Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_cristiane_deuner.pdf: 471328 bytes, checksum: 0544ad4cc291a4cff337434a54a46afd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-21 / Soybean has great economic importance in agriculture as well as in Brazil and other cultures, productivity and profitability are key aspects. In this context, the use of seeds of good quality with high germination and vigor and in the appropriate dosage of fertilizers, plant available at the moment are demanded is very important to achieve an appropriate stand of plants, and seeds with satisfactory production quality. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of fertilizer management through seed treatment and foliar application on yield components and physiological and sanitary quality of soybean seeds. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replications and six treatments, constituting a witness and five different combinations of nutrients (CoMo, Whole, Potassium phosphite, Manganese and CaB), applied as seed treatment or via leaf at different times. The nutritional managements used did not favor the performance of soybean, including grain yield, physiological and sanitary quality of the seed produced. There is a higher incidence of fungi of the genera Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. / A soja possui grande importância econômica na agricultura brasileira e assim como em outras culturas, a produtividade e a lucratividade são aspectos fundamentais. Nesse contexto, a utilização de sementes de boa qualidade, com germinação e vigor elevados e de fertilizantes na dose adequada, disponibilizados a planta no momento em que são demandados é de suma importância para se atingir um adequado estande de plantas, produção satisfatória e sementes com qualidade. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do manejo da adubação via tratamento de sementes e aplicação foliar sobre os componentes do rendimento e a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de soja. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e seis tratamentos, se constituindo de uma testemunha e mais cinco combinações entre diferentes nutrientes (CoMo, Completo, Fosfito de potássio, Manganês e CaB), aplicados via tratamento de sementes ou via foliar em diferentes épocas. Os manejos nutricionais utilizados não favoreceram o desempenho da cultivar de soja, incluindo o rendimento de grãos, a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária da semente produzida. Há maior incidência de fungos dos gêneros Penicillium spp. e Aspergillus spp.

Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) / Fog and dew interception and utilization by plant canopies remains one of the least considered aspects of vegetation studies at any scale yet the few studies that have been conducted point to their considerable influence on ecological processes and a critical role in modulating climate in southern African arid ecosystems. Their relevance to succulent plant hydrology was investigated in this study.The first study measured stable 18O and 2H isotope ratios in samples of rain, fog and dew water and compared these with those assayed monthly in stem xylem water of six succulent shrub species over a one year period. Negative 18O and 2H ratios were observed in the stem xylem water of all six species signifying a predominance of water derived from fog and dew precipitation which was most conspicuous during the wet winter. This implied that fog and dew are even more important sources of water than rain and corroborated by significant correspondence found between fog and dew frequencies, succulent foliar water contents and quantum yields of photochemistry.The second study monitored variations in stem diameter at 2-hourly intervals in 8 succulent shrub species of diverse growth form over a 9-month period. Two groups of species were distinguished based on whether their daily amplitudes in stem diameter were consistently positively correlated with daily fluxes in vapour pressure deficit, which were indicative of a persistent CAM photosynthetic mode, or intermittently correlated with daily fluxes in vapour pressure deficit, which were indicative of mixed CAM and C3 photosynthetic modes. Among species displaying a persistent CAM photosynthetic mode, high nocturnal fog and dew precipitation amounts corresponded with low daily amplitudes in stem diameter, and vice versa, which pointed to reduced nocturnal stomatal water loss. These patterns, which were indistinct among species displaying mixed CAM and C3 photosynthetic modes, were corroborated by small daily amplitudes in stem diameter also consistently observed in one species displaying a CAM photosynthetic mode in ambient than artificially fog and dew excluded environments.The third study monitored changes in water mass at hourly intervals of quartz gravel substrates with different dwarf succulent species assemblages over an 8-month period.Consistently greater net amounts of water were intercepted daily by quartz gravel substrates containing Agyroderma pearsonii than Cephalophylum spissum plants as well as those without plants. These attributed to a high water repellence of A. pearsonii leaves and less radiation absorbed by the paler silvery to grey-green leaves of A. pearsonii leaves than the dark green leaves of C. spissum resulting in lower leaf temperatures and less water loss by transpiration. Quartz gravel soils devoid of plants intercepted nearly 5-times greater amounts of precipitation contributed by fog and dew than that contributed by rain. These precipitation amounts exceeding the high percentages of total hydrological input contributed by fog and dew reported in other ecosystems.The study concludes that fog and dew are a vital source of water for succulent shrubs in arid South African ecosystems and imply that diminished fog and dew frequencies associated with elevated night time temperatures accompanying global warming could exacerbate plant drought stress.

Submitted by Rafael Santana (rafael.silvasantana@ufpe.br) on 2017-06-09T18:33:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Tese Bárbara Laine Ribeiro da Silva.pdf: 2635614 bytes, checksum: 8384212e8db84a27bc2b1fd6a579e7ad (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-09T18:33:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Tese Bárbara Laine Ribeiro da Silva.pdf: 2635614 bytes, checksum: 8384212e8db84a27bc2b1fd6a579e7ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-01 / CAPES / Em ambientes com clima semiárido, a sobrevivência das plantas depende da adaptação de características morfológicas, anatômicas e fisiológicas. O hábito das espécies e a estrutura do ambiente no qual a planta está inserida também determina sua sobrevivência em ambientes com condições ambientais limitantes, como a caatinga. No caso das espécies herbáceas, é necessário descobrir qual a principal limitação ambiental para o seu desenvolvimento, já que a maioria delas possui ciclo de vida restrito ao período de chuvas na região, bem como quais são as características desenvolvidas que permitem sua sobrevivência no ambiente. O trabalho avaliou características fisiológicas, anatômicas e morfológicas de três espécies herbáceas (Hyptis suaveolens L., Stachytarpheta sanguinea Mart. ex Schauer e Jacquemontia evolvuloides (Moric.) Meisn., em áreas de caatinga com 22, 44 e mais de 60 anos de regeneração, na Paraíba. Foram analisadas: área foliar; área foliar específica; espessura das epidermes, das cutículas, dos parênquimas e do mesofilo; densidade estomática e de tricomas; concentrações de clorofila a, clorofila b e carotenoides; potencial hídrico foliar, trocas gasosas, concentrações de compostos fenólicos totais, nitrogênio, potássio e fósforo. As três espécies apresentaram características anatômicas de folhas de sol, com estômatos e tricomas em ambas as faces foliares e maior concentração na face abaxial. J. evolvuloides apresentou mais características de locais ensolarados, com a menor área foliar específica na área em regeneração mais recente, maior espessura de epiderme e parênquima isobilateral. Algumas variações morfoanatômicas entre as áreas foram comuns entre as três espécies, como as maiores espessuras dos mesofilos e dos parênquimas na caatinga mais antiga que nas áreas com 22 e 44 anos em regeneração. No geral, H. suavoelens e S. sanguinea foram espécies mais plásticas que J. evolvuloides, com as maiores diferenças morfofisiológicas entre as áreas. J. evolvuloides demonstrou ser mais adaptada à baixa disponibilidade hídrica e à alta incidência luminosa. / In environments with semi-arid climate, the survival of plants depends on the adaptation of morphological, anatomical and physiological characteristics. The habit of the species and environmental structure in which the plant is inserted, also determines their survival in environments with limiting environmental conditions, such as the caatinga. In the case of herbaceous species, it is necessary to find out what is the main environmental limitations for its development, since most they have a life cycle restricted to the rainy season in the region, and what are the features developed to survival in the environment. This work determined the physiological, anatomical and morphological characteristics of three herbaceous species (Hyptis suaveolens L. Stachytarpheta sanguinea Mart. Ex Schauer and Jacquemontia evolvuloides (Moric.) Meisn., in areas of caatinga with 22, 44 and over 60 years of regeneration, in Paraiba state. Were analyzed the leaf area, specific leaf area, thickness of the epidermis, cuticle, parenchyma and mesophyll, the stomata and trichomes densities; concentrations of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids, the leaf water potential, gas exchange, concentrations of total phenolic compounds, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. The three species have anatomical features of sun leaves with stomata and trichomes in both leaf surfaces and a greater concentration on the abaxial surface. J. evolvuloides showed more characteristics of sunny locations, with lowest specific leaf area in the most recent regeneration area, thickest epidermis and isobilateral parenchyma. Some morphoanatomical variations between the areas were common among the three species, such as the greater thicknesses of mesophyll and parenchyma in the oldest caatinga than in the areas with 22 and 44 years in regeneration. Overall, H. suavoelens and S. sanguinea were more plastic species than J. evolvuloides, with the largest morphophysiological differences between areas. J. evolvuloides proved to be more acclimatized to low water availability and high light incidence.

Master of Science / Department of Plant Pathology / Erick D. DeWolf / Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, historically has been a minor problem in the Great Plains. However, Kansas had significant losses due to stripe rust in 2001, 2003, and 2005. Recent research on the population of P. striiformis suggests changes in the fungal population may have been responsible for these epidemics. The objectives of this research were to determine conditions that are favorable for the infection of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates from the current population and develop models to predict infection events. Two week old potted seedlings were inoculated with an isolate of P. striiformis and exposed to ambient weather conditions for 16 hours. Results of this bioassay were used to develop logistic regression models of infection. Models using hours at relative humidity >87%, leaf wetness, and mean relative humidity predicted infection with 93%, 80%, and 76% accuracy. Future research will use these results to determine weather patterns that influence the probability of stripe rust epidemics and to facilitate the development of regional prediction models for stripe rust. Foliar diseases of wheat result in an average yield loss of 7.8% in Kansas. Although it is possible to reduce these losses with foliar fungicides, the yield increases resulting from these applications may not justify the additional costs. The objective of this research was to develop models that help producers identify factors associated with disease-related yield loss and the profitable use of foliar fungicides. Data were collected for two years at three locations in central Kansas to determine yield response to fungicide application on eight varieties with varying degrees of resistance. Logistic regression was used to model the probability of a yield response >4 bushels per acre based on disease resistance of a variety, historical disease risk, and in-season disease risk. The accuracy of the resulting prediction models ranged from 84% to 71%. A model combining in-season disease risk and variety resistance was most accurate. The prediction accuracy of the model was 79% when tested with an independent validation dataset. In the future, these models will serve as educational tools to help producers maximize profit and productivity.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Agronomy / Dorivar Ruiz Diaz / Winter annual weeds (WAW) could affect nitrogen supply for corn production. The objectives of first study were to determine the diversity and abundance of WAW and to evaluate the effect of delaying herbicide applications on nitrogen supply and no-till corn response. Research was conducted in 2010 and 2011 at 14 sites in eastern Kansas. A factorial arrangement of three herbicide application dates (Nov.-Mar., April, and May) and five N rates were used. The three most abundant WAW across sites were henbit, purslane speedwell, and horseweed. Delaying herbicide application until April significantly reduced early corn N uptake by 52 mg N plant-1, chlorophyll meter readings at silking by 3.4%, and grain yield by 0.48 Mg ha-1 across sites. An additional 16 to 17 kg N ha-1 was needed to maintain yield if herbicide application was delayed until April. Starter and foliar micronutrient fertilization can potentially increase corn and soybean yield. The objectives of the second study were to evaluate crop response from combinations of starter and foliar fertilizers that contain N-P-K mixtures with and without a blend of micronutrients at four sites for each crop under irrigated conditions. No early corn growth or yield increase was attributed to application of micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and B) beyond what was achieved with N-P-K starter fertilization. There was an increase in soybean height (8 cm) and yield (293 kg ha-1) with starter fertilizer containing N-P-K plus micronutrients over the control. No increase in corn or soybean yield was obtained with foliar fertilization. The objective of the third study was to compare soil mobility and changes in soybean nutrient concentration in the leaf and seed from Mn and Zn sources (EDTA and oxysulfate) at two sites. Zinc sources were more mobile in the soil. Both Zn sources increased seed Zn concentration. Manganese oxysulfate increased seed Mn concentration. However, soybean trifoliolate leaf and seed Mn concentration decreased with soil-applied Na2EDTA and MnEDTA. This response was attributed to formation of FeEDTA and increased Fe supply that reduced root Mn absorption. Manganese EDTA is not recommended for soil application.

O caquizeiro (Diospyros kaki L.) é uma planta caducifólia pertencente à família Ebenaceae, tendo como centro de origem a região central da China. Entre os estados brasileiros, São Paulo é o que apresenta maior produção de caquis com 49.727 t. A cercosporiose (Pseudocercospora kaki), também conhecida como mancha angular, é a principal doença foliar da cultura. Alguns autores atribuem à cercosporiose a queda precoce de folhas, maturação antecipada dos frutos e a redução da produção na safra seguinte. Entretanto, não existem trabalhos com o patossistema P. kaki - D. kaki que deem suporte a essas pressuposições. Diante disso, os objetivos desse trabalho foram comparar a susceptibilidade de quatro cultivares de caquizeiro e avaliar o efeito da cercosporiose na fisiologia da planta. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em condições naturais de campo, com as cultivares Fuyu, Rama Forte, Taubaté e Giombo, por serem as mais cultivadas no estado de São Paulo. Nos experimentos desenvolvidos buscou-se conhecer o grau de resistência das quatro cultivares à cercosporiose, avaliando a incidência, severidade e queda de folhas ao longo de dois ciclos de cultivo, assim como avaliar o controle químico na redução da doença em cvs. Taubaté e Rama Forte e, consequentemente, no acúmulo de reservas na raiz e na qualidade dos frutos colhidos. Foram avaliadas também os danos na fotossíntese em folhas das quatro cultivares com diferentes intensidades de cercosporiose. Como resultados pode-se constatar, que a cv. Fuyu é a mais susceptível à cercosporiose, seguida com resistência média \'Giombo\' e \'Rama Forte\' e com maior resistência a cv. Taubaté. A intensidade da cercosporiose, para severidades da doença de até 7% não influencia na queda de folhas. O controle químico reduziu a intensidade de doença nas cvs. Taubaté e Rama Forte, entretanto, entre as intensidades de cercosporiose avaliadas em plantas tratadas e não tratadas, não há redução no acúmulo de reservas no sistema radicular, assim como na qualidade físico-química dos frutos colhidos. Mesmo a cercosporiose afetando a fotossíntese, no processo fotoquímico, tanto na área lesionada como na área adjacente à lesão, a intensidade da doença observada no campo não foi suficiente para causar redução da produção à cultura. / The persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) is a deciduous plant of the botanical family Ebenaceae, native to central China. Among the Brazilian states, São Paulo has the highest production of persimmon with 49,727 ton/year. The angular leaf spot of persimmon (Pseudocercospora kaki), also known as cercosporiosis, is the main leaf disease of the crop. Some authors attribute to the cercosporiosis the premature defoliation, early maturation of the fruits and the reduction of the yield in the next crop cycle. However, there are no previous studies with the Pseudocercospora kaki pathosystem that support these hypotheses. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to compare the susceptibility of four persimmon cultivars and evaluate the effect of angular leaf spot on plant physiology. A field experiment was conducted with Fuyu, Rama Forte, Taubaté and Giombo cultivars, the four most cultivated in the state of São Paulo. The degree of resistance to cercosporiosis was determined by the incidence and severity of the disease and by defoliation of the plants in two crop cycles. Chemical spraying for the disease reduction was also evaluated in cvs. Taubaté and Rama Forte. The reduction of the carbohydrate reserve accumulation in the roots and the quality of the fruits harvested were tested. The photosynthesis reduction was also evaluated in leaves of the four cultivars with different intensities of cercosporiosis. The Fuyu cultivar was the most susceptible to cercosporiosis, followed by moderate resistance of \'Giombo\' and \'Rama Forte\' and high resistance of cv. Taubaté. The intensity of cercosporiosis, for disease severity up to 7% does not influence leaf drop. Though the chemical control reduced the disease intensity in cvs. Taubaté and Rama Forte, treated and untreated plants showed no differences in the reserves accumulation in the roots, as well as in the physicochemical quality of the harvested fruits. Even though cercosporiosis affects photosynthesis in the photochemical process on both the necrotic and remaining green leaf area, the intensity of the disease observed in the field was not enough to cause yield reduction to the culture.

Orientador: Renato de Mello Prado / Coorientador: Gilmara Pereira da Silva / Banca: Joaquim José Frazão / Banca: Claudenir Facincani Franco / Resumo: O mineral silício (Si) é considerado um elemento essencial para o ser humano, tendo diversas funções, especialmente a para formação óssea. O tomate é amplamente consumido no mundo, mas apresenta baixo teor de Si, não atendendo a exigência do ser humano. A pulverização foliar de Si em plantas tomate pode promover a biofortificação associada à melhora na qualidade pós-colheita, dependendo da fonte e da concentração do elemento na calda. Neste estudo, objetivou-se obter tomates biofortificados via pulverização foliar com Si, em diferentes fontes e concentrações, e avaliar sua qualidade tecnológica. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em sistema de cultivo hidropônico, em vasos (8 dm3) preenchidos com areia, contendo uma planta por vaso. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de quatro fontes de Si (silicato alcalino estabilizado; nanossílica; ácido silícico estabilizado e silicato de potássio) e quatro concentrações de Si (0,0; 0,2; 0,4 e 0,6 g L-1), dispostos em blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições. Realizaram-se cinco pulverizações com Si nas plantas de tomate cultivar Micro Tom, iniciando-se no florescimento, uma vez por semana. A pulverização foliar de Si durante a fase reprodutiva das plantas de tomate foi eficiente para biofortificar o fruto e incrementar o teor de ácido ascórbico, a acidez titulável e a firmeza do fruto, destacando-se a fonte nanossílica e ácido silícico na concentração próxima de 0,4 g L-1. / Abstract: The mineral silicon (Si) is considered an essential element for humans, having several functions, especially for bone formation. Tomato is a fruit widely consumed in the world but the low Si content does not meet the standard requirements for human beings. To this end, foliar spraying of tomato plants with Si may promote biofortification associated with improved post-harvest quality, depending on the source and concentration of Si used in the spraying mixture. This study aimed at producing tomatoes biofortified with Si at varying concentrations from different sources via foliar spraying, and evaluating their technological quality as well. The experiment consisted of pots (8 dm3) filled with sand containing one Micro-Tom cultivar tomato plant per pot in a greenhouse, in a hydroponic culture system. The treatments consisted of a combination of four Si sources (stabilized alkali metal silicate, nano silica, stabilized silicic acid, and potassium silicate) and four Si concentrations (0.0; 0.2; 0.4; and 0.6 g L-1), arranged as a randomized block design, with five replications. Five spraying mixtures containing Si were applied to the tomato plants once a week as the flowering stage started. Foliar spraying of Si during the reproductive phase of tomato plants effectively biofortified the fruit, increasing the ascorbic acid content, titratable acidity and fruit firmness, highlighting as particularly effective the nano silica and silicic acid sources at the approximate concentration o... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

O trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de se verificar o papel da enzima peroxidase nas respostas de plantas de milho ao ferimento com carborundo e à inoculação com H.carbonum (interação de resistência) ou H. maydis (interação de suscetibilidade). Os estudos basearam-se na atividade da enzima in vitro e nas alterações do perfil isoenzimático de extratos obtidos das plantas feridas ou inoculadas. A análise dos extratos mostrou um aumento na atividade da peroxidade em respostas à inoculação com H. maydis ou a ferimento. No material inoculado com H. maydis, a máxima atividade enzimática ocorreu ao redor de 48 h após a inoculação. Em relação ao ferimento observou-se nos mesocóticos um máximo de atividade ao redor de 48 h enquanto que nas folhas esse máximo ocorreu ao redor de 24 h após a injúria. Por sua vez, o material inoculado com H. carbonum apresentou atividade enzimática menor quando comparado a H. maydis e próxima aos valores encontrados para os tecidos controle. No tocante ao perfil isoenzimático, observou-se nos extratos de tecidos foliares tratados o aparecimento de duas e o desaparecimento de três isoperoxidases no material extraído 12 h após os tratamentos. Esses mesmos resultados foram observados em extratos obtidos em 24 e 48 h. Finalmente, os resultados sugerem que as alterações da peroxidase, tanto em relação ao aumento da atividade quanto ao perfil isoenzimático, mostram-se comuns ao ferimento causado por um agente abrasivo bem como à infecção por fungos / The role of the enzyme peroxidase on maize plants after wounding with carborundum or inoculation with the fungi H.carbonum (resistant interaction) or H.maydis (susceptible interaction) was studied. The work was carried out based upon enzyme activity in vitro as well as on isoenzimatic patterns in extracts obtained from wounded or inoculated tissues. Results showed an increase in peroxidase activity after inoculation with H.maydis or wounding. In maize tissues inoculated with H.maydis the highest level of enzyme activity was observed 48 h after inoculation. In tissues wounded with carborundum, the highest enzyme activity was observed to occur 48 h in mesocotyls and leaves inoculated with H.carbonum exhibited an enzyme activity smaller than that observed in tissued inoculated with H.maydis, and the level of activity was close to the values observed for uninoculated tissues. Regarding the isoenzimatic studies, two new isoenzymes were observed in extracts obtained from wounded or inoculated leaves 12 h after the treatments. At the same time, it was observed the desappearance of three others isoenzymes in the same material. The same results were observed in leaf extracts obtained 24 and 48 h after wounding or inoculation. Finally, the results suggest that changes in peroxidase, based upon enzyme activity and isoenzyme patterns, are common responses of maize tissues to wounding by abrasion and to fungal infection

Folhas apresentam grande diversidade morfológica como resultado de diferentes padrões de desenvolvimento. Embora a forma plana das folhas típicas seja eficiente para sua função de fotossíntese, algumas espécies de Aizoaceae também desenvolveram folhas teretes, com simetria radial e lâmina abaxializada. Para entender os mecanismos de desenvolvimento responsáveis pela geração desses padrões, investigamos a ontogênese de folhas com diferentes morfologias no grupo. Neste trabalho, descrevemos o desenvolvimento foliar em espécies de Aizoaceae, incluindo indivíduos com folhas planas e teretes, utilizando as técnicas usuais de anatomia vegetal. Todas as espécies analisadas têm folhas com base bifacial estabelecida em estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento; no entanto, as espécies com folhas de terete possuem lâminas unifaciais. Com interesse no papel do gene ARP recente duplicado em Aizoaceae, nós investigamos a possível correlação entre o evento de duplicação e o surgimento da morfologia da folha abaxializada em Aizoaceae. Detectamos, por meio de hibridização in situ, que ARP é expresso em todo o primórdio foliar, sugerindo que, em Aizoaceae, este gene está envolvido principalmente na determinação do destino das células foliares. Além disso, demonstramos que a expressão dos ortólogos de ARP em Aizoaceae são capazes de recuperar o fenótipo selvagem de Arabidopsis as1, indicando um alto grau de conservação funcional do gene, mesmo em folhas com uma morfologia tão distinta / Leaves exhibit great morphological diversity as a result of different patterns of development. Although the flat shape of typical leaves is efficient for their photosynthesis function, some Aizoaceae species have also evolved terete leaves, with radial symmetry and abaxialized lamina. In order to understand the development mechanisms responsible for generating such patterns, we investigate the ontogenesis of leaves with different morphologies in the group. In this work, we describe development in Aizoaceae species, including individuals with flat and terete leaves, processed according to usual techniques in plant anatomy. We found that all species have leaves with bifacial base established in early stages of development; however, terete leaved species have unifacial leaf blades. Interested in the role of the recent duplicated ARP gene in Aizoaceae, we investigate the possible correlation between the duplication event and the emergence of the abaxialized leaf morphology in Aizoaceae. We detected, by in situ hybridization assays, that ARP is expressed throughout the leaf primordium, suggesting that in Aizoaceae this gene is involved in the determination of leaf cell fate. In addition, we have shown that the expression of ARP orthologs of Aizoaceae is capable of recovering the wild-type phenotype of Arabidopsis as1, indicating a high degree of functional conservation of the gene, even in leaves with such a distinct morphology

A cobertura de dossel em uma floresta controla a quantidade, a qualidade e a distribuição da incidência de radiação solar, o que vem a refletir em diferentes níveis de umidade do solo, promovendo a interceptação das chuvas, consequentemente, reduzindo o seu impacto do solo. Além disso, a estrutura vegetal e a densidade do dossel condicionam não apenas o regime de radiação, mas também as trocas de energias e gases entre floresta e atmosfera. Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar o uso do densiômetro, densitômetro, quadro reticulado e fotografias hemisféricas na obtenção da densidade do dossel visando encontrar uma metodologia de baixo custo e que garanta a mesma eficiência dos resultados de densidade de dossel obtidos de fotografias hemisféricas com máquina fotográfica. Resultados significativos foram obtidos para o uso do quadro reticulado, do densiômetro e da lente hemisférica fisheye clip para celular. / The canopy cover in a forest controls the solar radiation incidence quantity, quality and distribution, which it comes to reflect different levels of soil moisture, promoting the interception of rainfall and, thereafter, reducing its impact soil. Furthermore, plant canopy structure and density promotes not only the radiation system, but also energy and the exchange of gases between atmosphere and forest. This study aimed to compare the densiometer, densitometer lattice frame and hemispherical photographs uses on getting the canopy density in seeking a low methodology costs and guaranteeing the same efficiency of canopy density results hemispherical photographs with camera . This work presented significant results as the lattice frame, densiometer and hemispheric fisheye lens clip for mobile uses.