Thesis (Ph.D.)--Syracuse University, 2007. / "Publication number: AAT 3295518."

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvii, 109 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-109). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 126-133).

Ce travail porte sur la caractérisation et la modélisation des fluctuations aléatoires des paramètres électriques des transistors MOS avancées. La structure de test utilisée est validée expérimentalement au moyen de la méthode de mesure de Kelvin. Pour comprendre le comportement des fluctuations, un modèle est d’abord proposé pour le régime linéaire. Il permet de modéliser les fluctuations de la tension de seuil des transistors avec implants de poche pour toutes les longueurs de transistor et aussi pour toute la gamme de tension de grille. Ensuite, l’appariement du courant de drain est caractérisé et modélisé en fonction de la tension de drain. Pour modéliser les caractéristiques réelles de transistors sans implants de poche, il est nécessaire de considérer la corrélation des fluctuations de la tension de seuil et celles de la mobilité. De plus, des caractérisations sur des transistors avec implants de poche montrent un nouveau comportement de l’appariement du courant de drain. Des caractérisations ont aussi été menées pour analyser l’impact des fluctuations de la rugosité de grille. / This research characterizes and models the mismatch of electrical parameters in advanced MOS transistors. All characterizations are made through a test structure, which is experimentally validated using a structure based on Kelvin method. A model, valid in the linear region, is proposed. It is used for modeling the threshold voltage fluctuations of the transistors with pocket-implants, for any transistor length and gate voltage. It gives a deep understanding of the mismatch, especially for devices with non-uniform channel. Another study analyzes the mismatch of the drain current by characterizing and modeling in terms of the drain voltage. A second model is then proposed for transistors without pocket-implants. In order to apply this model, the correlation of threshold voltage fluctuations and mobility fluctuations must be considered. Characterizations are also performed on transistors with pocket-implants, showing a new drain current mismatch behavior for long transistors. Finally, characterizations are made to analyze the impact of gate roughness fluctuations on mismatch.

Sculpting membranes into dynamic, curved shapes is central to intracellular cargo trafficking and other cellular functions. However, generation of membrane curvature during trafficking involves lipids and membrane-associated proteins; current mechanisms focus on creating rigid cages, curved scaffolds, or membrane surface area changes by proteins. This dissertation provides an alternative mechanistic example for the control of membrane deformations, involving modulation of membrane material properties. Sar1, a GTPase of the COPII family, regulates vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum. We find that Sar1p lowers the rigidity of the lipid bilayer membrane to which it binds. We examine the behavior of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sar1 (Sar1p) and Homo sapiens paralogs of Sar1 (Sar1A and Sar1B). Like Sar1p, human Sar1s lower membrane rigidity. Unlike Sar1p, the rigidity is not a monotonically decreasing function of concentration. At high concentrations, we find increased bending rigidity and decreased protein mobility. These features imply a model in which human Sar1 clustering governs membrane mechanical properties. Membrane rigidity measurements remain rare, however, and show a large variance, a situation that can be addressed by improving techniques and comparing disparate techniques applied to the same systems. I introduce applying selective plane illumination microscopy (SPIM) to image thermal fluctuations of giant vesicles. SPIM's optical sectioning enables high-speed fluorescence imaging of freely suspended vesicles and quantification of edge localization precision, yielding robust fluctuation spectra and rigidity estimates. For lipid-only membranes and membranes bound by the intracellular trafficking protein Sar1p, we show rigidity values from giant unilamellar vesicle fluctuations in close agreement with those derived from our independent assay based on membrane tether pulling. We also show that a model of homogeneous quasi-spherical vesicles poorly fits fluctuation spectra of vesicles bound by Sar1A at high concentrations, suggesting that SPIM-based analysis can offer insights into spatially inhomogeneous properties. I conclude by discussing our current work on amphipathic alpha helices, their ability to reduce membrane rigidity, and our hopes to create artificial helical structures capable of mimicking trafficking systems. Supplemental videos represent membrane disintegration with Sar1p and fluctuations of membrane only and Sar1p incubated vesicles. This dissertation contains previously published co-authored material.

Flocking, the collective motion of systems consisting of many agents, is a ubiquitous phenomenon in nature, observed both in biological and artificial systems. The understanding of such systems is important from both a theoretical point of view, as it extends the field of statistical physics to non-equilibrium systems, and from a practical point of view, due to the emergence of applications that are based on the modelling. In the present thesis I numerically investigated several aspects of flocking dynamics, simulating systems consisting of up to millions of particles. One first problem I worked on regarded the flocks response to external perturbations, something that had received little attention so far. The result was a scaling relation, connecting the asymptotic response of a flock to the strength of the external fleld affecting it. Additionally, my preliminary results point towards a generalised fluctuation-dissipation relation for the short-time response, with two different effective temperatures depending on the direction at which the perturbing field is applied. Another aspect I studied was the stability and dynamical properties of non-confined active systems (finite flocks in open space). The results showed that these flocks are stable only when an attracting 'social force' keeps the agents from drifting away from each other. The velocity fluctuations correlations were found to be different than the asymptotic limit predictions of hydrodynamic theories for infinite flocks. Finally, I studied the clustering dynamics of flocking systems. The conclusion was that the non-equilibrium clustering in the ordered phase is regulated by an anisotropic percolation transition, while it does not drive the order-disorder transition, contrary to earlier conjectures. I believe the results of this work answer some important questions in the field of ordered active matter, while at the same time opening new and intriguing ones, that will hopefully be tackled in the near future.

A Transparência Eletromagneticamente Induzida tem sido muito usada atualmente para implementação de memórias quânticas. Neste trabalho, estudamos este fenômeno, experimental e teoricamente, utilizando um sistema de dois níveis com degenerescências como modelo para o átomo. Tratamos o campo eletromagnético como quantizado e propomos um modelo linearizado para as flutuações que leva em consideração as forças quânticas de Langevin. Devido ao excesso de ruído de fase presente em nosso laser, a implementeção numérica do modelo levou em consideração apenas a autocorrelação de fase como fonte para o sinal de ruído observado. Este modelo mostrou um bom acordo qualitativo com os dados experimentais observados. Fizemos medidas de ruído de soma e subtração com o esquema de deteção balanceada, calculamos os coeficientes de correlação normalizado e mostramos que há regiões de correlação e anticorrelação que variam com a intensidade do feixe. Observamos também uma inversão de picos no sinal de soma não prevista pelo modelo à medida que diminuimos a intensidade. Esta inversão pode ser causada por contribuições das flutuações de amplitude do laser a baixas intensidades. / Electromagnetically Induced Transparency has attracted much attention recently as a source to implement quantum memories. In this work, we studied this phenomenon, both theoretically and experimentally, using a degenerate two-level system modeling the atoms. We quantize the electromagnetic field and propose a linearized model for fluctuations that takes into account the quantum Langevin forces. Because of the excess noise in the phase of our laser, the numerical implementation of the theoretical model takes into account only the phase autocorrelation term as a source for the observed noise. This model showed a good qualitative agreement with the experimental data. We made sum and subtraction noise measurements using the balanced detection scheme, we calculated the normalized correlation coefficient and we showed that there are regions of correlation and anticorrelation that change with laser intensity. We also observed a peak inversion of the sum signal as laser intensity becames smaller that was not predicted by the model with only phase noise. The cause for this inversion can be the contribution of laser amplitude noise at small intensities.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / à corrente o uso de inspeÃÃo nÃo-destrutiva ultrassÃnica na detecÃÃo de descontinuidades nos mais diversos materiais utilizados na indÃstria Adicionalmente informaÃÃes sobre a microestrutura do material inspecionado podem ser obtidas a partir do processamento da sÃrie temporal produzida durante a inspeÃÃo A simulaÃÃo do ensaio ultrassÃnico representa uma importante ferramenta para o entendimento e previsÃo da interaÃÃo da onda mecÃnica com o meio No entanto faz-se necessÃrio primeiramente modelar o meio que reproduza as caracterÃsticas de uma amostra objeto de estudo por onde a onda propaga Cinco meios unidimensionais compostos por domÃnios (representando grÃos) com tamanho mÃdio distinto e a mesma densidade mÃdia foram definidos neste trabalho SimulaÃÃes de propagaÃÃo de ondas ultrassÃnicas nos meios modelados foram executadas para quatro diferentes frequÃncias de ondas Concomitantemente foram capturados sinais ultrassÃnicos sobre cinco amostras de aÃo contendo diferentes tamanhos mÃdios de grÃo utilizando transdutores de 2.25 5.0 10.0 e 20.0 MHz Todos os sinais obtidos foram submetidos à detrended fluctuation analysis DFA e rescaled range analysis R/S duas tÃcnicas de anÃlise de flutuaÃÃes em sÃries temporais com vista a filtrar informaÃÃes espÃrias e avaliar influÃncia das variÃveis selecionadas (tamanho de grÃo e frequÃncia do sinal) sobre os sinais ultrassÃnicos obtidos Por fim à feita uma comparaÃÃo entre os dados simulados e experimentais e avaliaÃÃo da qualidade da simulaÃÃo / It is usual the application of ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation to detect discontinuities in different materials applied in industry Furthermore information about the microstructure of the inspected material can be obtained by signal processing of time series produced during the inspection Simulation of ultrasonic testing can be an important tool to help the understanding and predicting the interaction of mechanical wave in materials First of all computational materials modeling to reproduce the characteristics of specimens through which the wave propagates is necessary Five different one-dimensional materials composed of domains (grains) with different average size and same density were designed in this work Simulations of ultrasonic wave propagation in the modeled materials were performed at four different wave frequencies Concomitantly ultrasonic signals were acquired from five steel samples containing different average grain sizes using probes with central frequency of 225 5 10 and 20 MHz Detrended fluctuation analysis DFA and rescaled range analysis R/S two techniques for analyzing fluctuations in time series were used to process the signals in order to filter out spurious information and evaluate the influence of selected variables (grain size and frequency of the signal) on the ultrasonic signals obtained Finally simulated and experimental data and compared in order to evaluate the simulation performance

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第14589号 / 工博第3057号 / 新制||工||1455(附属図書館) / 26941 / UT51-2009-D301 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科化学工学専攻 / (主査)教授 山本 量一, 教授 宮原 稔, 教授 大嶋 正裕 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

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