Syfte: Syftet med vår studie är att studera om kapitalkostnaden redovisas och hur den skiljer sig mellan svenska och holländska bolag, samt undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar den. Metod: Studien har genomförts med en kvantitativ metod, syftet med undersökningen uppfylls genom en deduktiv ansats. I undersökningens empiri ingår observationer av 488 årsredovisningar. I sekundärdata ingår de fyra oberoende variablerna land, år, storlek och soliditet. Multipel regressionsanalys, samt linjär sannolikhetsmodell har använts. Resultat & slutsats: Den multipla regressionsanalysen visar ett signifikant samband mellan den beroende variabeln, vilken procentsats kapitalkostanden redovisas till, och oberoende variablerna storlek och soliditet. Större företag, redovisar en lägre kapitalkostnad, företag med högre soliditet redovisar en högre kapitalkostnad. Den linjära sannolikhetsmodellen visar på ett signifikant samband mellan den beroende variabeln, om kapitalkostanden redovisas och de oberoende variablerna år och land. Företagen var bättre på att redovisa kapitalkostnaden år 2008, jämfört med 2005. Samtidigt som de svenska företagen var bättre på att redovisa kapitalkostnaden 2005, jämfört med de holländska företagen. Förslag till vidare forskning: Vi finner det intressant att göra samma undersökning, men mellan andra årtal. Det skulle också vara intressant att undersöka sambandet mellan kapitalkostnad och andra oberoende variabler, som ägarstruktur eller goodwill i förhållande till eget kapital. Uppsatsens bidrag: Det kan vara intressant för standardsättarna IFRS att se hur deras regelverk efterlevs. Samt analytiker som analyserar aktiemarknaden.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to estimate a value of the subject company based on the purpose of the valuation and on a selection of appropriate valuation methods. The subject company is Rodinný pivovar Bernard a.s. The valuation date is set on 31. 12. 2015. The diploma thesis is split into two parts, the theoretical one and practical one. The first chapter of the theoretical part deals with the valuation theory. The chapter describes the subject of a valuation lists the common purposes of performing a valuation and also deals with main assumptions of valuation. The theoretical bases described in the first part are reflecting the needs of the practical part. Based on the results of a strategic and financial analysis in the practical part a long-term perspective of the subject company is evaluated and appropriate valuation methods are selected. The estimate of the company s value was based on utilizing both income approach and market comparison approach. The conclusion of the thesis contains a summary of the valuation process and discussion on the utilized valuation methods.

The subject of this thesis is to analyze the financial health of the company Syner, and determine the market value of the company based on publicly available information. The value of the company should provide important information for owners, whether access to the proposed takeover of foreign investors or reject the offer. The theoretical part of the thesis describes the processes and methodology of valuation, then in the practical part is introduction of company, financial and strategic analysis and valuation of the company itself.

El objetivo de este trabajo es investigar y analizar los distintos factores que influyen en el precio de la acción de Lan Airlines S.A., para lo cual además de revisar y analizar los trabajos ya hechos acerca del tema, se elaborará un modelo de valorización propio el cual consiste en combinar dos metodologías, las cuales son flujo de caja descontados y valorización por múltiplos. El desarrollo de un modelo de flujo de caja descontados tiene por objetivo encontrar el precio objetivo, usando las expectativas de las variables que influyen en el valor de la compañía. Este trabajo se realiza periódicamente por bancos de inversión que analizan la compañía, por lo tanto el valor de este trabajo está en profundizar en aquellos tópicos que la compañía requiere un mayor análisis, los cuales son el cálculo del WACC intertemporal, estimaciones usando mejor información debido a que se cuenta con el acceso constante al equipo financiero de la compañía y un modelo de sensibilidad de los factores que conforman el flujo de caja. El resultado de esta metodología es un valor de los activos de 7.018 millones de dólares y un precio objetivo de 11,8 dólares por ADR basado en la información y estimaciones hasta el 31 de enero de 2008. El modelo de valorización por múltiplos tiene por objetivo encontrar una metodología que permita saber qué porcentaje del valor total de la compañía es el negocio de carga, el de pasajeros y la sinergia entre ambos negocios. De esta manera es posible saber si el mercado está capturando la información completa de la compañía o solo la mira como una aerolínea de pasajeros. Siguiendo la metodología propuesta por la bibliografía elegida, se calculó el valor del negocio de pasajeros en 3.342 millones de dólares y el de carga en 3.879 millones de la misma moneda. La sinergia se valorizó en 961 millones de la divisa norteamericana pero esto no se debe sumar al valor total ya que está incluida en los valores de cada negocio. Sin embargo esto podría ser sumado si las ventas fueran estimadas por rutas en los 11 años del horizonte de evaluación, pero con la información disponible, se utilizaron las ventas sin esta separación para priorizar la precisión del valor total de la compañía . Por lo tanto el valor de la empresa usando el método de los múltiplos es de 7.221 millones de dólares. La conclusión del trabajo es que ambas metodologías deben usarse en conjunto ya que el método de los múltiplos podría ser más útil para obtener la magnitud del valor de la compañía y el de flujo de cajas descontadas para saber cómo afectan los cambios en las expectativas en el precio objetivo encontrado.

This diploma thesis deals with the valuation of MODELÁRNA LIAZ spol. s r.o. The main business of the company is focused on development, production and construction of components, tools and products for automotive, energy and aerospace industries. The main goal is to estimate the market value of this company with using DCF Entity method. As a supportive method was used method of sector multipliers. The diploma thesis also includes financial and strategic analysis, analysis and forecast of the main value drivers and financial plan for the future.

El principal objetivo de la presente investigación es promover, intensificar, dilucidar qué criterios deben considerar los inversionistas para estimar de manera adecuada la tasa de descuento a utilizar, en función a los diversos sectores económicos, el entorno en la que se desarrollará la actividad a invertir, además de considerar el plazo del proyecto. Asimismo, es imprescindible recalcar que, a pesar de no existir en la actualidad una tasa de descuento determinante en el mercado, es vital y preponderante que los inversores, evaluadores, etc., estimen tasas reales, aterrizadas en función a la información derivada del análisis del proyecto o inversión a realizar, más aún, tomando en cuenta el impacto que dichas decisiones tendrán en el ámbito de desarrollo tanto económico para el inversionista y sobre todo al medio ambiente para las futuras generaciones. En ese sentido, es preciso considerar que las valuaciones de proyectos de inversión, de adquisición de bienes o de activos debe de contemplar variables económicas como: VPN, COSC, CAPM, WACC o WARA, las mismas que deben ser ajustadas al riesgo, según el tipo de proyecto o de adquisición, tomando como modelos referentes a los mercados desarrollados, variables que si bien ayudan a mitigar riesgo, también contribuyan a valorar y coberturar los daños al medio ambiente, dado que, las repercusiones productos de las decisiones tomadas en el tiempo han generado perjuicios calamitosos a los recursos naturales y al ecosistema, afectando así la herencia para las futuras generaciones, daños que muchas veces a pesar de la cuantificación económica son irreversibles, impacto ocasionados por el sector minero, infraestructura, por la explotación de tala, además de valorar las adquisiciones de medicinas o pruebas para el sector salud en harás del bienestar de la población de un país. / The main objective of this research is to promote, intensify, elucidate what criteria investors should consider to estimate adequately the discount rate to be used, depending on the different economic sectors, the environment in which the activity to be developed will be developed, besides considering the term of the project. Likewise, it is essential to emphasize that, although there is currently no significant discount rate in the market, it is vital and preponderant that investors, evaluators, etc., estimate real rates, based on the information derived from the analysis of the project or investment to be made, even more so, taking into account the impact that these decisions will have on the development environment both economically for the investor and especially the environment for future generations. In this sense, it is necessary to consider that the valuations of investment projects, of acquisition of assets or of assets must contemplate economic variables such as: VPN, COSC, CAPM, WACC or WARA, which must be adjusted to the risk, according to the type of project or acquisition, taking as models referring to developed markets, variables that although help to mitigate risk, also contribute to assess and cover the damage to the environment, given that, the repercussions have generated calamitous damages to natural resources and the ecosystem, affecting the inheritance for future generations, damages that often, despite economic quantification, are irreversible, impact caused by the mining sector, infrastructure, exploitation of logging, in addition to assessing the acquisition of medicines or tests for The health sector in the welfare of the population of a country. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

abstract: There has been much debate in the world of academia over the valuation of conglomerates. This thesis proposes the use of the EVA theory in explaining fluctuations in conglomerates’ valuation, and we believe that ROIC, WACC, and ROIC-WACC are three indicators that to a certain extent explain these valuation fluctuations. Through analysis of a sample containing 23 conglomerates, this thesis finds that ROIC, WACC, and ROIC-WACC exhibit positive correlation with valuation fluctuations. In the case study on Fosun, this thesis finds that ROIC-WACC is highly correlated with Fosun’s valuation fluctuations and next with ROIC. Thus this thesis conjectures that for investment companies for which investment capital is derived largely from insurance float, such as Fosun, ROIC-WACC is a better valuation tool. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2015

Neste ano a Anatel começou a adotar um novo modelo para as tarifas de interconexão das diversas áreas de telecomunicações do Brasil. Nesse modelo o WACC e o CAPM têm um papel central no cálculo da remuneração do capital empregado em cada setor. No caso do CAPM, entretanto, há muitas controvérsias sobre a sua aplicabilidade a países emergentes. ESTRADA (2002, 2003), por exemplo, encontrou resultados mais plausíves para esses países utilizando o modelo D-CAPM, uma variação do CAPM baseada no risco Downside. Sabe-se, por outro lado, que o CAPM é uma composição média entre os riscos Downside e Upside. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma generalização do CAPM (Gw-CAPM), baseada em uma ponderação dos riscos Downside e Upside, e analisar a existência de modelos intermediários que estimem melhor o retorno do mercado local de telefonia fixa do Brasil, com vistas à nova orientação a custos adotada. Outro objetivo é elaborar uma metodologia específica para a telefonia fixa e aplicar o Gw-CAPM no cálculo do custo de capital próprio, analisando se há ou não diferenças significativas no resultado final do custo de capital do setor. Na avaliação do poder de estimação dos modelos utilizou-se o índice de Jensen e o REQM. Mostra-se, assim, que realmente há uma determinada combinação entre os riscos Downside e Upside que estima melhor o retorno das operadoras do setor e do mercado de telefonia fixa como um todo. Além disso, conclui-se que há diferenças significativas no cálculo do custo de capital quando o modelo utilizado é o Gw-CAPM. / This year Anatel began to adopt a new model to the interconnection tariffs to the several telecommunication areas of Brazil. According to this model, the WACC and the CAPM have a central role on determining the remuneration of the investment on each sector. However, there are much controversy about the applicability of CAPM to the emergent countries. For example, Estrada (2002, 2003) found more reasonable results to these countries using the D-CAPM, a variation of CAPM based on the Downside risk. It is also known that the CAPM is an average composition between the Donwside and Upside risks. The purpose of this work is to propose a generalization of the CAPM (Gw-CAPM), based on the weight of the Downside and Upside risks and analyse the existence of intermediate models that can evaluate more precisely the return of the brazilian local market of fixed telephony, aiming the new cost orientation adopted. Other objective is to build a specific methodology to the fixed telephony and apply the Gw-CAPM on the determination of the own capital cost, verifying whether there are significant differences on the final result of the sector capital cost. In the evaluation of the valuation power of the models, the Jensen index and the REQM were used. It is shown, therefore, that there is really a certain combination between the Downside and the Upside risks that evaluates more accurately the return of the sector operating companies and the fixed telephony market as a whole. In addition to this, we conclude that there are significant differences on determining the cost of capital when the model used is the Gw-CAPM.

[pt] Este trabalho, O impacto dos Fundos de Private Equity no Custo de Capital de Empresas Investidas no Brasil, tem como objetivo analisar elementos da teoria de Custo de Capital juntamente com elementos da teoria de Private Equity/Venture Capital (PE/VC). Supõe-se que fundos de PE/VC têm influência sobre o desempenho e sobre o valor de curto e longo prazo das empresas através do impacto de suas iniciativas sobre o custo de capital de empresas investidas. Neste trabalho o custo médio ponderado de capital é calculado a partir de estimativas do custo de capital próprio obtidas pelo método CAPM (Capital Aset Pricing Model) ajustado para o Brasil e a partir de estimativas do custo de dívida, baseadas na proporção representada por despesas financeiras sobre o valor médio de empréstimos, debêntures e arrendamentos de curto e longo prazo. A introdução de uma variável dummy representando o investimento de fundos de PE/VC permite identificar o impacto da atuação destes fundos no custo de capital, o que contribuirá para a discussão acerca dos fatores que influenciam o custo de capital de empresas brasileiras. As regressões estimadas sugerem que os coeficientes obtidos para grande parte das variáveis explicativas são estatisticamente significantes e confirmam a maioria dos sinais esperados. A variável dummy introduzida para controlar os efeitos dos investimentos de fundos de PE/VC mostra-se significativa ao nível de 10 por cento, com efeito positivo sobre o custo de capital.Este resultado sugere que fundos de PE/VC podem constituir uma fonte alternativa de financiamento que influencia o custo de capital a partir do impacto sobre o custo de capital próprio. Os resultados deste trabalho contribuem para integrar as teorias de custo de capital e de Private Equity/Venture Capital, a partir de estimativas que auxiliarão gestores corporativos e da área financeira na decisão acerca da fonte de financiamento mais adequada. / [en] The present study,The Impact of Private Equity Funds on the Cost of Capital of Invested Companies in Brazil, tries to combine elements from the theory of cost of capital with that of Private Equity/Venture Capital (PE/VC). Apart from performance improvements, it is expected that PE/VC funds influence short and long term valuation of companies through their influence in the cost of capital for invested companies. The weighted average cost of capital is estimated having the cost of equity based on adjusted Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)and cost of debt based on the ratio between financial expenses and average loans, debentures and short and long term financial rents. The introduction of a dummy variable to account for PE/VC investment will indicate any impact of such participant on the cost of capital.The analysis of the impact of PE/VC may add to the discussion on the factors that influence Brazilian companies cost of capital.Estimated regressions show significant coefficients for most of the explanatory variables and confirm most of the expected signs. The dummy introduced to control for investment by PE/VC funds is significant at the 10 percent level with a positive influence on cost of capital. Such result indicates PE/VC funds may constitute an alternative source of financing that will influence the cost of capital on the equity share of that cost. Since studies carried out so far have done little to integrate both cost of capital and PE/VC theories, a quantitative estimate the impact of PE/VC on cost of capital will shed light on managers decision of funding sources.

Through ¡§Economic Value Added¡¨ (EVA) approach, this study tries to observe the correlation between formation process of king stocks and their market prices. We hope to provide a useful tool to investors, which helps to realize value of king stocks and conditions of finding king stocks among numerous of listed companies, in order to make investment decisions efficiently and more precisely, and to obtain a good margin of profit. We gather financial information of those listed companies, which they had ever deemed as king stocks between 1992 and 2011. They basically have some features in common, i.e. companies with positive prospects, high market price, and newly listed. In this research, we utilize WACC, MV, COV and FGV to analyze EVA of king stocks, and find out the following empirical results: 1.When WACC of a king stock trends up in the long-run, it has a greater opportunity to improve and trigger COV trending up as well. 2.When COV of a king stock trends up, it brings stable performances of MV continuously. 3.FGV has a positive correlation with market price. When FGV of a king stock trends up, it triggers its market price to go up. In this research, we see that when MV and COV are convergent, we¡¦re able to use FGV to anticipate future trend of the stock. We also expect this study further facilitates king-stock companies themselves to set up workable market price stabilizing plans and select the best timing for stock buybacks. Keywords: King Stock, EVA, WACC, MV, COV, FGV, Stock Buybacks.