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Time of Flight (Maldi-Tof), and microbiological cultivation methods was used on simulated and clinical samples. Results: For the VRE-samples no difference in results were identified. The MRSA samples showed significant differences in PCR-results where the Transsystem 114c detected 16/60 positive samples whereas the ESwab-system detected 12/60. But the cultivation results showed opposite results where the Transsystem 114c detected three positive samples and the ESwab-system detected four. Conclusion: The results show that both the Transsystem 114c and ESwab show similar results on simulated samples but differ on clinical samples. Further comparative tests need to be carried out to validate the methods before they can be used in routine operation thus no real conclusion can be drawn from this study.