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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

[pt] AVALIAÇÃO DA INCERTEZA DE MEDIÇÃO DO VOLUME DE QUEIMA DE GÁS NATURAL / [en] UNCERTAINTY EVALUATION ON FLARE GAS VOLUME MEASUREMENT

16 November 2021 (has links)
[pt] A fim de garantir a segurança das instalações marítimas de produção de óleo e gás natural, parte do gás produzido é continuamente queimada, em função de condições específicas. Tais condições incluem paradas de emergência ou o alívio de inventário de gás devido a flutuações operacionais. A queima nestes ambientes acontece a uma grande faixa de vazões de gás, o que resulta em reduzido número de alternativas tecnológicas para sua medição. A medição de vazão a partir da tecnologia ultrasônica por tempo de trânsito vem sendo largamente utilizada, porém com incertezas relativamente elevadas, dadas as limitações da solução tecnológica. Devido a tais limitações, diversos órgãos reguladores da área de óleo e gás ao redor do mundo admitem diferentes percentuais para estimativa de incerteza da queima. No Brasil, a regulamentação estabelece um percentual máximo de 5 porcento para a queima de gás, não sendo porém específica quanto a que grandeza refere-se (vazão volumétrica ou volume). Esta dissertação traz um estudo sobre a incerteza de volumes horários, diários e mensais de gás produzidos por uma unidade de produção marítima por dezesseis meses, avaliando o impacto da incerteza na medição de vazão de queima sobre a incerteza dos volumes apurados. Foi avaliado o impacto de aspectos da medição ultrasônica de vazão de gás e da computação de volumes de produção a partir desta nos volumes apurados. Conclui-se que a medição de vazão e sua respectiva incerteza afetam de modo pouco significativo a incerteza dos volumes computados de queima. / [en] In order to assure safety at maritime oil & gas production facilities, part of the produced gas is continually burned (flared), depending upon specific operating conditions. These conditions include emergency shutdown and gas inventory relief due to process fluctuations. In such environments, gas flaring occurs at very large flow rate range, reducing the number of available technological choices for flow rate measurement. Transit-time ultrasonic flow measurement has been commonly used for this task, although with relatively high uncertainties due to technology limitations. Because of that, various oil & gas regulator authorities around the world impose different rules for flare measurement uncertainty. In Brazil, the regulation establishes a maximum percentage of 5 percent for flare measurement uncertainty, but it is not specific about the target (flow rate or volume). This dissertation presents a study on the effects of flow rate uncertainty on hourly, daily and monthly produced volume uncertainty in the maritime environment for a 16-month period, evaluating the impact of flare flow rate measurement on volume uncertainty. Aspects of gas transit-time ultrasonic flow rate measurement and volume computation over resulting volumes are evaluated. The conclusion is that flow rate measurement and its associated uncertainty have little effect on computed volume uncertainties.
2

[en] METROLOGICAL RELIABILITY OF FLOW RATE MEASUREMENT IN HYDROELECTRICAL COOLING WATER SYSTEM / [pt] CONFIABILIDADE METROLÓGICA DA SUPERVISÃO DE VAZÃO EM SISTEMA DE RESFRIAMENTO A ÁGUA EM USINAS HIDRELÉTRICAS

CARLA CITO ACCIOLY 30 August 2007 (has links)
[pt] A supervisão da vazão da água de resfriamento em equipamentos de produção de energia de usinas hidrelétricas tem sido uma questão de preocupação devido à possibilidade de obstrução dos equipamentos de medição pela água sem tratamento. Outrossim, por razões econômicas, um instrumento barato e confiável deve ser escolhido para os vários pontos de monitoramento. Neste trabalho, um dispositivo não intrusivo foi desenvolvido, tendo seu desempenho avaliado para a medição da vazão da água na faixa de 0,7 a 7 m3/h. O princípio básico de operação é a variação da freqüência de formação de vórtices como função da vazão. Um acelerômetro colocado na parede externa de uma tubulação mede a freqüência de vibração induzida pelos vórtices. Vários testes mostraram que o instrumento é sensível a ruídos, que devem ser filtrados para a redução da incerteza de medição. O número de Strouhal foi avaliado como função do número de Reynolds do escoamento, mostrando um comportamento assintótico para números de Reynolds elevados. O instrumento diferencia nitidamente a existência ou não de escoamento. Presentemente, um esforço para condicionamento do sinal está sendo feito para a redução da incerteza de medição da vazão, que é estimada nesta dissertação. / [en] The supervision of the cooling water flow rate in power producing equipments of hydro-electric plants has been an issue of concern due to the possibility of clogging up measurement instruments by the used non treated flowing water. Furthermore, for economic reasons, a cheap and reliable instrument must be chosen for each of the many monitoring points. In this work, a non-intrusive device was developed and its performance analized for measuring water flow rate in the 0,7 to 7 m3/h range. The basic operating principle is the variation of the vortex shedding frequency with flow rate. An accelerometer placed outside the pipe wall measures the vortex induced vibration frequency. Several tests showed that the instrument is noise sensitive, which must be filtered to reduce the uncertainty of measurement. The Strouhal number was plotted as a function of the flow Reynolds number, showing an asymptotic trend towards an approximately constant value at high Reynolds numbers. The instrument sharply differenciates between flow and non-flow situations. Presently, a signal conditioning effort is being conducted to reduce the uncertainty of measurement of the flow rate, which is estimated in this dissertation.
3

Experimental Investigations of Internal Air-water Flows

Shaban, Hassan January 2015 (has links)
The objective of the present thesis research is to apply state-of-the-art experimental and data analysis techniques to the study of gas-liquid pipe flows, with a focus on conditions occurring in header-feeder systems of nuclear reactors under different accident scenarios. Novel experimental techniques have been proposed for the identification of the flow regime and measurement of the flow rates of both phases in gas-liquid flows. These techniques were automated, non-intrusive and economical, which ensured that their use would be feasible in industrial as well as laboratory settings. Measurements of differential pressure and the gas and liquid flow rates were collected in vertical upwards air-water flow at near-atmospheric pressure. It was demonstrated that the probability density function of the normalized differential pressure was indicative of the flow regime and using non-linear dimensionality reduction (the Elastic Maps Algorithm), it was possible to automate the process of identifying the flow regime from the differential pressure signal. The relationship between the probability density function and the power spectral density of normalized differential pressure with the gas and liquid flow rates in air-water pipe flow was also established and a machine learning algorithm (using Independent Component Analysis and Artificial Neural Networks) was proposed for the estimation of the phase flow rates from these properties. The proposed methods were adapted for use with single and dual conductivity wire-mesh sensors in vertical upwards and downwards air--water flows. A thorough evaluation of the performance and measurement uncertainty of wire-mesh sensors in gas-liquid flows was also performed. Lastly, measurements of the flow distribution in feeder tubes supplied with air-water mixtures by a simplified header model were collected and correlated to the observed flow patterns in the header.

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