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Carbon dioxide CO₂capture through hydrate formation is a novel technology under consideration as an efficient means of separating CO₂from flue/fuel gas mixtures for sequestration and enhanced oil recovery operations. This thesis examines post-combustion capture of CO₂from fossil-fuel power plant flue-gas streams through hydrate formation in a silica gel column. Power plant flue-gas contains essentially CO₂and nitrogen (N2) after suitable pre-treatment steps, thus a model flue-gas comprising 17% co₂and 83% N2 was used in the study. Previous studies employed a stirred-tank reactor to achieve water-gas contact for formation of hydrates; recent microscopic studies involved using water dispersed in silica gel to react with gas, showing potential for improved hydrate formation rates without the need for agitation. This study focuses on macroscopic kinetics of hydrate formation in silica gel to evaluate hydrate formation rates, CO₂separation efficiency and determining optimal silica gel properties as a basis for a CO2 capture process. Spherical silica gels with 30.0 and 100.0 nm pore sizes and 40-75 and 75-200 μm particle sizes were studied to determine pore size and particle size effects on hydrate formation. 100.0 nm pores achieved higher gas uptake and CO₂recovery over the 30.0 nm case. Improved CO₂separation was obtained when 75-200 μm particles with 100.0 nm pores were used. The two effects observed are due to improved gas diffusion occurring with larger pore and particle size, favouring increased hydrate formation. Compared to stirred-tank experiments, results in this study show a near four-fold increase in moles of gas incorporated in the hydrate per mole of water, showing that improved water-to-hydrate conversion is obtained with pore-dispersed water. At similar experimental conditions, CO₂recovery improved from 42% for stirred-tank studies to 51% for the optimum silica (100.0 nm 75-200 μm) determined in this study. Finally, effects of tetrahydrofuran (THF) - an additive that reduces operating pressure were evaluated. Experiments with 1 mol% THF, the optimum determined from previous stirred tank studies, showed improved gas consumption in silica but reduced CO₂recovery, indicating that the optimum concentration for use in silica is different from that in stirred-tank experiments.

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, June, 1999. / Title from PDF t.p.

Thesis (M.E.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 1988. / Includes summary. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (B.S.)--University of Missouri, School of Mines and Metallurgy, 1913. / The entire thesis text is included in file. Typescript. Illustrated by authors. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed March 31, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 22).

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, June, 1995. / Title from PDF t.p.

Thesis (M.S.)--Youngstown State University, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 39-42). Also available via the World Wide Web in PDF format.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 246-266).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 188-192). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, 2007. / Submitted by Caroline Silva (krol_bilhar@hotmail.com) on 2012-09-25T21:54:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 cultivo de microalgas com gases de combusto formados da gerao termeltrica.pdf: 1291931 bytes, checksum: 947e8e39923ea39e3dd24f11490dae18 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-11-07T00:58:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cultivo de microalgas com gases de combusto formados da gerao termeltrica.pdf: 1291931 bytes, checksum: 947e8e39923ea39e3dd24f11490dae18 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-07T00:58:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cultivo de microalgas com gases de combusto formados da gerao termeltrica.pdf: 1291931 bytes, checksum: 947e8e39923ea39e3dd24f11490dae18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / O aumento da concentração de gás carbônico na atmosfera tem sensíveis conseqüências ambientais. Nos últimos anos a emissão de CO2 na atmosfera aumentou de 280ppm (1800) para 380ppm (2004), sendo cerca de 22% dessas emissões causadas por plantas de energia termelétrica. Dentre as várias alternativas para captura e utilização de CO2, uma abordagem particularmente interessante é o emprego de microalgas. As microalgas se destacam por apresentarem diversas potencialidades, como fonte de alimento e fonte para obtenção de bioprodutos, e também podem contribuir na redução do efeito estufa, fixando CO2. As microalgas Chlorella e Spirulina apresentam em sua composição alto teor de proteínas, ácidos graxos, sais minerais e pigmentos, e além disso, possuem certificado GRAS(Generally Recognized As Safe), podendo ser utilizadas como alimento sem oferecer risco à saúde humana. A captura do CO2 do gás de combustão de carvão é possível usando microalgas, tanto por separação como por uso direto do gás de combustão, sendo este último mais vantajoso, em função de uma maior economia de energia. Alguns agravantes podem influenciar no uso direto do gás de combustão como a alta temperatura, concentração de CO2 acima de 15% e a presença de SOx, NOx e material particulado (em especial cinzas), dificultando assim, o método direto, a menos que a microalga suporte condições extremas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a utilização de gases de combustão do carvão provenientes da geração termelétrica, para cultivo de microalgas. Previamente foi realizada seleção de microalgas quanto à resistência a SO2 que pode ser formado da combustão do carvão para geração de energia elétrica. As microalgas estudadas foram Chlorella homosphaera, Scenedesmus obliquus e Spirulina sp. expostas a de 6% de CO2 e 30ppm de SO2. A máxima produtividade de biomassa alcançada foi 0,19 g.L-1.d-1 e concentração celular máxima 2,92 g.L-1, ambos para microalga Spirulina sp. Após estudou-se as microalgas S. obliquus e Spirulina sp. em um sistema de FBRs em série em diferentes concentrações de CO2, SO2, NO e diferentes temperaturas. Foi alcançada concentração celular média máxima de 3,29 g.L-1 e fixação de CO2 máxima de 35,87%, ambos resultados para Spirulina sp. Seguindo o estudo em biofixação de CO2 por microalgas, foram isoladas as microalgas Synechococcus nidulans e Chlorella vulgaris da lagoa de estabilização da Usina Termelétrica Presidente Médici – UTPM/CGTEE, sul do Brasil. As microalgas isoladas foram cultivadas e comparadas com as microalgas Spirulina sp e S.s obliquus, em relação a biofixação de CO2. As microalgas foram expostas a 12% CO2, 60 ppm de SO2 e 100 ppm de NO, simulando um gás de combustão de carvão. A C. vulgaris apresentou comportamento semelhante a Spirulina sp., alcançando 13,43% de fixação diária máxima. Foi determinado o conteúdo lipídico e a composição em ácidos graxos das microalgas Spirulina sp., S. obliquus, S. nidulans e C. vulgaris cultivadas em meio contendo 12% de CO2, 60 ppm de SO2 e 100 ppm de NO à 30ºC. A microalga S. obliquus apresentou o maior teor lipídico (6,18%). Para as demais microalgas o conteúdo lipídico variou de 4,56 a 5,97%. O maior conteúdo em AGMI foi 66,01% para a S. obliquus. Os ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFA) foram alcançados em maior quantidade pelas microalgas Spirulina sp. (29,37%) e S. nidulans (29,54%). Os resultados mostraram que o cultivo de microalgas enriquecido com os gases CO2, SO2 e NO, apresentaram uma biomassa rica em ácidos graxos, podendo estes ser utilizados tanto para a alimentação (ácidos graxos insaturados), quanto para produção de biocombustíveis(ácidos graxos saturados). Além disso, as microalgas estudadas podem contribuir na redução do aquecimento global. / The increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has sensible environmental consequences. In the recent years the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere increased from 280ppm (1800) to 380ppm (2004), around 22% of these emissions caused by coal fired power plants. Amongst several alternatives for the capture and application of the CO2, one of the most interesting overviews it is the use of microalgae. Microalgae are gain eminence for presenting potentiality, like a source of nutrients and for biofuels production, besides, they can contribute with the greenhouse gas abatement, fixing CO2. Chlorella and Spirulina presents a high amount of proteins, fatty acids, minerals and pigments in their composition, besides, they have the GRAS certificate (Generally Recognized As Safe), allowing them to be used like food without offer any risk to the human health. The CO2 capture from the coal fired flue gas is possible, as by the separation of the CO2 as by the direct use of the flue gas, being the last one advantageous, due to the major energy economy. Some bottlenecks can influence the direct use of the flue gas like the high temperature of the gas, high CO2 concentration and the presence of SOx, NOx and particulate matter(specially ashes), becoming hard, thus the direct method, unless that the microalga could tolerate extreme conditions. The aim of this work was to study the utilization of coal fired flue gas from power plants in microalgal cultures. Previously, was carried out the selection of the microalgae resistant to SO2, witch can be formed in the coal fired power generation. The studied microalgae were Chlorella homosphaera, Scenedesmus obliquus and Spirulina sp. LEB-18 exposed to 6% CO2 and 30ppm SO2. The maximum biomass productivity was 0.19 g.L-1.d-1 and the maximum cell concentration was 2,92 g.L-1, both for Spirulina sp LEB-18. Later, S. obliquus and Spirulina sp. LEB-18 were studied in a serial FBRs system, at different concentration of CO2, SO2, NO and different temperatures. The average maximum cell concentration obtained was 3,29g.L- 1 and maximum CO2 fixation 35,87%, both results for Spirulina sp. Following the CO2 biofixation study by microalgae, the strains Synechococcus nidulans and Chlorella vulgaris were isolated from Presidente Médici’s wastewater treatment station, south of Brazil. The isolated strains were cultivated and their CO2 biofixation was compared with Spirulina sp and S. obliquus. The microalgae were exposed to 12% CO2, 60ppm SO2 and 100ppm NO, simulating the flue gas. C. vulgaris showed similar behavior to that of Spirulina sp LEB-18, reaching 13,43% of maximum daily fixation. The lipid content and the fatty acids composition were determined for Spirulina sp. LEB-18, S. obliquus, S. nidulans e C. vulgaris, cultivated in a medium with 12% CO2, 60ppm SO2 and 100ppm NO at 30°C. S. obliquus showed the major lipid content (6,18%). For the other microalgae the lipid content ranged from 4,56 to 5,97%. The major AGMI content was 66,01% for S. obliquus. The PUFA were obtained in major amount by Spirulina sp. LEB-18 (29,37%) and S. nidulans (29,54%). The results showed that microalgae cultures enriched with CO2, SO2 and NO, presented a fatty acids rich biomass, being able to be used as like a nutrient source (unsaturated fatty acids), as for biofuels production (saturated fatty acids). Besides, the studied microalgae can contribute for the global warm reduction.