The results of empirical tests of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) are discussed in this paper. A formidable problem here involves setting up an effective method for testing or test methodology. Many conceptual and statistical problems are inherent in tests of capital asset pricing model. It always has to be concerned the possible contaminating effects of the inevitable real-world violations of the model’s assumption. The tests reported in this paper are tests of how well the model fits history. The purpose of this work is to determine whether the CAPM fits the real world and, if it does not, to determine the source and size of the discrepancies between the model and the world. The data of Lithuanian firm’s stocks are used in order to test the model. The asset market of Lithuania is young and unstable. Thus the results are not the best. But recently situation is getting better. It will be shown in this paper that capital asset pricing model could be tested with real data of Lithuanian stock market. The results are quite good. Microsoft Visual Basic 6.3 equipment is used to solve this problem.

This project has three parts. The first part is to use the efficient frontier and find the tangency portfolio to form our optimal portfolio. We built our portfolio using the Interactive Brokers software and rebalanced every week for 4 holding periods to see the relationship between our projected returns and actual market returns. In the second part we considered the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and ran linear regressions on the stocks we chose in the first part of the project. This process is based on our idea of finding the systematic risk in each stock to improve our stock choosing ability. In the last part we introduce the concept of factor models and add more factors into our original CAPM model. Via a back-testing method, we test the reasonability of our factors and give advice to further improve our portfolio optimization project.

"The fundamental theorem of asset pricing in finance states that the price of any asset is its expected discounted payoff. Ideally, the payoff is discounted by a factor, which depends on parameters present in the market, and it should be unique, in the sense that financial derivatives should be able to be priced using the same discount factor. In theory, risk neutral valuation implies the existence of a positive random variable, which is called the stochastic discount factor and is used to discount the payoffs of any asset. Apart from asset pricing another use of stochastic discount factor is to evaluate the performance of the of hedge fund managers. Among many methods used to evaluate the stochastic discount factor, generalized method of moments has become very popular. In this paper we will see how generalized method of moments is used to evaluate the stochastic discount factor on linear models and the calculation of stochastic discount factor using generalized method of moments for the popular model in finance CAPM. "

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Ett företags värde kan vara av yttersta vikt i en mängd situationer och många är de (aktieägare, myndigheter, analytiker, investerare m.fl.) som kan vara i behov av den informationen. Företagsvärdering är ett ständigt aktuellt ämne och aktieanalytiker värderar löpande börsföretagen för att identifiera övervärderade eller undervärderade aktier. Syftet med studien är att undersöka och jämföra resultatet i form av företagsvärdet från de analyserade värderingsmodellerna och det noterade börsvärdet. Den teoretiska referensramen har sin utgångspunkt i två grundval: utifrån framtida avkastning samt utifrån värdet på tillgångar och skulder. Dessa två teorier brukar benämnas avkastnings- respektive substansvärdering. Studien bygger på den kvantitativa metoden och beräkningarna har genomförts med hjälp av numeriska data i form av extern information från de utvalda företagens årsredovisningar. Uppsatsen präglas av ett deduktivt synsätt, teorier och modeller testades mot det empiriska underlaget. Resultaten från värderingen, framtagna med avkastningsvärdering, skiljer sig kraftigt i jämförelse med de för företagen noterade börsvärdena. Samma mönster återfinns när det gäller substansvärderingen, där de resultat som framkommit visar på stora skillnader med börsvärdena. Vid en värdering måste ta hänsyn tas till en mängd olika omständigheter så som vilken typ av tillgångar företaget har, dess skulder och kapitalstruktur. Eller är det kanske så att företaget ska avvecklas och tillgångarna säljas? Skillnaderna i värdering uppstår inte bara på grund av att modellerna värdesätter faktorerna olika, skillnaderna kan även härledas till vem som genomför värderingen. Det krävs en gedigen kunskap om både företaget i sig samt den marknad som företaget verkar på. / A company's value can be of utmost importance in a variety of situations and many are those (shareholders, government agencies, analysts, investors and others) who may be in need of the information. Business Valuation is a perennially topical subject and stock analyzers evaluate current listed companies to identify overvalued or undervalued stocks. The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare the results in terms of business value from the analyzed valuation models and the quoted market value. The theoretical framework is based on two bases: Based on future performance and the value of assets and liabilities. These two theories are usually called yield and net asset valuation. This study is based on the quantitative method. Calculations were made by using the numeric data in terms of external information from the selected company’s financial statements. This essay is characterized by a deductive approach, theories and models were tested against the empirical basis. The result of the evaluation, developed with yield valuation, differs sharply in comparison with those of the company’s listed stock prices. Same pattern is found in the net asset value, where an obtained result shows large differences in market capitalizations. One must take into account a variety of factors such as the nature of the assets of the company, its liabilities and capital structure. Or is it so that the company settled and assets can be sold? The difference in valuation arises not only because the models value the factors in different ways, the differences can also be traced to who carries out the valuation. It requires a solid understanding of both the company itself and the market in which it operates.

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Neste ano a Anatel começou a adotar um novo modelo para as tarifas de interconexão das diversas áreas de telecomunicações do Brasil. Nesse modelo o WACC e o CAPM têm um papel central no cálculo da remuneração do capital empregado em cada setor. No caso do CAPM, entretanto, há muitas controvérsias sobre a sua aplicabilidade a países emergentes. ESTRADA (2002, 2003), por exemplo, encontrou resultados mais plausíves para esses países utilizando o modelo D-CAPM, uma variação do CAPM baseada no risco Downside. Sabe-se, por outro lado, que o CAPM é uma composição média entre os riscos Downside e Upside. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma generalização do CAPM (Gw-CAPM), baseada em uma ponderação dos riscos Downside e Upside, e analisar a existência de modelos intermediários que estimem melhor o retorno do mercado local de telefonia fixa do Brasil, com vistas à nova orientação a custos adotada. Outro objetivo é elaborar uma metodologia específica para a telefonia fixa e aplicar o Gw-CAPM no cálculo do custo de capital próprio, analisando se há ou não diferenças significativas no resultado final do custo de capital do setor. Na avaliação do poder de estimação dos modelos utilizou-se o índice de Jensen e o REQM. Mostra-se, assim, que realmente há uma determinada combinação entre os riscos Downside e Upside que estima melhor o retorno das operadoras do setor e do mercado de telefonia fixa como um todo. Além disso, conclui-se que há diferenças significativas no cálculo do custo de capital quando o modelo utilizado é o Gw-CAPM. / This year Anatel began to adopt a new model to the interconnection tariffs to the several telecommunication areas of Brazil. According to this model, the WACC and the CAPM have a central role on determining the remuneration of the investment on each sector. However, there are much controversy about the applicability of CAPM to the emergent countries. For example, Estrada (2002, 2003) found more reasonable results to these countries using the D-CAPM, a variation of CAPM based on the Downside risk. It is also known that the CAPM is an average composition between the Donwside and Upside risks. The purpose of this work is to propose a generalization of the CAPM (Gw-CAPM), based on the weight of the Downside and Upside risks and analyse the existence of intermediate models that can evaluate more precisely the return of the brazilian local market of fixed telephony, aiming the new cost orientation adopted. Other objective is to build a specific methodology to the fixed telephony and apply the Gw-CAPM on the determination of the own capital cost, verifying whether there are significant differences on the final result of the sector capital cost. In the evaluation of the valuation power of the models, the Jensen index and the REQM were used. It is shown, therefore, that there is really a certain combination between the Downside and the Upside risks that evaluates more accurately the return of the sector operating companies and the fixed telephony market as a whole. In addition to this, we conclude that there are significant differences on determining the cost of capital when the model used is the Gw-CAPM.

Field of examination is theoretical and empirical review of dynamic CAPM models that assume non constant volatility and correlation. In other words time evolution is considered in estimation process. As theoretical basement is recommended to be R. Engle's (Dynamic Conditional Beta) research and other sources.

This study examines the risk and returns to owning United States farmland. State, regional, and national farmland returns from 1998 to 2018 are analyzed via the capital asset pricing model. Results show that farmland may be an effective route of investment portfolio diversification due to its favorable returns and low correlation with other commonly held assets. This study’s findings are generally consistent with similar research conducted in the past.