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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in South Manchester

Chadwick, Paul R. January 1996 (has links)
No description available.
2

Caracterização molecular de elementos VanA em enterococos com genótico e fenótipo discrepantes relativos à resistência aos glicopeptídeos / Molecular characterization of the VanA element in enterococci with incongruent genotype and phenotypes relative to glycopeptide resistance.

Henrique, Priscila Moraes 06 March 2007 (has links)
Enterococos resistentes aos glicopeptídeos representam, atualmente, importantes patógenos causadores de infecção nosocomial, sendo isolados em várias regiões do mundo, inclusive no Brasil. Dos fenótipos de resistência descritos até o momento, VanA e VanB são os mais encontrados. O fenótipo VanA é caracterizado por linhagens resistentes a altos níveis de vancomicina e teicoplanina, enquanto VanB é representado por linhagens com altos níveis de resistência à vancomicina, mas com sensibilidade à teicoplanina. O fenótipo VanA é codificado por um grupamento de genes (vanRSHAXYZ) localizados em um elemento genético móvel denominado Tn1546 ou elemento VanA, freqüentemente inserido em plasmídeo conjugativo. Quatro linhagens de enterococos resistentes à vancomicina e sensíveis à teicoplanina que apresentaram genótipo vanA e fenótipo VanB foram estudadas com objetivo de se determinar qual o mecanismo responsável por esta incongruência. A identificação das espécies foi realizada por multiplex PCR, sendo três linhagens identificadas como Enterococcus faecalis e uma linhagem Enterococcus faecium. Todas confirmaram a presença do gene vanA por PCR e, no entanto, apresentaram sensibilidade à teicoplanina, determinada por Etest, condizente com o fenótipo VanB. Reações de Long-PCR e overlapping PCR foram realizadas para amplificação e caracterização do elemento VanA. O elemento VanA das linhagens de E. faecalis mostrou deleção da extremidade direita, correspondente à perda dos genes vanY e vanZ. Na linhagem de E. faecium foi detectada a inserção da ISEfa5 na região intergênica vanXY, como reportado em estudo prévio. A tipagem molecular das linhagens foi realizada pelo perfil de PFGE após macrorestrição do DNA com enzima SmaI e indicou que duas linhagens de E. faecalis pertenciam ao mesmo clone, enquanto a outra era geneticamente não relacionada. Estudos de hibridação com sonda para localização do gene vanA indicaram que este gene estava associado a um plasmídeo de 70Kb. Para verificar a presença de eventuais mutações no gene vanS, relatadas em alguns estudos como causa da perda da sensibilidade à teicoplanina, os elementos VanA das linhagens foram seqüenciados, contudo nenhuma mutação foi encontrada. Os experimentos de clonagem para analisar a possível presença de uma região promotora entre os genes vanY e vanZ indicaram a viii não existência de um promotor nesta região. A presença de elemento VanA com a mesma característica, sendo carreado por plasmídeos de mesmo tamanho em linhagens de E. faecalis com perfil de PFGE diferentes, sugere que este elemento foi transferido horizontalmente. O estudo molecular deste elemento de resistência gerou informações sobre a epidemiologia e eventos genéticos no elemento VanA que estão ocorrendo nas linhagens de VRE isoladas no Brasil. / Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have emerged worldwide including in Brazil as important nosocomial pathogens. The most prevalent phenotypes described among glycopeptide resistant enterococci are VanA and VanB. VanA phenotype is characterized by induced high-level resistance both to vancomycin and teicoplanin, whereas VanB resistant strains show inducible resistance to vancomycin and retained susceptibility to teicoplanin. The vanA gene cluster (vanRSHAXYZ) is located in a mobile genetic element called Tn1546 or VanA element, which is often carried by conjugative plasmids. Four VRE showing VanB phenotype and vanA genotype isolated in a Brazilian hospital were investigated to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this incongruence. Multiplex PCR was performed for species identification. Three strains were identified as Enterococcus faecalis and the fourth as Enterococcus faecium. All VRE strains harboured gene vanA but showed VanB phenotype as determined by the Etest. Long PCR and PCR amplification of internal regions were employed for Tn1546 structural analysis. Three E. faecalis showed deletion of vanYZ genes corresponding to the inverted repeated right terminal of Tn1546 and E. faecium showed insertion of an IS element, ISEFa5, between vanX and vanY genes, as previously reported. These genetic rearrangements were associated to loss of resistance to teicoplanin. PFGE performed after SmaI digestion of DNA revealed that two E. faecalis were genetically related but the third one was unrelated. Plasmid analysis followed by Southern blotting and hybridization with vanA probe were performed for localization of VanA element. Results indicated that E. faecalis isolates showed the same structure of VanA element and plasmid profile with vanA located into plasmid. Thus, horizontal dissemination of this genetic element was suggested. VanA elements in all isolates were sequenced to detect point mutations in vanS, previously observed in VanB phenotype-vanA-genotype VRE isolates. However, no mutation was found. Assays to detect the presence of a promoter between vanX and vanY genes were negative for this region. Molecular characterization of these VRE furnished additional important information about VanA element epidemiological and evolutionary events in Brazilian isolates.
3

A Study of the Relationship of Communication Technology Configurations in Virtual Research Environments and Effectiveness of Collaborative Research

Ahmed, Iftekhar 16 January 2010 (has links)
Virtual Research Environments (VRE) are electronic meeting places for interaction among scientists created by combining software tools and computer networking. Virtual teams are enjoying increased importance in the conduct of scientific research because of the rising cost of traditional scientific scholarly communication, the growing importance of shared academic research by geographically dispersed scientific teams, and changes in the corporate research structures. New facilities provided by the Internet technology enhanced this situation. Currently, our knowledge about VRE-based scientific communication and what makes it effective is relatively immature in terms of understanding technology (interface, architecture, and software evaluation), system management (software systems, visualization, scalability), knowledge bases, expert systems, and coordination. Moreover, we do not have a comprehensive classification scheme for virtual research environments primarily from a technological viewpoint. This study provided an analysis of VRE from a technological standpoint and developed a conceptual model that identified factors facilitating collaboration effectiveness with a primary focus on technology. VRE portals were at the core of the investigation as they are the entry points for VRE related information and resource access. First, the study developed a methodological framework for characterizing VREs, applied that framework to examine and classify existing VRE systems, and developed a new classification. Then, the study established a relationship between the technological profiles of various types of VREs and their productivity. Study results show that the technological arrangements of the VRE neither depend upon scientific discipline nor the existing functional typology. The study did not identify a significant presence of communication and collaboration technologies within the VRE systems. However, results indicated that there were a correlation between communication and collaboration technologies and VRE effectiveness.
4

Caracterização molecular de elementos VanA em enterococos com genótico e fenótipo discrepantes relativos à resistência aos glicopeptídeos / Molecular characterization of the VanA element in enterococci with incongruent genotype and phenotypes relative to glycopeptide resistance.

Priscila Moraes Henrique 06 March 2007 (has links)
Enterococos resistentes aos glicopeptídeos representam, atualmente, importantes patógenos causadores de infecção nosocomial, sendo isolados em várias regiões do mundo, inclusive no Brasil. Dos fenótipos de resistência descritos até o momento, VanA e VanB são os mais encontrados. O fenótipo VanA é caracterizado por linhagens resistentes a altos níveis de vancomicina e teicoplanina, enquanto VanB é representado por linhagens com altos níveis de resistência à vancomicina, mas com sensibilidade à teicoplanina. O fenótipo VanA é codificado por um grupamento de genes (vanRSHAXYZ) localizados em um elemento genético móvel denominado Tn1546 ou elemento VanA, freqüentemente inserido em plasmídeo conjugativo. Quatro linhagens de enterococos resistentes à vancomicina e sensíveis à teicoplanina que apresentaram genótipo vanA e fenótipo VanB foram estudadas com objetivo de se determinar qual o mecanismo responsável por esta incongruência. A identificação das espécies foi realizada por multiplex PCR, sendo três linhagens identificadas como Enterococcus faecalis e uma linhagem Enterococcus faecium. Todas confirmaram a presença do gene vanA por PCR e, no entanto, apresentaram sensibilidade à teicoplanina, determinada por Etest, condizente com o fenótipo VanB. Reações de Long-PCR e overlapping PCR foram realizadas para amplificação e caracterização do elemento VanA. O elemento VanA das linhagens de E. faecalis mostrou deleção da extremidade direita, correspondente à perda dos genes vanY e vanZ. Na linhagem de E. faecium foi detectada a inserção da ISEfa5 na região intergênica vanXY, como reportado em estudo prévio. A tipagem molecular das linhagens foi realizada pelo perfil de PFGE após macrorestrição do DNA com enzima SmaI e indicou que duas linhagens de E. faecalis pertenciam ao mesmo clone, enquanto a outra era geneticamente não relacionada. Estudos de hibridação com sonda para localização do gene vanA indicaram que este gene estava associado a um plasmídeo de 70Kb. Para verificar a presença de eventuais mutações no gene vanS, relatadas em alguns estudos como causa da perda da sensibilidade à teicoplanina, os elementos VanA das linhagens foram seqüenciados, contudo nenhuma mutação foi encontrada. Os experimentos de clonagem para analisar a possível presença de uma região promotora entre os genes vanY e vanZ indicaram a viii não existência de um promotor nesta região. A presença de elemento VanA com a mesma característica, sendo carreado por plasmídeos de mesmo tamanho em linhagens de E. faecalis com perfil de PFGE diferentes, sugere que este elemento foi transferido horizontalmente. O estudo molecular deste elemento de resistência gerou informações sobre a epidemiologia e eventos genéticos no elemento VanA que estão ocorrendo nas linhagens de VRE isoladas no Brasil. / Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have emerged worldwide including in Brazil as important nosocomial pathogens. The most prevalent phenotypes described among glycopeptide resistant enterococci are VanA and VanB. VanA phenotype is characterized by induced high-level resistance both to vancomycin and teicoplanin, whereas VanB resistant strains show inducible resistance to vancomycin and retained susceptibility to teicoplanin. The vanA gene cluster (vanRSHAXYZ) is located in a mobile genetic element called Tn1546 or VanA element, which is often carried by conjugative plasmids. Four VRE showing VanB phenotype and vanA genotype isolated in a Brazilian hospital were investigated to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this incongruence. Multiplex PCR was performed for species identification. Three strains were identified as Enterococcus faecalis and the fourth as Enterococcus faecium. All VRE strains harboured gene vanA but showed VanB phenotype as determined by the Etest. Long PCR and PCR amplification of internal regions were employed for Tn1546 structural analysis. Three E. faecalis showed deletion of vanYZ genes corresponding to the inverted repeated right terminal of Tn1546 and E. faecium showed insertion of an IS element, ISEFa5, between vanX and vanY genes, as previously reported. These genetic rearrangements were associated to loss of resistance to teicoplanin. PFGE performed after SmaI digestion of DNA revealed that two E. faecalis were genetically related but the third one was unrelated. Plasmid analysis followed by Southern blotting and hybridization with vanA probe were performed for localization of VanA element. Results indicated that E. faecalis isolates showed the same structure of VanA element and plasmid profile with vanA located into plasmid. Thus, horizontal dissemination of this genetic element was suggested. VanA elements in all isolates were sequenced to detect point mutations in vanS, previously observed in VanB phenotype-vanA-genotype VRE isolates. However, no mutation was found. Assays to detect the presence of a promoter between vanX and vanY genes were negative for this region. Molecular characterization of these VRE furnished additional important information about VanA element epidemiological and evolutionary events in Brazilian isolates.
5

A world inside : Gastrointestinal microbiota in healthy Swedish children at day care centers and aspects on antibiotic resistance, enteric pathogens and transmission

Kaarme, Johan January 2017 (has links)
Antibiotic resistance is a growing threat to human health and is defined by the World Health Organization as a crisis that must be managed with the utmost urgency. Antibiotic resistant bacteria increase both mortality and morbidity and have a great impact on the global economy. Resistance is not confined to human health care, but is present also among animals and in our environment at large. Indeed, resistant bacterial strains have now been found in virtually all parts of the world, even in locations without direct human contact. The human gastrointestinal tract is populated by a complex, dynamic, diverse and highly interactive collection of microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, yeasts and viruses, which constitutes our gastrointestinal microbiota. This microbiota is an important reservoir of resistance genes (our gastrointestinal resistome) and a “melting pot” for transfer of resistance genes between microbes, including potential pathogens. In this thesis I investigated the prevalences of two clinically important kinds of antibiotic resistance: extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), as well as asymptomatic carriage of potential enteropathogens among healthy preschool children in Uppsala. Fecal samples from unidentified, individual diapers were collected in 2010 (125+313 samples) and in 2016 (334 samples). In addition, 204 environmental samples from the children’s preschools were collected in autumn 2016. A prevalence of 2.9% ESBL-producing Enterobactericeae was demonstrated in the first samples from 2010. No VRE were found and the occurrence of enteropathogens were reassuringly low. Results on ESBL prevalence in 2016 and transmission of resistance between children will be presented when the manuscript is published and at the dissertation.
6

Comparação genotípica e fenotípica de Enterococcus faecalis resistentes à vancomicina isolados nos anos de 2009 e 2011 em um hospital de Minas Gerais / Genotypic and phenotypic comparison of vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis isolated in 2009 and 2011 in a hospital in Minas Gerais

Merlo, Thaís Panhan 22 October 2013 (has links)
Enterococcus são cocos gram-positivos que ocorrem isolados, aos pares (diplococos) ou em cadeias e pertencem à microbiota intestinal de uma grande variedade de hospedeiros, de mamíferos a insetos. Enterococcus foram originalmente considerados organismos de pouca importância clínica, mas têm se revelado importantes patógenos nosocomiais. O fato dos Enterococcus possuírem formas de resistência intrínseca e adquirida a vários antibióticos dificulta o tratamento de infecções causadas por eles. Enterococcus faecalis é geralmente a espécie predominante entre os enterococos isolados, sendo de 80% a 90% das amostras clínicas. O surgimento de Enterococcus resistentes à vancomicina (VRE- do inglês vancomycin resistant enterococci) reduziu significativamente as opções de tratamento. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e comparar amostras de E. faecalis resistentes à vancomicina (VREfs) isolados em pacientes nos anos de 2009 e 2011, durante um programa de vigilância no Hospital Risoleta Tolentino Neves, em Belo Horizonte, MG. A identificação das espécies foi feita por multiplex-PCR com primers espécie-específicos e os E. faecalis foram selecionados para estudo. Foram realizadas a pesquisa da presença dos genes elrA, cylLL, esp e gelE, a determinação do genótipo responsável pela resistência e a caracterização do transposon que contém o gene de resistência, todos por meio de PCR. Foi também realizada a determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de acordo com o CLSI (2013) para vancomicina, linezolida, tigeciclina e daptomicina e testes para resistência a altas concentrações de aminoglicosídeos. Por fim, a tipagem das amostras foi feita através de eletroforese em campo pulsado (PFGE- do inglês Pulsed Field Gel Eletroforesis) e MLST (Multilocus sequence typing). Foi encontrado que 22,2% dos VRE isolados em 2009 e 61,7% dos isolados em 2011 pertencem à espécie E. faecalis e estes foram utilizados no estudo. Houve surgimento de resistência à tigeciclina nos isolados de 2011, sendo 10 isolados resistentes, logo após o início do uso deste antimicrobiano no hospital. Foi encontrado um isolado de 2011 com resistência intermediária à linezolida. Todos os isolados foram sensíveis à daptomicina e altamente resistentes à vancomicina, com CIM maior que 256 μg/mL. Essa alta resistência à vancomicina é condizente com o genótipo Vana, encontrado em todas as amostras. O perfil de virulência prevalente nos VREfs em 2009 era elrA+gelE+, sendo dos pulsotipos A1 e A4 e ST103. Apenas um isolado de 2009, com pulsotipo A1 apresentou o perfil de virulência cyl+elrA+gelE+. Em 2011, o perfil de virulência prevalente foi cyl+esp+elrA+gelE+, sendo que os 12 isolados com esse perfil pertenciam aos pulsotipos B e C e ST6, que ocorreram somente em isolados de 2011. Onze amostras de 2011 apresentaram o perfil elrA+gelE+ e foram classificadas no pulsotipo A e seis amostras tem perfil cyl+elrA+gelE+ e são dos pulsotipos B e D. Resultados de PFGE mostram a inserção no hospital da linhagem ST6, um clone multirresistente amplamente disseminado em hospitais da Itália, Portugal, Espanha e Estados Unidos. Concluiu-se que houve mudanças no perfil de E. faecalis resistentes à vancomicina no hospital, ao longo dos dois anos, com aumento de resistência e linhagens mais virulentas, sendo estes motivos de preocupação. / Enterococci are Gram-positive cocci occurring isolated, in pairs (diplococci) or chains and belong to the intestinal tract of a wide variety of hosts, from mammalian to insect. Enterococcus organisms were originally considered of little clinical importance, but have proved important nosocomial pathogens. The fact that Enterococcus possess intrinsic and acquired resistance to multiple antibiotics complicates the treatment of infections caused by them. Enterococcus faecalis is usually the predominant species among enterococci isolates, with 80% to 90% of the clinical samples. The emergence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) significantly reduced the treatment options. The aim of this study was to identify and compare samples of vancomycin- resistant E. faecalis (VREfs) in patients in the years 2009 and 2011, during a surveillance program in Hospital Risoleta Tolentino Neves, Belo Horizonte, MG. Species identification was done by multiplex-PCR with primers species-specific and E. faecalis were selected for this study. Tests were conducted for the presence of genes elrA, cylLL, esp and gelE, the determination of the genotype responsible for the resistance and characterization of transposon containing the resistance gene, all by PCR. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined according to the CLSI (2013) to vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin and tigecycline and tests for resistance to high concentrations of aminoglycosides. Finally, the samples typing was performed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). It was found that 22.2 % of VRE isolates in 2009 and 61.7 % of isolates in 2011 belong to the species E. faecalis and these were used in the study. There was emergence of tigecycline resistance in 2011, with 10 resistant isolates, after the introduction of this drug in the hospital. One isolate from 2011 showed intermediate resistance to linezolid. All isolates were sensitive to daptomycin and highly vancomycin resistant, with MICs greater than 256 mg / mL. This high resistance to vancomycin is consistent with the vanA genotype found in all samples. The virulence profile prevalent in VREfs in 2009 was elrA+gelE+, belonging to the pulsotypes A1 and A4 and ST103. Only one isolate from 2009, presented pulsotype A1 and the virulence profile cyl+elrA+gelE+. In 2011, the prevalent virulence profile was cyl+esp+elrA+gelE+, and the 12 isolates with this profile belonged to pulsotypes B and C and ST6, which occurred only in 2011 isolates. Eleven isolates from 2011 have the profile elrA+gelE+ and were classified as pulsotype A, six isolates have profile cyl+elrA+gelE+ and are of pulsotypes B and D. PFGE results show the insertion of ST6 lineage in the hospital, a multiresistant clone widely disseminated in hospitals in Italy, Portugal, Spain and the United States. It was concluded that there were changes in the profile of E. faecalis resistant to vancomycin in the hospital over the two years, with increased resistance and more virulent strains, which are of concern.
7

Incidence and Treatment of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) Infection in VRE Colonized Febrile Neutropenic Patients

Bossaer, John B. 01 May 2008 (has links)
No description available.
8

Comparação genotípica e fenotípica de Enterococcus faecalis resistentes à vancomicina isolados nos anos de 2009 e 2011 em um hospital de Minas Gerais / Genotypic and phenotypic comparison of vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis isolated in 2009 and 2011 in a hospital in Minas Gerais

Thaís Panhan Merlo 22 October 2013 (has links)
Enterococcus são cocos gram-positivos que ocorrem isolados, aos pares (diplococos) ou em cadeias e pertencem à microbiota intestinal de uma grande variedade de hospedeiros, de mamíferos a insetos. Enterococcus foram originalmente considerados organismos de pouca importância clínica, mas têm se revelado importantes patógenos nosocomiais. O fato dos Enterococcus possuírem formas de resistência intrínseca e adquirida a vários antibióticos dificulta o tratamento de infecções causadas por eles. Enterococcus faecalis é geralmente a espécie predominante entre os enterococos isolados, sendo de 80% a 90% das amostras clínicas. O surgimento de Enterococcus resistentes à vancomicina (VRE- do inglês vancomycin resistant enterococci) reduziu significativamente as opções de tratamento. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e comparar amostras de E. faecalis resistentes à vancomicina (VREfs) isolados em pacientes nos anos de 2009 e 2011, durante um programa de vigilância no Hospital Risoleta Tolentino Neves, em Belo Horizonte, MG. A identificação das espécies foi feita por multiplex-PCR com primers espécie-específicos e os E. faecalis foram selecionados para estudo. Foram realizadas a pesquisa da presença dos genes elrA, cylLL, esp e gelE, a determinação do genótipo responsável pela resistência e a caracterização do transposon que contém o gene de resistência, todos por meio de PCR. Foi também realizada a determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de acordo com o CLSI (2013) para vancomicina, linezolida, tigeciclina e daptomicina e testes para resistência a altas concentrações de aminoglicosídeos. Por fim, a tipagem das amostras foi feita através de eletroforese em campo pulsado (PFGE- do inglês Pulsed Field Gel Eletroforesis) e MLST (Multilocus sequence typing). Foi encontrado que 22,2% dos VRE isolados em 2009 e 61,7% dos isolados em 2011 pertencem à espécie E. faecalis e estes foram utilizados no estudo. Houve surgimento de resistência à tigeciclina nos isolados de 2011, sendo 10 isolados resistentes, logo após o início do uso deste antimicrobiano no hospital. Foi encontrado um isolado de 2011 com resistência intermediária à linezolida. Todos os isolados foram sensíveis à daptomicina e altamente resistentes à vancomicina, com CIM maior que 256 μg/mL. Essa alta resistência à vancomicina é condizente com o genótipo Vana, encontrado em todas as amostras. O perfil de virulência prevalente nos VREfs em 2009 era elrA+gelE+, sendo dos pulsotipos A1 e A4 e ST103. Apenas um isolado de 2009, com pulsotipo A1 apresentou o perfil de virulência cyl+elrA+gelE+. Em 2011, o perfil de virulência prevalente foi cyl+esp+elrA+gelE+, sendo que os 12 isolados com esse perfil pertenciam aos pulsotipos B e C e ST6, que ocorreram somente em isolados de 2011. Onze amostras de 2011 apresentaram o perfil elrA+gelE+ e foram classificadas no pulsotipo A e seis amostras tem perfil cyl+elrA+gelE+ e são dos pulsotipos B e D. Resultados de PFGE mostram a inserção no hospital da linhagem ST6, um clone multirresistente amplamente disseminado em hospitais da Itália, Portugal, Espanha e Estados Unidos. Concluiu-se que houve mudanças no perfil de E. faecalis resistentes à vancomicina no hospital, ao longo dos dois anos, com aumento de resistência e linhagens mais virulentas, sendo estes motivos de preocupação. / Enterococci are Gram-positive cocci occurring isolated, in pairs (diplococci) or chains and belong to the intestinal tract of a wide variety of hosts, from mammalian to insect. Enterococcus organisms were originally considered of little clinical importance, but have proved important nosocomial pathogens. The fact that Enterococcus possess intrinsic and acquired resistance to multiple antibiotics complicates the treatment of infections caused by them. Enterococcus faecalis is usually the predominant species among enterococci isolates, with 80% to 90% of the clinical samples. The emergence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) significantly reduced the treatment options. The aim of this study was to identify and compare samples of vancomycin- resistant E. faecalis (VREfs) in patients in the years 2009 and 2011, during a surveillance program in Hospital Risoleta Tolentino Neves, Belo Horizonte, MG. Species identification was done by multiplex-PCR with primers species-specific and E. faecalis were selected for this study. Tests were conducted for the presence of genes elrA, cylLL, esp and gelE, the determination of the genotype responsible for the resistance and characterization of transposon containing the resistance gene, all by PCR. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined according to the CLSI (2013) to vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin and tigecycline and tests for resistance to high concentrations of aminoglycosides. Finally, the samples typing was performed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). It was found that 22.2 % of VRE isolates in 2009 and 61.7 % of isolates in 2011 belong to the species E. faecalis and these were used in the study. There was emergence of tigecycline resistance in 2011, with 10 resistant isolates, after the introduction of this drug in the hospital. One isolate from 2011 showed intermediate resistance to linezolid. All isolates were sensitive to daptomycin and highly vancomycin resistant, with MICs greater than 256 mg / mL. This high resistance to vancomycin is consistent with the vanA genotype found in all samples. The virulence profile prevalent in VREfs in 2009 was elrA+gelE+, belonging to the pulsotypes A1 and A4 and ST103. Only one isolate from 2009, presented pulsotype A1 and the virulence profile cyl+elrA+gelE+. In 2011, the prevalent virulence profile was cyl+esp+elrA+gelE+, and the 12 isolates with this profile belonged to pulsotypes B and C and ST6, which occurred only in 2011 isolates. Eleven isolates from 2011 have the profile elrA+gelE+ and were classified as pulsotype A, six isolates have profile cyl+elrA+gelE+ and are of pulsotypes B and D. PFGE results show the insertion of ST6 lineage in the hospital, a multiresistant clone widely disseminated in hospitals in Italy, Portugal, Spain and the United States. It was concluded that there were changes in the profile of E. faecalis resistant to vancomycin in the hospital over the two years, with increased resistance and more virulent strains, which are of concern.
9

Incidence and Treatment of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) Infection in VRE Colonized Febrile Neutropenic Patients

Bossaer, John B. 01 April 2009 (has links)
No description available.
10

Gebėjimų formavimo politinė ekonomija: skirtumų Rytų ir Vidurio Europos šalyse aiškinimas / The Political Economy of Skills Formation: Explaining the Differences in Central and Eastern Europe

Martinaitis, Žilvinas 02 November 2010 (has links)
Disertacijoje siekiama paaiškinti, kodėl Vidurio Rytų Europos šalyse išsivystė skirtingos gebėjimų formavimo sistemos, t.y. kodėl Baltijos šalyse ir mažesniu mastu Lenkijoje bei Vengrijoje per pastaruosius 20 metų iškilo bendrųjų gebėjimų formavimo sistemos, o Čekijoje, Slovėnijoje ir Slovakijoje – specifinių gebėjimų formavimo sistemos? Darbe teigiama, kad tai nulėmė skirtingos darbo rinkos, ekonominės ir politinės institucijos. Stiprios darbdavių asociacijos, aukštas darbo vietos apsaugos lygis, dosnios išmokos bedarbiams, proporcinė rinkimų sistema ir Vyriausybių stabilumas yra būtinos sąlygos specifinių gebėjimų formavimo sistemoms atsirasti. Jei vienos ar kelių iš įvardintų institucijų nėra, tuomet atsiranda pakankamos sąlygos bendrųjų gebėjimų formavimo sistemos atsiradimui. Hipotezės tikrinamos remiantis neapibrėžtųjų aibių ir apibrėžtos regresijos (angl. robust regression) metodais. / The dissertation seeks to explain, why different skills formation systems have emerged in Central and Eastern Europe over the past 20 years. More specifically, it investigates, why the labor force acquires general skills in the Baltic States, Poland and Hungary, while specific skills are of utmost importance in the Czech and Slovak Republics and Slovenia? The dissertation argues that these differences can be explained by the labor market, economic and political institutions. Strong employers’ associations, high employment security, generous unemployment benefits, proportional electoral system and government stability are necessary for emergence of specific skills formation systems, while absence of these institutions is sufficient for the emergence of general skills formation systems. The dissertation employs fuzzy set techniques and robust regression to test the hypotheses empirically.

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