The health implications of poor dietary habits among adolescents are increasingly evident with the high prevalence of obesity and diet-related ill health in this population. Of particular concern is the high amount of sugar present in the adolescent diet. Nutrition education is an efficacious strategy to change sugary drink consumption particularly when including experiential strategies but sugar consumption within a more comprehensive diet has not been addressed. Food models have been incorporated as a teaching aid that support experiential activities and there is some evidence that they can be effective. However, there is a lack of evidence on the use of these strategies with adolescents and specifically for reducing sugar consumption across the diet. This study aimed to assess the impact of a two 45-minute interactive nutrition session intervention using food models on adolescent's sugar literacy (knowledge and awareness of added sugar, confidence in label reading to assess sugar content in food, and intention to limit consumption of added sugar). An experimental design with randomization into intervention and control condition and pre and post measures was used to test the efficacy of the intervention. Two hundred and three students ages 14 to 19 from 6 schools on Vancouver Island, BC, Canada participated in the study. The intervention group received two 45-minute interactive nutrition sessions using food models to learn about added sugar content in foods and beverages, recommendations for added sugar in the diet and food group servings in a healthy diet. A questionnaire to evaluate sugar literacy, including student knowledge, self-efficacy and intention to consume less added sugar, was completed at baseline and after the intervention. Adolescents’ knowledge of added sugar in foods and beverages and of the number of servings of food groups in a healthy diet was limited at baseline but improved significantly in the intervention condition [F(1, 201)=104.84, p<.001] compared to the controls. Intention to consume less added sugar increased significantly after the intervention [F(1, 201)=4.93, p=.03] as did label reading confidence [F(1, 201)=14.94, p<.001]. It appears that a brief nutrition education intervention using food models as an experiential learning strategy was efficacious for changing student’s knowledge about sugar guidelines and sugar in food, label reading confidence and intention to change sugar consumption. Further studies are needed to analyze the impact of a sugar literacy intervention using food models on actual sugar consumption in adolescents. / Graduate / 2020-04-26

A aplicação das bacteriocinas de bactérias láticas como agentes de bioconservação de alimentos é dependente de vários fatores, com destaque para composição química do alimento que pode interferir na eficácia da atividade antimicrobiana. Esse estudo objetivou avaliar a influência de ingredientes da matriz alimentar na multiplicação e produção das bacteriocinas por Lactobacillus sakei subsp. sakei 2a e na atividade das bacteriocinas produzidas, trabalhando-se com um modelo composto de extrato de carne, extrato de levedura, proteose peptona e amido, adicionado de 4% de NaCl e/ou 0,5% de glicose e mantido em refrigeração (4&#176; C) por até 10 dias. O estudo foi realizado com os seguintes materiais contendo as bacteriocinas: 1. sobrenadante concentrado livre de células obtido a partir da cultura de L. sakei 2a em caldo MRS; 2. extrato ácido neutralizado obtido do sedimento da cultura em caldo MRS e 3. extrato ácido neutralizado e semi-purificado por cromatografia líquida. Listeria monocytogenes Scott A foi empregada como microrganismo indicador da atividade antimicrobiana e Lactobacillus sakei ATCC 15521 como controle não produtor de bacteriocinas. Os resultados indicaram que nenhum dos ingredientes do modelo avaliado teve papel importante na multiplicação de L. sakei 2a e na bacteriocinogênese. No entanto, 4% de NaCl interferiu negativamente na produção das bacteriocinas, enquanto 0,5% de glicose auxiliou a produção, mesmo na presença de 4% de NaCl. Em relação à atividade das bacteriocinas, verificou-se que nem os ingredientes do modelo, nem 4% de NaCl e nem 0,5% de glicose apresentaram interferência marcante ao longo dos dez dias estudados, independentemente do material contendo as bacteriocinas testado. / The application of bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria as biopreservatives in foods depends of several factors, such as the chemical composition of the food, which can interfere with the antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of food ingredients on the growth and production of bacteriocins by Lactobacillus sakei subsp. sakei 2a, and on the activity of the bacteriocins produced, by means of a food model prepared with meat extract, yeast extract, proteose-peptone and starch, added of 4% 4% de NaCl and/or glucose, maintained under refrigeration (4&#176; C) for up to 10 days. The study was carried out with the following bacteriocins-containing materials: 1. the concentrated cell-free supernatant from an overnight culture of L.sakei 2a in MRS broth; 2. acid extract obtained from the sediment of the overnight culture of L. sakei 2a in MRS broth and 3. acid extract submitted to a semi-purification by HPLC. Listeria monocytogenes Scott A was used as the antimicrobial activity indicator microorganism and Lactobacillus sakei ATCC15521 as the non-bacteriocinogenic negative control. Results indicated that none of the ingredients presented a significant role in the growth of L.sakei 2a, and in the production and activity of the bacteriocins. However, 4% of NaCl caused a reduction on the production of bacteriocins, while 0,5% of glucose stimulated their production, even in the presence of 4% of NaCl. The interference of the ingredients of the model, 4% of NaCl and/or 0,5% of glucose on the activity of the bacteriocins was not marked, regardless the materials used in the tests.

A aplicação das bacteriocinas de bactérias láticas como agentes de bioconservação de alimentos é dependente de vários fatores, com destaque para composição química do alimento que pode interferir na eficácia da atividade antimicrobiana. Esse estudo objetivou avaliar a influência de ingredientes da matriz alimentar na multiplicação e produção das bacteriocinas por Lactobacillus sakei subsp. sakei 2a e na atividade das bacteriocinas produzidas, trabalhando-se com um modelo composto de extrato de carne, extrato de levedura, proteose peptona e amido, adicionado de 4% de NaCl e/ou 0,5% de glicose e mantido em refrigeração (4&#176; C) por até 10 dias. O estudo foi realizado com os seguintes materiais contendo as bacteriocinas: 1. sobrenadante concentrado livre de células obtido a partir da cultura de L. sakei 2a em caldo MRS; 2. extrato ácido neutralizado obtido do sedimento da cultura em caldo MRS e 3. extrato ácido neutralizado e semi-purificado por cromatografia líquida. Listeria monocytogenes Scott A foi empregada como microrganismo indicador da atividade antimicrobiana e Lactobacillus sakei ATCC 15521 como controle não produtor de bacteriocinas. Os resultados indicaram que nenhum dos ingredientes do modelo avaliado teve papel importante na multiplicação de L. sakei 2a e na bacteriocinogênese. No entanto, 4% de NaCl interferiu negativamente na produção das bacteriocinas, enquanto 0,5% de glicose auxiliou a produção, mesmo na presença de 4% de NaCl. Em relação à atividade das bacteriocinas, verificou-se que nem os ingredientes do modelo, nem 4% de NaCl e nem 0,5% de glicose apresentaram interferência marcante ao longo dos dez dias estudados, independentemente do material contendo as bacteriocinas testado. / The application of bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria as biopreservatives in foods depends of several factors, such as the chemical composition of the food, which can interfere with the antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of food ingredients on the growth and production of bacteriocins by Lactobacillus sakei subsp. sakei 2a, and on the activity of the bacteriocins produced, by means of a food model prepared with meat extract, yeast extract, proteose-peptone and starch, added of 4% 4% de NaCl and/or glucose, maintained under refrigeration (4&#176; C) for up to 10 days. The study was carried out with the following bacteriocins-containing materials: 1. the concentrated cell-free supernatant from an overnight culture of L.sakei 2a in MRS broth; 2. acid extract obtained from the sediment of the overnight culture of L. sakei 2a in MRS broth and 3. acid extract submitted to a semi-purification by HPLC. Listeria monocytogenes Scott A was used as the antimicrobial activity indicator microorganism and Lactobacillus sakei ATCC15521 as the non-bacteriocinogenic negative control. Results indicated that none of the ingredients presented a significant role in the growth of L.sakei 2a, and in the production and activity of the bacteriocins. However, 4% of NaCl caused a reduction on the production of bacteriocins, while 0,5% of glucose stimulated their production, even in the presence of 4% of NaCl. The interference of the ingredients of the model, 4% of NaCl and/or 0,5% of glucose on the activity of the bacteriocins was not marked, regardless the materials used in the tests.