A cold flow model circulating fluidized bed reactor was designed and built to determine any correlation that may exist between the percentage of fine bed material in the overall reactor inventory, and both the solids circulation rate as well as the riser axial particle distribution. It was determined that for Geldart group B particles (sand), there may be a direct relationship between an increase in the percentage of fine particles and an increase in the solids circulation rate for a given riser superficial velocity. There may also be a direct relationship between the percentage of fine particles and an increase in the overall solids concentration in the upper zones of the riser for a given riser superficial velocity. It is theorized that these effects are due to a reduction in the overall mean particle size of any particle clusters formed due to the increase of the percentage of fines.

Skyfall kan leda till stora konsekvenser för samhället, framförallt i en stad då den urbana miljön är känslig för extrema händelser. Västerås stad har tidigare drabbats av skyfall där följderna har varit kostsamma. Den senaste forskningen pekar på att intensiva regnhändelser kommer bli allt mer vanligt förekommande, därför är det intressant att undersöka vilka konsekvenser dessa regn kan leda till. En analys har gjorts med utgångspunkt från SMHI:s lågpunktskartering över Västerås. Utifrån denna kartering undersöktes vilka förorenade områden, bostadsområden, exploateringsområden, infrastruktur, vårdcentraler, skolor, nätstationer och prioriterade pumpar som ligger i lågpunktsområden. Denna jämförelse har gjorts i ArcGIS. Där konstaterades att många viktiga objekt ligger i låga områden och då riskerar att översvämmas. Det gäller främst sjukhusområdet, mindre bostadsområden, cykel-underfarter och nätstationer. Resultaten från jämförelsen med lågpunktskarteringen låg därefter som grund för val av vidare studie där en fördjupad konsekvensstudie har gjorts över sjukhusområdet då detta är en samhällsviktig funktion som tidigare har översvämmats vid skyfall. En hydraulisk modell har byggts upp i programmet MIKE 21 Flow Model där ett regn med återkomsttiden 100 år har simulerats och dess konsekvenser över sjukhusets avrinningsområde har undersökts. Simuleringen visar att stora ytor vid främst sjukhusområdet och i bostadsområden med tät bebyggelse översvämmas. Stora vattendjup ansamlas bland annat vid sjukhusets akutingång och längs E 18 vid Korsängsmotet och Folkparksmotet. Känslighetsanalyser har även utförts i MIKE 21 Flow Model för att undersöka bland annat hur olika stora regn påverkar resultaten samt hur känslig resultaten är för val av Mannings tal (M). Resultaten visar att intensivare regn medför framförallt en större översvämmad yta och att ett konstant värde på M = 40 hade varit en rimlig förenkling för detta område. En kontroll har utförts där skyfallet som föll över Västerås 8 juli 2012 har simulerats i MIKE 21 Flow Model. Resultaten från de hydrauliska simuleringarna har även jämförts med SMHI:s lågpunktskartering där det konstaterades att många lågpunkter inte översvämmas, men samtidigt att flera områden som inte är lågpunktsområden översvämmas vid simulerade skyfall. / Heavy rainfall can lead to large consequences for society, especially in a city since the urban environment is sensitive to extreme events. Västerås has earlier suffered heavy rains and according to the latest research, more intense future rainfall is to be expected. It’s therefore interesting to examine the possible implications of these rains. SMHI has produced a map of low areas in the city of Västerås. Based on this mapping, this study evaluated the occurrence of contaminated areas, residential areas, development areas, infrastructure, health centers, schools, power stations and prioritized pumps in low areas. This comparison has been made in ArcGIS. It could be established that many important objects are located in low areas and therefore have a risk of being flooded by heavy rain showers. This primarily concerns the hospital, smaller residential areas, underpasses and power stations. The results from the comparison with low areas were used as background information when the hospital was chosen for further studies. The hospital is an important public function that has previously been flooded by heavy rain showers. By using the program MIKE 21 Flow Model, a hydraulic model has been set up where a rain with a return period of 100 years has been simulated and its consequences on the catchment area has been explored. The simulation shows that large flooded areas will occur around the hospital and in residential areas. A large water depth is predicted to occur at the hospital's emergency entrance and along E 18 at Korsängsmotet and Folkparksmotet. Sensitivity analyses were also performed in the MIKE 21 Flow Model to investigate how different kinds of rain affect the results, and how sensitive the results are to the choice of Manning's M values. From the results it can be seen that intense rainfall means primarily a greater flooded surface and that a constant value of M = 40 had been a reasonable simplification for the simulated area. A simulation has been performed in MIKE 21 Flow Model with the heavy rain shower that fell over Västerås July 8, 2012. A comparison has also been made between the results from the hydraulic simulations and the mapping of low areas made by SMHI. It was found that many of the lower areas were not flooded, but also that several areas that were not found as low areas were flooded in simulated rainfalls.

No description available.

Motivado pela ocorrência de instabilidade do motor do veículo de Fórmula SAE da equipe Poli Racing da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo quando operando em altas rotações, o escoamento no conduto de admissão, mais especificamente no último conduto antes do flange do motor, conhecido como runner, foi então analisado. A suspeita de que o descolamento do escoamento da parede na região interna da curvatura fosse a causa da instabilidade do motor foi então estudada de duas maneiras: um estudo numérico e outro experimental. O estudo numérico se inicia pela caracterização do escoamento real e desenvolvimento de hipóteses simplificadores e considerações sobre os pontos mais relevantes do escoamento. Em seguida, uma malha de elementos é construída no computador com auxílio de um programa de CFD. Ressalta-se que sua geometria reproduz a geometria interna do duto de interesse (runner). Posteriormente, a mesma é simulada utilizando um modelo de duas equações (SST k-w), obtendo-se assim o perfil de pressão ao longo da região interna e externa da parede do runner.O estudo experimental se inicia pela construção do runner em prototipagem rápida, mantendo sua geometria fiel à geometria do runner utilizado no veículo de referência, adaptando a esse, tomadas de pressão ao longo da sua seção meridional. Ele é então montado em laboratório e as pressões nas diversas tomadas de pressão são então medidas para diferentes valores de vazão.Os resultados acima obtidos são então comparados com as referências bibliográficas relevantes.De maneira geral, tanto os resultados numéricos como os resultados experimentais estão de acordo com as referências bibliográficas, indicando que até valores do número de Reynolds iguais a aproximadamente 210000 (o que corresponde para as condições de temperatura e pressão do ar de admissão durante a operação do motor, a uma velocidade média no runner de cerca de 80 m/s) não ocorre descolamento na região interna da curvatura do runner. / Motivated by the occurrence of instability of the engine of the Formula SAE vehicle of the Poli Racing team from the Polytechnic School of University of São Paulo when operating at high engine speeds, the flow in the intake manifold, more specifically in the last duct before the engine flange, known as runner, became focus of deeper analysis. The suspicion that the detachment of the flow from the wall in the inner region of curvature was the cause of engine instability was studied in two approaches: a numerical study and an experimental study. The numerical study begins by characterizing the real flow and development of simplifying assumptions and considerations on the most relevant points of the flow. Then, a mesh is built into the computer with the aid of a CFD program. Its geometry is equal to the internal geometry of the studied duct (runner). Subsequently, the mesh is simulated using a two equations model (SST k-w) and a pressure profile in the inner and outer wall is calculated. The experimental study begins with the construction of the runner using rapid prototyping, keeping its geometry equal to the geometry of the runner used in the reference vehicle, but adapting to this, pressure taps along the inner and outer wall of the curvature. It is then assembled in the laboratory and the pressure in different pressure taps are measured for different flow rates.The above results are then compared with the relevant bibliographic references.In general, both the numerical results and the experimental results are in agreement with the references indicating that up to Reynolds numbers values equal to approximately 210 000 (which considering the air temperature and pressure while engine is operating, corresponds to an average speed in the runner around 80 m/s) does not occur any detachment in the inner region of curvature of the runner.

Stock markets employ specialized traders, market-makers, designed to provide liquidity and volume to the market by constantly supplying both supply and demand. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel method for modeling the market as a dynamic system and a reinforcement learning algorithm that learns profitable market-making strategies when run on this model. The sequence of buys and sells for a particular stock, the order flow, we model as an Input-Output Hidden Markov Model fit to historical data. When combined with the dynamics of the order book, this creates a highly non-linear and difficult dynamic system. Our reinforcement learning algorithm, based on likelihood ratios, is run on this partially-observable environment. We demonstrate learning results for two separate real stocks.

Internet protocol TV (IPTV) is predicted to be the key technology winner in the future. Efforts to accelerate the deployment of IPTV centralized model which is combined of VHO, encoders, controller, access network and Home network. Regardless of whether the network is delivering live TV, VOD, or Time-shift TV, all content and network traffic resulting from subscriber requests must traverse the entire network from the super-headend all the way to each subscriber's Set-Top Box (STB).IPTV services require very stringent QoS guarantees When IPTV traffic shares the network resources with other traffic like data and voice, how to ensure their QoS and efficiently utilize the network resources is a key and challenging issue. For QoS measured in the network-centric terms of delay jitter, packet losses and bounds on delay. The main focus of this thesis is on the optimized bandwidth allocation and smooth datatransmission. The proposed traffic model for smooth delivering video service IPTV network with its QoS performance evaluation. According to Maglaris et al [5] First, analyze the coding bit rate of a single video source. Various statistical quantities are derived from bit rate data collected with a conditional replenishment inter frame coding scheme. Two correlated Markov process models (one in discrete time and one incontinuous time) are shown to fit the experimental data and are used to model the input rates of several independent sources into a statistical multiplexer. Preventive control mechanism which is to be include CAC, traffic policing used for traffic control.QoS has been evaluated of common bandwidth scheduler( FIFO) by use fluid models with Markovian queuing method and analysis the result by using simulator andanalytically, Which is measured the performance of the packet loss, overflow and mean waiting time among the network users.

Internet protocol TV (IPTV) is predicted to be the key technology winner in the future. Efforts to accelerate the deployment of IPTV centralized model which is combined of VHO, encoders, controller, access network and Home network. Regardless of whether the network is delivering live TV, VOD, or Time-shift TV, all content and network traffic resulting from subscriber requests must traverse the entire network from the super-headend all the way to each subscriber's Set-Top Box (STB). IPTV services require very stringent QoS guarantees When IPTV traffic shares the network resources with other traffic like data and voice, how to ensure their QoS and efficiently utilize the network resources is a key and challenging issue. For QoS measured in the network-centric terms of delay jitter, packet losses and bounds on delay. The main focus of this thesis is on the optimized bandwidth allocation and smooth data transmission. The proposed traffic model for smooth delivering video service IPTV network with its QoS performance evaluation. According to Maglaris et al [5] first, analyze the coding bit rate of a single video source. Various statistical quantities are derived from bit rate data collected with a conditional replenishment inter frame coding scheme. Two correlated Markov process models (one in discrete time and one in continuous time) are shown to fit the experimental data and are used to model the input rates of several independent sources into a statistical multiplexer. Preventive control mechanism which is to be including CAC, traffic policing used for traffic control. QoS has been evaluated of common bandwidth scheduler( FIFO) by use fluid models with Markovian queuing method and analysis the result by using simulator and analytically, Which is measured the performance of the packet loss, overflow and mean waiting time among the network users.

A hybrid surface/subsurface flow and transport model is developed that blends distributed parameter models with simpler lumped parameter models. The hybrid model solves the channel flow and saturated groundwater flow domains in continuous time using fully distributed physically-based formulations. This system is supplemented with the overland flow and unsaturated groundwater flow that uses lumped parameter descriptions in discrete time. In the proposed model, a one-dimensional channel flow model is dynamically coupled with a two-dimensional vertically-averaged groundwater flow model along the river bed. As an alternative to the commonly applied iterative solution technique, a so-called simultaneous solution procedure is developed to provide a better understanding to the coupled flow problem. This new methodology is based on the principle of solving the two flow domains within a single matrix structure in a simultaneous manner. In addition to the flow model, a coupled contaminant transport model is also developed to simulate the migration of contaminants between surface and subsurface domains. The contaminant transport model dynamically couples a one-dimensional channel transport model with a two-dimensional vertically-averaged groundwater transport model. The coupling is performed at the river bed interface via advective and dispersive transport mechanisms. A modified extension of the proposed simultaneous solution procedure is also implemented to solve the coupled contaminant transport problem. The dynamic coupling provides the much needed understanding for the continuity of contaminants in strongly interacting surface/subsurface systems such as a river and an unconfined aquifer. The coupled flow and transport models are applied to the lower Altamaha watershed in southern Georgia. The flow model is used to perform simulations of hydrologic and hydraulic conditions along the river and in the dynamically linked surfacial aquifer. The model predicted the flood patterns including the magnitude of peaks and their arrival times with accuracy. Under the given flow conditions, the transport model is then implemented to test alternative contaminant transport patterns both in the river and within the aquifer. It has been found that the channel network would serve as a conduit for rapid transport of contaminants within the aquifer to large distances in small time frames.

To face the competition in the business environment, the company should continuously execute the capital investment to reinforce its competitive ability and to insure the endless business operation. Due to the capital investment involving huge money and long-term impact, the company should considerately and thoughtfully evaluate the financial feasibility of capital investment prior to making decision. Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) is usually used as benchmark to evaluate the capital investment. WACC is made up of two key elements. The cost of equity, one of both, however, is difficult to measure. This article, taking C company as an example, is focused on how to apply 3 different models such as Dividend Growth Model (DGM), Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and Free Cash Flow Model (FCF) to compute the cost of equity as well as on analyzing the outcomes of those models. The outcomes of DGM, CAPM and FCF are respectively 11.82%, 14.2%, and 10.50%, and the highest one is the outcome computed from CAPM. The outcomes computed from both DGM and FCF are narrowly different. As compared with actual rate of return of C company stock (11.6% adjusted from ex-cash dividend and ex-stock dividend), it is found that the outcome of DGM is the nearest to actual rate of return of C company stock, then FCF¡¦s is next one and CAPM¡¦s is most different. However, on condition that the company did not distribute cash dividend in its record or stayed on the abnormal growth stage, the DGM could not be applicable. Internal capital budgeting includes expansion of production expansion, replacement, improvement and innovation. Due to the fact that the attribute of this kind of capital investment is similar to that of the company¡¦s business of line, FCF would be the most appropriate model to estimate the cost of equity to determine the WACC for the purpose of internal capital budgeting evaluation.

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