This thesis studies fourteen Canadian processed food industries and their pricing behaviour. Pricing models for each industry for the period of 1971-1977 and 1978-1984 have been established. This study also tests wether changes in a pricing behaviour occurred in the middle of 1970s in which shifts in Canada-U.S. exchange rate occured. Food prices change for several reasons. The main reasons for changes in processed food prices are expected to be changes in input costs and demand factors. Input costs consist of material, labour, capital and fuel cost. Changes in demand side - import competition and excess demand - are are important factors. This study attepmts to establish, identify, and analyze pricing models by employing such variables for fourteen Canadian processed food industries at the wholesale level. Karikari (1988) has shown that the Canadian manufacturing industries changed their pricing behaviour as the U.S.-Canada exchange rate shifted in the middle of the 1970s. This study also tests if the changes (shift) in pricing behaviour of the food processing industries took place between two sub-periods: pre-depreciation of U.S.-Canada exchange rate (1971 to 1977), and post-depreciation of U.S.-Canada exchange rate (1977 to 1984). After analyzing the characteristics of the Canadian food processing industries and the distribution channel, three economic theories - which are considered to be appropropriate in reflecting the characteristics and the pricing behsviour - have been discussed. The Mark-up Pricing Theory is employed to explain the food processors' oligopolistic pricing behaviour. From the Mark-up Pricing Theory, relative changes in mark-up, material price, labour price, energy price, capital price, and productivity of each input are derived as independent variables in the pricing model while change in industrial selling price of processed foods is shown as a dependent variable. Excess demand and import competition are the main sources for the fluctuations in the mark-up factor. The Bilateral Monopoly Theory is applied to explain bargaining processes, from which prices of processed foods are determined, between processors and retailers. A shipment variable has been derived from the Bilateral Monopoly Theory as one of the substitutes for the mark-up variable. An International Trade Theory is discussed for the industries that face import competition. From this theory, it is concluded that import price would also influence Canadian food processors' markup. Also discussed is a theory on how the pricing behaviour would change in a situation in which shifts in exchange rates occur. Quarterly data in rate of changes form are used for the estimation of the pricing model. Lags are allowed for independent variables to proferly reflect the characteristics of food processors. First, assuming changes in pricing behaviour, the pricing model is regressed for each industry in each sub-period, respectively. Variables for each industry in each sub-period are selected. It seems that the finalized regression results indicate a possibility of changes in pricing behaviour. A statistical test incorporating dummy variables is used to check if the changes in pricing behaviour which occurred in the middle of 1977 are statistically significant. The results can be summarized as follows. Different variables and different lags fit for each industry in each sub-period. The material prices-in different lag forms - are the main factors that influence changes in the industry selling price. In some industries in a certain period, the material prices are not important at all; only the U.S. prices are shown as important factors. The wage - current or lagged - is an important variable in some industries (at least in one period). The shipment variables are important in most industries with a positive or a negative sign, indicating the food processors' monopolistic pricing behaviour is influenced or interupted by the foods retailers' behaviour. The U.S. price variable(s) is a significant factor in most industries. The statistical test indicates that most of the industries have experienced structural changes and/or model changes between the two periods, except poultry, sugar cane & beet, vegetable oil, brewery, and winery industries. This study, however, does not necessarily conclude that the Canadian processed foods industries' pricing behaviour was changed according to the Karikari's hypothesis. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

A research report submitted in partial fulfilment to the degree Master of Arts in Development Studies in the School of Sociology, University of the Witwatersrand, March 2018 / This research report explores the relationship between migration, food and space in Yeoville, a suburb that has become emblematic of African diasporic settlement in Johannesburg. The report seeks to answer this broad question: What role does the sale, preparation and consumption of food have in the everyday cultural, social and economic lives of African migrants living in Yeoville? To answer it this study has focused on two locations. The first is the Yeoville market, a central point for the exchange and consumption of food for African migrants in Yeoville and Johannesburg. The second location is Araya Supermarket, an Ethiopian owned shop and restaurant. This study argues that through an engagement with these spaces migrants are able to recreate a sense of ‘home’. This is made possible through the layout and familiarity of products, the practice of routine and ritual eating and the relationships which are fostered in these places. This study argues that various changes have occurred in food practices as a result of migrants’ displacement. At the same time migrants have been active in the adaptation of recipes, cooking methods and ingredients to ensure they get the food they want and need. This study shows the social importance of food and eating for migrants and the resulting local and transnational relationships which allow these food enterprises to function. Finally, it argues that these places have a significant role in the economic advancement and opportunities migrants have access to, while still being largely precarious and exploitative pursuits. / XL2019

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by Lam Kwok-fai. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Bibliography: leaves 88-89. / abstract --- p.ii / table of contents --- p.iv / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.vi / list of tables --- p.vii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.ix / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Objective --- p.1 / Literature Survey --- p.2 / New Product Development Process --- p.2 / New Product Management --- p.5 / Influence of Supermarket in New Product Development --- p.6 / Summary --- p.6 / Research Questions --- p.8 / Chapter II. --- method --- p.9 / Type of Study --- p.9 / Study Setting --- p.9 / Time Horizon --- p.9 / Unit of Analysis --- p.10 / Population and Sample --- p.10 / Data Collection Method --- p.10 / Sample Characteristics --- p.11 / Variables and Measures --- p.13 / Data Analysis Method --- p.13 / Chapter III. --- THE RESULTS --- p.15 / Review of New Product Development in 1990 --- p.15 / Success Rate --- p.15 / Target of New Products --- p.16 / Expenses --- p.18 / New Product Development Process --- p.19 / The Existence of the Six Stages --- p.19 / Importances of the Stages --- p.19 / Time Spent on the Stages --- p.21 / The Process --- p.21 / Test Marketing and Promotion Methods --- p.24 / Key Personnel in the Stages --- p.26 / Idea Generation --- p.26 / Idea Screening --- p.26 / Business Analysis --- p.29 / Concept Development --- p.29 / Product Development --- p.29 / Test Marketing --- p.33 / New Product Management --- p.35 / Influence of Supermarket in New Product Development --- p.44 / The Unstructured Interview --- p.48 / New Product Development Process --- p.48 / Key Personnel in the Stages --- p.49 / Test Marketing and Promotion Methods --- p.50 / New Product Management --- p.51 / Influence of Supermarket in New Product Development --- p.52 / Chapter IV. --- CONCLUSION --- p.55 / Chapter V. --- RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.57 / APPENDIX I English Questionnaire --- p.60 / APPENDIX II Chinese Questionnaire --- p.74 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.88

by Chu King Shun, Ng Siu Ting. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-88). / Questionnaire in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.I / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.II / LIST OF TABLES --- p.VI / Chapter CHAPTER I - --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER II - --- METHODOLOGY --- p.4 / Data and Information Collection --- p.4 / Primary Data --- p.4 / Secondary Data --- p.5 / Data Analysis and Interpretation --- p.6 / Target Market Analysis --- p.7 / Marketing Plan --- p.8 / Assumptions --- p.9 / Limitations --- p.10 / Chapter CHAPTER III - --- DATA ANALYSIS --- p.11 / Descriptive Analysis --- p.11 / Socio-demographic Characteristics --- p.11 / Respondents' Perception of Thai Food --- p.13 / Respondents' Willingness to Try Thai Food --- p.14 / Respondents' Willingness to Spend on Thai Food --- p.15 / Respondents' Frequency of Having Dinner in Foreign Restaurants --- p.17 / Respondents' Average Spending Per Meal --- p.18 / Reasons for Respondents to Visit Foreign Restaurants --- p.19 / Channels that Usually Provide Respondents Information about Restaurants --- p.20 / Respondents，Method of Payment --- p.21 / Respondents，Preference of the Location of a Thai Restaurant in China --- p.21 / Respondents' Staple Food --- p.22 / Perceived Requirement of a Thai Restaurant --- p.23 / Difference between Chinese Male and Female's Perceived Requirements of a Thai Restaurant --- p.25 / Comparison of Chinese' Perceived Requirements of a Thai Restaurant for Different Region Groups --- p.26 / Comparison of ChINEese' Perceived Requirements of a Thai Restaurant for Different Occupation Groups --- p.28 / Comparison of Chinese' Perceived Requirements of a Thai Restaurant for Different Income Groups --- p.29 / Chapter CHAPTER IV - --- PRE-ENTRY ANALYSIS --- p.31 / Economic Environment --- p.31 / General Economy --- p.31 / Foreign Trade and Investment --- p.31 / Economic Relations with Hong Kong --- p.32 / Political Environment --- p.32 / Reforms --- p.32 / Legal --- p.33 / SOCIO-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT --- p.35 / Profile of Chinese Consumers Diversifying --- p.35 / Chapter CHAPTER V - --- FEASIBILITY STUDY --- p.39 / Market Opportunity --- p.39 / Economic Development --- p.39 / Taste Preference of Chinese --- p.40 / Accessibility of Factors of Production --- p.42 / Labor --- p.42 / Raw Materials --- p.43 / Capital --- p.43 / Government Regulation --- p.44 / Forms of Ownership --- p.44 / Exchange Control --- p.44 / Chapter CHAPTER VI - --- RECOMMENDATION --- p.46 / Target Market --- p.46 / Geographic Analysis --- p.46 / Demographic Analysis ´ؤ Occupation --- p.47 / Demographic Analysis ´ؤ Income Level --- p.48 / Entry Mode --- p.49 / Evaluation on Various Modes of Entry --- p.49 / Recommendation for Setting up a Thai Restaurant in China --- p.50 / Marketing Plan --- p.51 / Price --- p.51 / Product --- p.53 / Place --- p.54 / Promotion --- p.56 / Chapter CHAPTER VII - --- CONCLUSION --- p.60 / APPENDIX --- p.62 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.87

Thesis (M.Com.(Agricultural Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references

Personal computers (PC) and high level programming techniques have been developing so rapidly during last decade leading to new and exciting opportunities in the field of education. The purpose of this research was to develop food processing virtual labs as efficient teaching and study tools for food processing courses using user-friendly computer languages (VC++, MFC and OpenGL). A 3D graphic technique was employed in this study as a specific objective to generate 3D graphics in the visualization mode. / According to functionalities, virtual labs were designed for three basic simulations: (1) Calculation simulations, which perform various calculations related to food processing. These simulations help users to remember and understand the formula used in process calculations. Several simple concept calculations were included: conduction heat transfer in steady state through individual and composite slabs; two-component mass balance systems, Pearson rule applications; freezing and thawing time calculations; (2) Animation simulations, which are aimed to visualize processing scenarios for different physical phenomena or working principles. Included in these simulations were: conduction heat transfer through single and multiple walls under steady state; mixing processes involving two and three component systems and Pearson rule concept; freezing and thawing processes through slab, cylinder, and sphere, the three regular shapes, agitation thermal processing modes which include axial agitation and end-over-end agitation in rotational retort; (3) Virtual equipment simulations, which are aimed to dynamically simulate a real operating environment and to demonstrate equipment working principle, internal structure, and operating procedures. The simulated equipment include a horizontal retort used in thermal processing and a high pressure processing equipment used in non-thermal processing. / The food processing virtual labs provide a new way in teaching and learning, with no risk, time or place limitations, and are cost effective. The simulated scenarios and equipment can be used as teaching tools in food processing courses, which provide an efficient way to the instructor/assistant. Instructor/assistant can dynamically and repeatedly demonstrate the operating process for the simulated equipment in a vivid and interested manner. Also students can get intuitive understanding by viewing these simulations. Computers are the waves of the future; however, traditional learning techniques should not be forgotten.* / *This dissertation is a compound document (contains both a paper copy and a CD as part of the dissertation). The CD requires the following system requirements: Windows 95 or higher.