Background: Physiotherapists are part of the medical team involved in prevention and management of football injuries in Malawi. However, in Malawi no physiotherapist is currently involved in prevention and management of football injuries in the Malawi Super League. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the need for physiotherapy intervention in prevention and management of football injuries. Methodology: A concurrent mixed method study design was used to collect data. A self administered questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data from football players. Qualitative data was collected through in-depth interviews from team doctors and coaches respectively. Quantitative data was analysed using the SPSS version 20.0. Descriptive data was presented in the form of percentages, means, ranges, standard deviations, and frequencies using tables, figures and graphs. A chi-square test of association and Fischer’s exact test were used to study the factors associated with football injuries against prevalence of injury. Audiotaped interviews were transcribed verbatim and expressed ideas were read several times, coded and reduced into categories and themes. Ethical clearance was granted by the University of the Western Cape and relevant authorities in Malawi. Results: A response rate of 67.5% was obtained. The mean age of football players was 21.73 (SD=3.295) years. The injury prevalence was 68.9% with 64% of injuries occurring during matches and 37% during training. The majority (84%) of the injuries were sustained in the lower limbs and 52.7% of the players who reported to have incurred an injury had recurring injuries with the ankle joint (33.3%) being the most affected part. Ligament sprain was the most common type of injury (36%) and most of the injuries (36.5%) reported were severe. No medical professional is available to manage injuries during training while team doctors are always available during matches. Recurrent injury was significantly associated injury prevalence (P=0.000). Use of protective gear was also significantly associated with injury prevalence both at training (P<0.01) and matches(P<0.05). Both coaches and team doctors reported that recurrent injury, psychological, player fitness, and lack of equipment were factors contributing to injury prevalence. Regarding injury management, coaches and team doctors reported sprains and strains as the most common injuries seen in the league. Furthermore, their views regarding injury prevention were sought. Team doctors perceived use of protective equipment as the main strategy of injury prevention while coaches regarded warm up as the main injury preventative strategy. Conclusion: There is need for physiotherapy intervention in prevention and management of football injuries in Malawi. / Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio)

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / Physiotherapists are part of the medical team involved in prevention and management of football injuries in Malawi. However, in Malawi no physiotherapist is currently involved in prevention and management of football injuries in the Malawi Super League. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the need for physiotherapy intervention in prevention and management of football injuries. Methodology: A concurrent mixed method study design was used to collect data. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data from football players. Qualitative data was collected through in-depth interviews from team doctors and coaches respectively. Quantitative data was analysed using the SPSS version 20.0. Descriptive data was presented in the form of percentages, means, ranges, standard deviations, and frequencies using tables, figures and graphs. A chisquare test of association and Fischer’s exact test were used to study the factors associated with football injuries against prevalence of injury. Audiotaped interviews were transcribed verbatim and expressed ideas were read several times, coded and reduced into categories and themes. Ethical clearance was granted by the University of the Western Cape and relevant authorities in Malawi. Results: A response rate of 67.5% was obtained. The mean age of football players was 21.73 (SD=3.295) years. The injury prevalence was 68.9% with 64% of injuries occurring during matches and 37% during training. The majority (84%) of the injuries were sustained in the lower limbs and 52.7% of the players who reported to have incurred an injury had recurring injuries with the ankle joint (33.3%) being the most affected part. Ligament sprain was the most common type of injury (36%) and most of the injuries (36.5%) reported were severe. No medical professional is available to manage injuries during training while team doctors are always available during matches. Recurrent injury was significantly associated injury prevalence (P=0.000). Use of protective gear was also significantly associated with injury prevalence both at training (P<0.01) and matches (P<0.05). Both coaches and team doctors reported that recurrent injury, psychological, player fitness, and lack of equipment were factors contributing to injury prevalence. Regarding injury management, coaches and team doctors reported sprains and strains as the most common injuries seen in the league. Furthermore, their views regarding injury prevention were sought. Team doctors perceived use of protective equipment as the main strategy of injury prevention while coaches regarded warm up as the main injury preventative strategy. Conclusion: There is need for physiotherapy intervention in prevention and management of football injuries in Malawi.

The purpose of this work was to understand the influence of materials and construction on football performance. Two main areas identified as needing further work were post-impact rebound deviation and acoustic response. To further investigate these areas, football materials were tested in a lab with different loading scenarios and the resulting data was used in various characterisation methods to help define finite element models. The finite element models were used to efficiently explore a variety of material and construction variations. Acoustic data for a range of balls was collected in an anechoic chamber and advanced coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian simulations were developed to visualise the mode shapes of internal resonances.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Temple University, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-96). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Temple University, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references.

The purpose of this study was to understand how female amateur (college) developmental level football players perceived and responded to video-based feedback sessions during their athletic training and competition. A purposeful sample was used to select 5 participants. 2 research questions were asked to explore how 5 different formats of video-based feedback sessions influenced the participants during the coaching process. The researcher was the instrument used for collecting data and this included semi-structured interviews, participant observation and a journal (personal document). Replication logic was utilized for the multiple case study research design. The trustworthiness of the study was enhanced using prolonged engagement in the field, thick description, triangulation, purposeful sampling, field notes and a reflexive journal. A cross-case analysis of the data revealed 3 major themes. These were: (a) learning, (b) motivation, and (c) barriers to implementing coaching points. The findings for theme 1 revealed the participants learned from receiving video-based feedback sessions by being prepared tactically through oppositional analysis reviews, understanding the teams playing style and/or their roles and responsibilities within it, accurately identifying personal and team areas for improvement, learning coaching points, increasing their attention to and retention of coaching points and seeing an accurate account of their performance which had contradicted what they thought during or following a performance. The findings for theme 2 revealed viewing past individual/team successes and other sports teams’ successes had a motivational and positive psychological effect on the participants. Also, the participants were motivated to increase their effort and intensity levels when receiving video-based feedback and stated video reviews should balance positive and negative clips to protect their confidence, self-esteem and motivation. The findings for theme 3 revealed three barriers to the learning and subsequent implementation of coaching points in the coaching process. These were ineffective training sessions, life as an intercollegiate student-athlete and the psychological factors of cognitive anxiety and low self-efficacy. Recommendations included further qualitative studies to track the nuances behind memory retention and the role self-efficacy and other psychological factors play during the learning of coaching points received from video-based feedback sessions at the developmental level of football.

This thesis contends that the contemporary phenomenon of youth football is the fruit of a variety of historical developments over the twentieth century. The manner in which the junior game evolved as an independent subset of the sport in France and America was certainly exemplary of the idiosyncrasies of national sporting culture, football in particular, the general timeline of each country as well as the place of 'youth' in wider society. The present study aims to expand the understanding of the game of football, specifically the youth sector, through a transnational line of enquiry covering the period from circa 1920 to circa 2000. The thesis structure is broadly thematic and chronological. This comparative approach attempts to remain coherent across both countries with a goal of outlining the core issues and major shifts which occurred over the chosen period. Youth football underwent a process of demarcation from the adult or elite game but maintained and furthered specific mechanisms linking the two across sporting, educational, and professional bridges. With the decade of the 1970s serving as a turning point, the youth level achieved a sort of independence while being inextricably fused to the top level. The essence of the growing separation of the youth from the senior level rested on the fundamental notion of 'age' as opposed to 'ability'. The organisation of football around this concept of 'age', and the resulting limitation of participation, provided a basis for 'junior' football as a distinct entity by the last quarter of the twentieth century. Subsequent divisions extended the differences between age categories and created a full competitive youth spectrum for younger and younger players. The game was, as a result, 'juvenilized'. The registration of players and the competitions for which this registration was so important reflected the relevance of 'age'. Throughout this process, though in different ways and at different speeds in the two countries studied, the youth game was drawn away from its roots in the school and as a pillar of the world of education. After the initial interwar and post-war eras, youth football moved toward the worlds of the club and association. This specialisation of the game was also evident in the rules and the equipment, all of which were progressively adapted for a more pedagogically correct, and perhaps commercially oriented, fit. While the youth game separated from the adult footballing world through age classification, distinct competitive spaces, adapted rules and equipment, that expanding gulf was continually bridged in various ways in order to maintain, develop, and create new links between these two increasingly distinct sectors of the sport. The link with the elite and the professional levels was certainly not new, but from the 1970s onwards it was solidified over time and the relationship grew closer as education moved farther away or, at the least, took a back seat to 'professional training'. By the close of the twentieth century, this ultimately placed the youth game as distinct from the adult game. Yet, somewhat contradictorily, it was closer than ever to the elite professional domain. As subject to international, professional and commercial forces, the youth game was fused to elite football. These three forces pulled youth football away from their uniquely national idioms and towards a more globalized arena. Harmonizing the experience across national boundaries, a blend of educational, sporting and professional bridges ensured and furthered the connection between the youth and the adult elite player. From the late nineteenth century's amateur world view - where football and sport were idealized as a means for development of the human being or the vehicle for the transmission of elite social values - the effects of professionalization turned football into an end in itself as a legitimate career. From child's play to a real métier. By the end of the twentieth century, the youth game stood confidently with one foot in each world.

O objetivo desta dissertação é descrever alguns aspectos linguísticos da narração de futebol transmitida por rádio. Para isso, utilizei a partida que gravei (entre outras) disputada pelas equipes do Corinthians-SP e do Flamengo-RJ realizada em 2013, narrada por Deva Pascovici para a rádio CBN. Dessa gravação, o segundo tempo do jogo foi sincronizado com as imagens da transmissão televisiva emitida pela TV Bandeirantes. Realizei essa sincronização no software ELAN, desenvolvido pelo Instituto Max Planck de Psicolinguística. Nesse mesmo software, transcrevi as falas tanto do narrador como dos comentaristas e repórteres. Também as imagens foram transcritas, por meio de um sistema de trilhas que elaborei para as informações visuais baseado no sistema de transcrição desenvolvido pelo Laboratório Linguagem, Interação, Cognição para línguas sinalizadas e outras semióticas visuais (McCleary & Viotti, 2007; McCleary et al., 2010). Os aspectos linguísticos descritos neste trabalho dizem respeito a elementos dos eventos de fala para além do conteúdo segmental como faceta relevante dos processos de significação da narração. Nesse sentido, descrevo o encadeamento dos enquadramentos de visualização (Langacker, 2001) e a prosódia como unidades linguísticas em uma visão mais ampla da narração e os usos da expressão pra fora e do verbo sair ao aproximar o foco dos processos de construal (Langacker, 2000, 2008; Taylor, 2002). Esta dissertação mostra que a narração de eventos em tempo real para um ouvinte que não os presencia necessita não apenas dos conhecimentos compartilhados entre falante e ouvinte sobre o contexto de produção da narração, mas também de estratégias específicas para convencionalizar unidades linguísticas para além do uso corriqueiro da língua. / This dissertation describes some linguistic aspects of football (soccer) radio live commentary. The broadcast of a match between the Corinthians-SP and Flamengo-RJ teams, which occurred in 2013, was recorded live. The main commentator was Deva Pascovic, on CBN radio station. The second half of that match was synchronized with the television shootage, exhibited by TV Bandeirantes. That synchronization was made on the ELAN software, developed by the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics. On the same software, a transcription of the speech from the live commentator as well as from other commentators and reporters was made. The video shootage was also transcribed, through a tiers system developed during this study for visual information on football TV broadcast based on the transcription system under development in the Language, Interaction, Cognition Lab at the University of São Paulo (McCleary & Viotti, 2007; McCleary et al., 2010). Some linguistic aspects described in this study are related to speech events elements beyond the segmental content as relevant facets of the signifying process in football live commentary. The study describes then the sequencing of viewing frames (Langacker, 2001) and prosody as linguistic unities in a broader view of the live commentaries and usage events of the expressions pra fora and sair when the research focus was approximated to the construal (Langacker, 2000, 2008; Taylor, 2002) processes. We show that events live commentary made to a listener who does not experience them in presence needs not only shared knowledge beteween speaker and hearer about the speaking event context, but also specific strategies in order to conventionalize linguistic unities that go beyond the language usage of everyday.

Os clubes de futebol nacionais, de modo geral, enfrentam problemas de gestão e financeiros. As boas práticas de governança podem ser uma resposta para esses problemas ao colaborar com a reconstrução administrativa e financeira dessas organizações. Entretanto, algumas adaptações podem ser necessárias nesse processo, devido às especificidades do setor, principalmente quando se considera que os tradicionais códigos de governança corporativa tendem a ser mais direcionados para organizações com finalidade lucrativa e capital aberto, enquanto a maior parte dos clubes nacionais é constituída juridicamente no formato de associação. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho se propôs a elaborar um modelo específico de boas práticas de governança adequado às características organizacionais e ao contexto ambiental dos clubes de futebol profissional. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de caráter qualitativo, exploratório, aplicado e interdisciplinar. Em uma primeira fase, foi utilizado o levantamento bibliográfico, que serviu de base para a construção do modelo de governança proposto, na segunda fase, por meio do método comparativo. Na terceira fase ocorreu a submissão do modelo proposto a especialistas, com base em um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada. Os dados coletados nesse processo foram objeto de uma análise de conteúdo, na quarta fase, quando foram realizados ajustes no modelo que teve algumas de suas práticas (relativas à limitação do direito a voto) checadas em termos de adoção junto aos principais clubes nacionais. A versão final do modelo proposto está dividida em cinco dimensões principais: cultura organizacional e práticas de gestão; sustentabilidade financeira; direitos dos associados; conselhos (administrativo, deliberativo e fiscal); e auditoria. O modelo elaborado respondeu ao problema de pesquisa ao apresentar características adequadas ao setor, sugerindo que, por meio da adaptação de práticas tradicionais de governança, um modelo específico para o setor é viável, tendendo a possuir algumas dimensões e práticas comuns às dos principais códigos de governança. Os resultados sugerem a adequabilidade e a aplicabilidade do modelo, de forma que esse possa servir como subsídio para um eventual marco normativo regulatório que compreenda aspectos relacionados à governança dos clubes de futebol profissional. / In general, Brazilian soccer clubs face financial and management problems. Good governance practices can be an answer to these problems since they aid in the administrative and financial restructuring of these organizations. On the other hand, some adaptations may be necessary in this process, due to the specificities of this business, mainly when it is thought that the traditional governance codes tend to be more suitable to publicly-held and profit-aiming corporations, while most of the Brazilian soccer clubs are, legally, associations. Having this in mind, the objective of the present study was to elaborate a specific model of good governance practices which is adequate to the organizational characteristics and to the environmental context of the professional soccer clubs. A qualitative, exploratory, applied and interdisciplinary research was carried out. In the first stage, a bibliographic research was carried out. The data collected in this research were used, in the second stage, as basis for the construction of the proposed governance model, using the comparative method. In the third stage, the proposed model was sent to experts, based on a semi-structured interview script. In the fourth stage, the data collected in this process were analyzed according to the content analysis method and adjustments were made to the model. Some of its practices (relative to the limitations in the right to vote) were verified in terms of acceptance within the main Brazilian clubs. The final version of the proposed model is divided into five main dimensions: organizational culture and management practices; financial sustainability, members rights; boards (advisory, deliberative and audit committee); and independent audit. The model created answered to the research problem by presenting adequate characteristics to this business, suggesting that, through adaptations made in traditional governance practices, a specific model for this particular business is feasible, tending to have some dimensions and practices common to the main governance codes. The results suggest the adequacy and applicability of the model, so it can be useful as subsidy for a possible regulatory normative milestone which comprises aspects related to the governance of professional soccer clubs.

O objetivo desta dissertação é descrever alguns aspectos linguísticos da narração de futebol transmitida por rádio. Para isso, utilizei a partida que gravei (entre outras) disputada pelas equipes do Corinthians-SP e do Flamengo-RJ realizada em 2013, narrada por Deva Pascovici para a rádio CBN. Dessa gravação, o segundo tempo do jogo foi sincronizado com as imagens da transmissão televisiva emitida pela TV Bandeirantes. Realizei essa sincronização no software ELAN, desenvolvido pelo Instituto Max Planck de Psicolinguística. Nesse mesmo software, transcrevi as falas tanto do narrador como dos comentaristas e repórteres. Também as imagens foram transcritas, por meio de um sistema de trilhas que elaborei para as informações visuais baseado no sistema de transcrição desenvolvido pelo Laboratório Linguagem, Interação, Cognição para línguas sinalizadas e outras semióticas visuais (McCleary & Viotti, 2007; McCleary et al., 2010). Os aspectos linguísticos descritos neste trabalho dizem respeito a elementos dos eventos de fala para além do conteúdo segmental como faceta relevante dos processos de significação da narração. Nesse sentido, descrevo o encadeamento dos enquadramentos de visualização (Langacker, 2001) e a prosódia como unidades linguísticas em uma visão mais ampla da narração e os usos da expressão pra fora e do verbo sair ao aproximar o foco dos processos de construal (Langacker, 2000, 2008; Taylor, 2002). Esta dissertação mostra que a narração de eventos em tempo real para um ouvinte que não os presencia necessita não apenas dos conhecimentos compartilhados entre falante e ouvinte sobre o contexto de produção da narração, mas também de estratégias específicas para convencionalizar unidades linguísticas para além do uso corriqueiro da língua. / This dissertation describes some linguistic aspects of football (soccer) radio live commentary. The broadcast of a match between the Corinthians-SP and Flamengo-RJ teams, which occurred in 2013, was recorded live. The main commentator was Deva Pascovic, on CBN radio station. The second half of that match was synchronized with the television shootage, exhibited by TV Bandeirantes. That synchronization was made on the ELAN software, developed by the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics. On the same software, a transcription of the speech from the live commentator as well as from other commentators and reporters was made. The video shootage was also transcribed, through a tiers system developed during this study for visual information on football TV broadcast based on the transcription system under development in the Language, Interaction, Cognition Lab at the University of São Paulo (McCleary & Viotti, 2007; McCleary et al., 2010). Some linguistic aspects described in this study are related to speech events elements beyond the segmental content as relevant facets of the signifying process in football live commentary. The study describes then the sequencing of viewing frames (Langacker, 2001) and prosody as linguistic unities in a broader view of the live commentaries and usage events of the expressions pra fora and sair when the research focus was approximated to the construal (Langacker, 2000, 2008; Taylor, 2002) processes. We show that events live commentary made to a listener who does not experience them in presence needs not only shared knowledge beteween speaker and hearer about the speaking event context, but also specific strategies in order to conventionalize linguistic unities that go beyond the language usage of everyday.