Expériences de terrain et de laboratoire montrent que les rivières à gravier avec étendue granulométrique élevée et faible contrainte latérale, comme dans le cas des rivières à chenaux multiples, notamment les rivières en tresses, et des rivières à chenal unique avec une pleine mobilité latérale, comme les rivières à méandres, peuvent présenter simultanément variations du chenal actif à la fois dans le plan et dans la direction verticale, ainsi qu’un tri granulométrique planimétrique et vertical. En fait, les ajustements du chenal présentent une interaction complexe avec les processus de tri granulométrique: processus de transport et dépôt des mélanges de sédiments hétérogènes engendrent la formations de plusieurs motifs de tri, parmi lesquels patches qui migrent dans le chenal, notamment les sorting waves également connues sous le nom de bedload sheets. Ces sorting waves sont observées comme l’alternance des bandes de sédiments grossiers et fins dans la direction d’écoulement. Cette thèse de doctorat étudie les processus de tri granulométrique d’une distribution granulométrique bimodale à la fois dans la direction latérale et verticale avec un accent particulier sur l’étude des bedload sheets. Ce projet vise également à étudier les effets du confinement latéral sur la morphodynamique du lit de la rivière et en particulier sur les processus de tri granulométrique; et en plus, vu que le tri granulométrique joue un rôle crucial en influant sur le profil en long de la rivière, ainsi que les motifs sédimentaires et le formes du lit, étant donné le lien étroit entre la topographie du lit et la composition sédimentaire, pente, largeur du chenal actif et taux de transport des sédiments. L’analyse de ces paramètres permet de définir des feedbacks entre les variables morphologiques. Les résultats de cette étude éclairent le rôle de la contrainte latérale sur les processus de tri granulométrique et la morphodynamique du lit nu des rivières. / Field and laboratory investigations indicate that gravel bed rivers with poorly-sorted grain size distribution and low lateral confinement, such as in the case of multi-thread, braided and transitional rivers but also wandering single-thread rivers, can simultaneously present active channel variations, both in the planimetric and altimetric directions, together with planimetric and vertical sorting.Actually channel adjustments present a complex interaction with sorting processes. transport and depositional processes of heterogeneous sediment mixtures induce the formation of various sorting patterns, among which free migrating patches such as sorting waves also known as bedload sheets. Such sorting waves are mainly observed by the alternation of bands of finer and coarser material in the streamwise direction.This PhD research investigates the sorting processes of a bimodal grain size distribution both in the lateral and in the vertical direction, with particular focus on the study of bedload sheets.The main aim of this work is to investigate the effects of lateral confinement on river bed morphodynamics and in particular on grain sorting processes; and besides, given that grain sorting plays a crucial role in affecting longitudinal river profile, as well as sediment patterns and bed forms, being indeed the connection between bed topography and bed sediment composition close, we would like to provide simple theoretical analyses and tools able to predict morphodynamic bed river variations driven by sortingDifferent methodologies are applied to successfully achieve this purpose.Firstly, a deep investigation of the state of knowledge of mixed-size sediment morphodynamics, sorting processes, sorted sediment patterns and bedload sheets is carried out.Then, a 1D linear stability analysis of a uniform flow above an erodible bed composed by a bimodal mixture of sediments is performed and investigation of the associated eigenvectors, amplitude of perturbations and migrations rate is discussed. Results are presented in terms of arising instabilities dominated by sorting. Although the monodimensional shallow-water framework, the simple flow model adopted allows for the formulation of an algebraic eigenvalue problem that can be solved analytically, allowing for a deep insight into the mechanisms that drive instabilities.Then, small scale flume experiments are carried out by reproducing three different flow confinement configurations and involving a bimodal mixture of natural sediments. All the configurations show large fluctuations of parameters characterising bed system in terms of bed sediment composition, slope, active channel width and sediment transport rate. The analysis of such parameters allows defining feedbacks among morphological variables. Results of such investigations shed light on the role of lateral confinement on sorting processes and morphodynamics of barebed rivers.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:51:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Karl_Heins_Ewald.pdf: 3570741 bytes, checksum: c5bdd80e061dc3f0dc6cf78e808ab2d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Rivers are important agents working in the sculpturing of relief, through its high transport capacity of sediments originary from slopes and marginal erosion. The modeling occurs through the processes of erosion and deposition of sediments, which depend on variables such as lithological composition, slope, and flooding. The processes that originate topographic forms are widely described in the literature of alluvial-bed rivers, however little is known about the occurrence of these forms in mixed bed channels (alluvial-rock) and bedrock channel. In this context, this research aims to describe the topographic forms of the valleys on the Cascavel Plateau. The method for the recognition of these forms is the topographic mapping of cross sections in different parts of the channel located at the top, middle and lower course. The mapping is performed with a set level and optical sights. Were mapped four fluvial channels, two channels in areas with altimetric elevations below 400 meters, and two other channels with elevations above 700 meters. The channels have floodplains with varying lengths. Topographic forms were found as dikes, point bars, flood inundation basins, pools and riffles. The data collected show strong channel incision in the sections corresponding to the upper parts of the channels, and that in the course stretches of low flood plains are well developed. Channel meandering is a characteristic feature of the Cascavel Plateau. The formation of point bars is directly associated with the channel marginal erosion, whereas the dikes are the result of sediment settling. The pool-riffle sequences occur by the reduction of the flow velocity in some places, and, in others, by the presence of woody debris. In some parts of the river where are rock outcrop was observed the formation of pot-holes / Os rios são importantes agentes atuando na esculturação do relevo por meio da sua alta capacidade de transporte de sedimentos originários das vertentes e dos processos de erosão marginal. A modelagem ocorre através dos processos de erosão e deposição de sedimentos, que dependem de variáveis como composição litológica, declividade e cheias. Os processos que originam as formas topográficas são descritos vastamente na literatura sobre rios de leito aluviais, no entanto pouco se sabe sobre a ocorrência dessas formas em canais de leitos mistos (aluviais-rochosos) e leitos rochosos. Nesse contexto esta pesquisa objetiva a descrição das formas topográficas de fundos de vale no Planalto de Cascavel. O método para o reconhecimento dessas formas topográficas consiste no mapeamento de seções transversais em trechos distintos do canal localizados no alto, médio e baixo curso. O mapeamento é realizado com um conjunto de nível ótico e mira. Foram mapeados quatro canais fluviais, sendo dois canais em áreas com cotas altimétricas inferiores a 400 metros e, outros dois canais com cotas superiores a 700 metros. Os canais apresentam planícies de inundação com extensões variadas. Foram encontradas formas topográficas como diques, barras em pontal, bacias de inundação, soleiras e depressões. Os dados coletados mostram que há forte incisão do canal nos trechos correspondentes ao alto curso dos canais, e, que nos trechos de baixo curso as planícies de inundação são bem desenvolvidas. O meandramento de canais é uma característica do Planalto de Cascavel. A formação de barras em pontal está associada diretamente a erosão marginal, enquanto que os diques são resultantes da decantação de sedimentos. As sequências de soleiras-depressões ocorrem pela diminuição da velocidade do fluxo em alguns trechos, e, em outros, pela presença de detritos lenhosos. Nos trechos rochosos onde há afloramento rochoso foi observada a formação de marmitas

No description available.

[pt] A superfície da terra é formada por processos geológicos que geram as rochas, assim como por processos naturais de degradação e de erosão. A erosão destrói as estruturas que compõem o solo e seu transporte é feito pela ação da água da chuva, do vento, da gravidade e até do gelo. A origem e evolução das bacias sedimentares, dentre outros fenômenos, é estudada pela geologia sedimentar, a qual trata do estudo dos processos físicos, químicos e biológicos atuantes na superfície da terra desde o seu início até os dias atuais. Na atualidade, o uso de modelos que permitem analisar processos de escoamento superficial, desprendimento de partículas e de transporte e deposição de sedimentos em bacias hidrográficas é cada vez mais frequente. O uso e análise desses modelos demonstra que, para escalas relativamente pequenas e áreas não muito extensas, o rebaixamento do perfil dos rios está diretamente ligado aos processos de deformação tectônica. Por outro lado, modelos de previsão de evolução do relevo associados com intemperismo, erosão e deposição de sedimentos, considerando escalas espaciais do tipo regional ou continental e escalas de tempo relativamente grandes (maior que 10(5) anos) devem ser desenvolvidos acoplando tanto efeitos tectônicos como morfológicos. Neste trabalho é apresentado um modelo computacional que permite analisar a evolução na mudança do relevo de bacias hidrográficas, em pequena e grande escala, assim como estimar a produção de sedimento resultante do processo erosivo. O algoritmo de análise é escrito na linguagem de programação Cmais mais e considera a simulação de diferentes cenários, que incluem deformação tectônica, processos de encosta (difusão e movimentos de massa) e processos de incisão fluvial, dando-se particular atenção à formação e evolução da rede fluvial de drenagem. Para a análise de resultados, o programa oferece a visualização 3D de diferentes superfícies: distribuição dos sedimentos, evolução da rede fluvial, mudanças topográficas do relevo, etc. / [en] The surface of the earth is formed by geological processes that originate the rocks, as well as for natural processes of degradation and erosion. The erosion destroys the soil structures and the transport of sediments is made by the action of the rain water, wind, gravity and, in some cases, ice. The origin and evolution of sedimentary basins, amongst other phenomena, are studied by the sedimentary geology, which deals with the analysis of physical, chemical and biological processes that act directly on earth surface since its origin until the current days. Nowadays, the use of runoff - erosion models that analyze processes such as detachment of particles and transport and deposition of sediment in drainage basins is every time more frequent. The use of these models demonstrates that, for relatively small scales and not very extensive areas, relief changes are directly related to tectonic processes. On the other hand, landscape evolution models and associated weathering, erosion and deposition with parameterization for regional or continental spatial scales and large time scales (more than 10(5) years), must be developed to adequately couple tectonics and geomorphology. Is presented in this work a computational model to analyze the landscape evolution in hydrographic basins, considering small and large scales, as well as evaluate the production of sediment resultant of the erosive process. The algorithm is written in the programming language C++ and considers the simulation of different scenes, that include tectonics, hillslope processes (diffusion and landslides) and bedrock incision, giving particular attention to the channel network evolution. For the analysis process the program offers the visualization of different 3D surfaces: sediment distribution, drainage network, topographical relieves etc.