Decades of market research have investigated how music can influence consumer purchase, food consumption, and alcoholic drinking. Before market researchers declared music an influencer of atmospheric perception, sociologists discovered the sway of music on crowd collective action in sporting events, political rallies, and societal unrest. There remains a lack of research on how live music may influence football fan behavior during a game. Therefore, this study observed the number of behavioral responses from university students elicited by a university marching band’s music prompts (N = 11) at an American university football game. By recording observations of behavior in the student section during home football games, this investigation found that from the total number of music prompts observed (n =202), 50% (n =100) of the music prompts elicited a behavioral response from the student section.

According to conventional wisdom, football fans exhibit perpetual loyalty to the clubs that they choose to support. These prevailing beliefs are largely the product of the fanaticism and intense partisanship that fans display. However, in South Africa, the reality is that the majority of the football teams are either failing to harness this loyalty, or that the loyalty levels that their fans display, contradict conventional wisdom. Due to the important role that these fans play in revenue generation, there is a need for leadership at these clubs to better understand this lucrative market. The objective of this study was to establish whether the loyalty levels displayed by fans in South Africa correspond with, or contradict, conventional wisdom. The limited understanding of the matter within a South African context means that clubs lack the required understanding of their respective fan bases. This creates a situation, which stifles the efficacy of management to implement positive changes. This study was anchored in the model of Stewart and Smith (2007) of sport fans' motivations. There are three core dimensions distinguished by the model. These relate to psychological, socio-cultural and social motives, all of which facilitate the process of an individual becoming a fan; and then subsequently remaining loyal. A qualitative research approach was used to collect the data for this study. An interview guide was used to collect the information from the fans and the top management of Cape Town City Football Club through face-to-face interviews. Each interview was recorded with the aid of a voice recorder and all the data collected were then transcribed. The findings from the study show that fans demonstrate more support to Cape Town City Football Club when the team is winning, as opposed to when it is going through a rough patch. Conclusively, the lack of understanding of fans in football clubs means that it is difficult to communicate in an all-inclusive way, considering that not all fans are the same. Based on the findings, the study suggests that leadership at South African football clubs should allow for open dialogues to be created, in which the issues can be discussed; so that practices implemented would better serve the target population.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-10-30T14:48:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Luís César de Souza - 2014.pdf: 1481655 bytes, checksum: f4e72c8a00a5fbaddf7feef5e909b2e4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-10-30T14:49:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Luís César de Souza - 2014.pdf: 1481655 bytes, checksum: f4e72c8a00a5fbaddf7feef5e909b2e4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-30T14:49:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Luís César de Souza - 2014.pdf: 1481655 bytes, checksum: f4e72c8a00a5fbaddf7feef5e909b2e4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-25 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Attributed to organized fan clubs, the violence in soccer matches has been regularly and widely broadcasted by the media, however, this debate is laden with controversies about the responsibility of those scuffles, their motivations and authorships. In view of this, the theme whose reflections of this thesis are developed upon, are the mediations – the apparent and non apparent ones – that are established between the actions of organized soccer fans, the violence in football-entertainment produced by the cultural industry and contemporary society. Our broader objective was to realize some motivations for violence in soccer matches from organized football fan clubs’ demonstrations of the three most prominent teams in the State of Goiás: Atlético Clube Goianiense, Goiás Esporte Clube e Vila Nova Futebol Clube. Major studies on the phenomenon indicate that the violence can’t be observed as “from” soccer, but "in" soccer matches. However, from a critical theory of the Frankfurt School's society, particularly on the reflections of H. Marcuse, T. W. Adorno e M. Horkheimer, we argue that violence has a social cause, it finds relations on the individual, therefore, it’s dependent on the social context and gets a new meaning due the subjective dynamics. As violence in soccer matches and scuffles between organized fans are the obvious aspect of this phenomenon, we consider them as the "starting point". We fell back upon the empirical research to follow up the role that those organized fan clubs play in the expansion of violence and to understand how the main subjects involved in this process realize the phenomenon. We have observed matches of those three teams in state and national competitions; we’ve interviewed presidents, directors, members and former members of organized fan clubs, club officers, people in charge of the stadium security; television media workers, and a questionnaire was applied to the more organic members of those fan clubs. Among the main discussion, we highlight, in broad scenery, the intensification of soccer as an article of trade in the age of media spectacle, shaping a scenario of cultural soccer industry, and the formation of individuality in those administered societies that seem to be more available to belong to clusters of people. Specifically, we highlight the conflicts of organized fan clubs with the police and the media, the manifestation of hypothetically uncontrollable feelings, the revelation that the scuffles are tolerated under certain circumstances and the emphasis on that the violence in soccer matches is due to a minority of criminals infiltrated in fan clubs, reason why the repression and punishment were the most remembered actions to fight it – to the detriment of cultural background or structural inequalities stimulated by the current social production style. As a "finish point", we have sought the contradictions hidden behind the motivations and justifications for the scuffles and we emphasize the fundamental role of the education as a counterpoint to violence and barbarism. This thesis was supervised by the teacher Ph.D. Sílvia Rosa Silva Zanolla and developed in the research line of Culture and Educational Processes of Doctorate in Education at the UFG – Universidade Federal de Goiás. / A violência no futebol atribuída às torcidas organizadas tem sido recorrente e amplamente divulgada pelos meios de comunicação, todavia, esse debate é carregado de controvérsias sobre a responsabilidade dos confrontos, suas motivações e autorias. Diante disso, o tema em torno do qual as reflexões desta tese se desenvolvem são as mediações – perceptíveis e não evidentes – que se estabelecem entre as ações de torcedores organizados, a violência no futebol espetáculo produzido pela indústria cultural e a sociedade contemporânea. Nosso objetivo mais amplo foi compreender algumas motivações da violência no futebol a partir das manifestações de torcedores organizados dos três times de maior destaque em Goiás: Atlético Clube Goianiense, Goiás Esporte Clube e Vila Nova Futebol Clube. Os principais estudos sobre o fenômeno assinalam que a violência não pode ser considerada como “do” futebol, mas “no” futebol. Contudo, a partir da teoria crítica da sociedade da Escola de Frankfurt, sobretudo pelas reflexões de H. Marcuse, T. W. Adorno e M. Horkheimer, argumentamos que se a violência tem uma causa social, ela encontra correspondência no indivíduo, sendo, portanto, tributária do contexto social objetivo e ressignificada pela dinâmica subjetiva. Como a violência no futebol e os confrontos entre torcedores organizados constituem a face evidente do fenômeno, os consideramos como “ponto de partida”. Recorremos à investigação empírica para acompanhar o papel que as torcidas organizadas desempenham na ampliação da violência e entender como os principais sujeitos envolvidos nesse processo percebem o fenômeno. Observamos jogos em competições estadual e nacional dos três times; entrevistamos presidentes, diretores, membros e ex-membros das torcidas organizadas; dirigentes de clubes; responsáveis pela segurança no estádio; profissionais da mídia televisiva; além do uso de questionário com os membros mais orgânicos dessas torcidas. Entre as principais discussões, destacamos, num plano amplo, a intensificação do futebol como mercadoria na era do espetáculo midiático, configurando um cenário de indústria cultural do futebol, e a formação da individualidade nas sociedades administradas que se mostra mais disponível para pertencer a agrupamentos de massa. De modo específico, ressaltamos os conflitos dos torcedores organizados com a polícia e com a mídia, a manifestação de sentimentos supostamente incontroláveis, a revelação de que os confrontos são tolerados sob certas circunstâncias e a ênfase no argumento de que a violência no futebol se deve a uma minoria de criminosos infiltrados nas torcidas, motivo pelo qual a repressão e a punição foram as medidas mais lembradas para combatê-la – em detrimento da formação cultural ou das desigualdades estruturais engendradas pelo modo de produção social vigente. Como “ponto de chegada”, procuramos pelas contradições que se escondem por trás das motivações e justificativas para os confrontos e ressaltamos o papel fundamental da educação como contraponto à violência e à barbárie. Esta tese foi orientada pela Profª. Drª. Sílvia Rosa Silva Zanolla e desenvolvida na linha de pesquisa Cultura e Processos Educativos do Doutorado em Educação da Universidade Federal de Goiás.

Thesis "Social work with football fans in the European Union countries as an inspiration for the Czech Republic" is about specific kind of social work with football fans and so called fan projects. Work consists of introduction of specifics of football fans, resp. hooligans when describes history of this area and also the most recent situation. This is followed by theoretical and fundamental part of the work that describes working projects or projects that can be taken as an example. This part includes international projects of fan's embassies and explains the concept of fan project of fan management. This is covering also social prevention and contact work suitable for fan project. Description of the target group of fan projects, their financing and summary of recommended competence of fan worker. The end of theoretical part describes in details a fan project which comes from contact work and youths clubs. It includes description of activities that are offered, services and how it is served. This is the most important part of the whole work as it brings exact description for realization that can be used for a future projects. The practical part completes theoretical part and investigates level of information of football club in this social work area, their opinion on role and responsibilities of...

Thesis "Social work with football fans in the European Union countries as an inspiration for the Czech Republic" is about specific kind of social work with football fans and so called fanprojects. Work is focusing on description of topics and projects realized at international Europe level, following by description of situation in England, Italy and Germany. Projects mentioned in work are either already working or are mentioned as inspiration for CZ. Work explaining approach in each country including description of organization activities. Projects that are covering this topic in Czech Republic, are also listed in work. Also international project of fans embassy as an example of social service with football fans are included in work. Fan project including example of best practices is part of the work. Practical part of work - qualitative research is supplementing theoretical part and it is coming in several parts. Part of research is describing attitude of football clubs for this king of social work, part is describing interviews with employees of organization working with football fans in Europe. Another part is analyzing documents of specific Fanclub and analyze of email communication with members of fans associations. Practical part is complementing theoretical part. At the end there is...