Si le rôle de la gustation sur le développement des préférences alimentaires a été étudié par le passé, il n’en ait pas de même du rôle de l’olfaction. Les objectifs de ce travail de thèse étaient d’étudier les réponses olfactives des nourrissons, leur dynamique au cours des deux premières années de vie, ainsi que leurs relations avec les expositions aromatiques précoces, l’appréciation alimentaire et le comportement néophobique des nourrissons. Ce travail, s’inscrivant dans le cadre de l’étude longitudinale OPALINE (Observatoire des Préférences ALImentaire du Nourrisson et de l’Enfant), a permis d’évaluer les réponses olfactives envers des odeurs alimentaires agréables, comme la vanille, et désagréables, comme le poisson, chez les nourrissons de 8, 12 et 22 mois. Les résultats révèlent que, dès 8 mois, les nourrissons sont capables de discriminer les odeurs agréables des odeurs désagréables. Toutefois, si des réponses d’évitement envers certaines odeurs désagréables sont observées, aucune réponse d’attraction n’est décrite au cours des deux premières années de la vie. De plus, nos résultats mettent également en évidence une certaine plasticité des réponses olfactives. Seules les réponses à quelques odeurs alimentaires désagréables sont stables entre deux âges consécutifs suggérant que les réponses hédoniques négatives vis-à-vis d’odeurs alimentaires apparaitraient plus précocement que les réponses hédoniques positives.Concernant les effets des expositions aromatiques précoces, il apparaît que plus un nourrisson a été exposé, in utero ou durant l’allaitement, aux notes aromatiques désagréables de certains aliments, moins il aura de réponses d’évitement face aux odeurs de ces aliments à 8 mois, mais pas au-delà.Lors de la diversification alimentaire (8 mois), la composante olfactive ne semble pas avoir d’impact sur l’appréciation des aliments nouvellement introduits. En revanche, à 12 mois, la composante olfactive pourrait jouer un rôle de modulateur dans l’appréciation des aliments à flaveur prononcée. Ce rôle n’est plus observé à 22 mois. Nos résultats mettent également en évidence que la réactivité différentielle à différentes odeurs, et non à différentes saveurs, est liée au degré de néophobie du nourrisson, suggérant que seules les odeurs contribuent à la méfiance envers les aliments nouveaux au cours de la seconde année de vie. Ce travail met en avant que les expositions aromatiques précoces peuvent influencer les réponses olfactives au début de la diversification alimentaire, période favorable à l’acceptation des aliments. Autour de l’âge d’un an, quand le répertoire alimentaire des nourrissons s’élargit et intègre des aliments dits « adultes », l’odorat jouerait un rôle clé dans l’appréciation des aliments en agissant comme un système d’alarme protégeant le nourrisson des aliments potentiellement dangereux / The role of taste on food preferences has already been investigated, however, little is known about the role of olfaction. The main objectives of this work were to assess infants’ olfactory responses, their dynamic during the first two years of life, and also their links with early food exposures, food liking and infants’ food neophobia. This work was conducted within a longitudinal study named OPALINE (Observatory of food preferences in infants and children). Olfactory responses were assessed, in 8-, 12- and 22-month-old infants, towards pleasant odours, such as vanilla, and unpleasant odours, such as fish. The results reveal that, from 8 months, infants can discriminate pleasant and unpleasant odours. However, only avoidance responses are observed towards some unpleasant odours; no attraction responses are highlighted during the first two years of life. Our results also suggest a plasticity of olfactory responses. Only responses towards some unpleasant odours are stable between two consecutive ages, suggesting that negative hedonic responses towards food odours would appear earlier than positive ones. Concerning the effects of early food exposure, it appears that the more an infant has been exposed, in utero or during breastfeeding, to some unpleasant food odours, the least s/he exhibits avoidance responses towards these food odours at 8 months, but not beyond. When complementary feeding has begun (8 months), olfaction does not seem to impact new food liking. However, at 12 months, olfaction can play a role of modulator in liking of the foods with strong flavour. This role is not observed anymore at 22 months. Our results also highlight that differential olfactory responses, and not gustatory ones, are linked to infants’ food neophobia suggesting that only odours contribute to the suspicion towards unfamiliar foods during the second year of life. This work stresses that early sensory exposures influence responses towards unpleasant odours at the onset of complementary feeding, which is a favourable period to food acceptance. Then, olfaction can play a role in food liking by acting as an alarm system protecting the infants against potentially harmful food

Taste is one of the crucial factors that contributes to shaping eating behaviors and is also one of the leading reasons that affects our preferences to like or dislike some foods that mainly have a bitter taste. Variation in bitter phenotype (tasters and non-tasters) could influence diet quality and in turn body weight, which overall influenced health outcomes. The objective of this study was to identify whether bitter taste phenotype status influences anthropometric measurements, body fat percentage, and eating behaviors (liking and intake) in female college students. In this cross-sectional study (n = 86), female college students aged 18 to 22 from Mississippi State University were classified into one of two groups (taster or non-taster) by means of a taste test of filter paper saturated with the bitter compound 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP). Adiposity was measured using anthropometric measurements and body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. A food liking survey was administrated to identify how much participants liked or disliked various foods and beverages. Dietary intake of total energy intake, macronutrients, fruits, and vegetables were evaluated using the NIH Diet History Questionnaire. Bitter phenotype status was not significantly associated with adiposity indicators; however, it was associated with food liking scores for foods that have bitter and umami tastes such as kale and mushrooms. Additionally, bitter phenotype was associated with dietary intake for total fruits and vitamin C intakes. Ethnic background was the strongest independent variable that was significantly correlated with adiposity indicators and food liking. These results suggested that while bitter taste phenotype may influence eating behaviors in certain foods, it does not affect adiposity indicators and body fat percentage.