Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-11T13:34:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Geraldo Martins.pdf: 2758105 bytes, checksum: 4e586fcda70973bcd0b330ad69b0e52c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-11T13:34:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Geraldo Martins.pdf: 2758105 bytes, checksum: 4e586fcda70973bcd0b330ad69b0e52c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-21 / The objective of this study was to identify and analyze the abundance of dipteran family Calliphoridae present along the decomposing carcass of pigs in the Cariri, Paraiba State, Brazil, in two periods: rainy and dry. The study was conducted in Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural (RPPN) Fazenda Almas, in São José dos Cordeiros-PB. We used two pig carcasses (Sus scrofa) by period, protected from scavengers by a metal cage inside trap like "Shannon". Samples were collected daily, twice a day, for eleven days in both periods. The meteorological data of precipitation were obtained at the Centro de Previsão e Estudos Climáticos do INMET and temperature and relative humidity were obtained in situ using a digital hygrometer. The insects collected were placed in the laboratory of entomology of UFPB and identified as well. We collected 8.811 individuals of the family Calliphoridae, belonging to six species (Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819), Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius, 1775), Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann, 1818), Chloroprocta idioidea (Robineau-Devoidy, 1830), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) e Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann, 1818)), which were presented the in both the periods, although a relative abundance of species was higher in the rainy period (4.706). We measured the abundance of species per period, where C. albiceps was the most abundant in the dry period (3.244/36, 81%) and C. idioidea in the rainy period (2.860/32, 45%). There were five stages of decomposition: fresh, chromatic, emphysematous, coliquative and skeletonization stage. The emphysematous was the stage where we most collected Calliphoridae (3.923/44, 52%), followed by skeletonization (3.458/39, 25%), chromatic (726 / 8.24%), coliquative (627/7, 12%) and fresh (77/0, 87%). It was also found that the highest abundance of C. idioidea occurred on the highest elevation of relative humidity and rainfall. This study is the first survey of the region of Caatinga in Paraiba state using active collecting, these results will serve to enrich the data to local forensic entomology and will contribute to the understanding the fauna of the region carrion flies. / Objetivou-se com este estudo inventariar e analisar a abundancia de dípteros da família Calliphoridae presentes ao longo da decomposição da carcaça de suínos na região do Cariri, estado da Paraíba, Brasil, em dois períodos: chuvoso e seco. O estudo foi desenvolvido na Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural (RPPN) na Fazenda Almas, no município de São José dos Cordeiros-PB. Foram utilizadas duas carcaças de suíno (Sus scrofa) por período, protegidas de animais carniceiros por uma gaiola metálica no interior de armadilha do tipo “Shannon”. As coletas foram realizadas diariamente, duas vezes ao dia, durante onze dias em ambos os períodos. Os dados meteorológicos de precipitação foram obtidos no Centro de Previsão de Tempo e de Estudos Climáticos do INMET e a temperatura e umidade relativa do ar foram obtidas in loco utilizando-se um termohigrômetro digital. Os insetos coletados foram encaminhados mediante autorização ao laboratório de entomologia da UFPB e posteriormente identificados e parte deles depositada na coleção de referencia. Foram coletados 8.811 indivíduos da família Calliphoridae, pertencentes a seis espécies: Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819), Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius, 1775), Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann, 1818), Chloroprocta idioidea (Robineau-Devoidy, 1830), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) e Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann, 1818), as quais estiveram presentes em ambos os períodos, porém a abundância relativa de espécies foi maior no período chuvoso (4.706/53,4%). Verificou-se a abundância de algumas espécies por período, onde a C. albiceps foi a espécie mais abundante no período seco (3.244/36,81%) e C. idioidea no período chuvoso (2.860/32,45%). Observaram-se cinco fases de decomposição: fresca, cromática, enfisematosa, coliquativa e esqueletização. A enfisematosa foi a fase onde mais se coletou Calliphoridae (3.923/44,52%), seguida pela esqueletização (3.458/39,25%), cromática (726/8,24%), coliquativa (627/7,12%) e fresca (77/0,87%). Constatou-se também que a maior abundancia de C. idioidea ocorreu no dia de maior elevação da umidade relativa e precipitação. Este é o primeiro estudo de levantamento realizado com coleta ativa em região de Caatinga paraibana, cujos resultados permitirão enriquecer os dados da entomologia forense local e contribuirão para o entendimento da fauna de dípteros necrófagos da região.

Orientador: Patrícia Jacqueline Thyssen / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T13:21:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Grella_MaiconDiego_M.pdf: 5100969 bytes, checksum: 37d1acc8cdeb7eba3791c8e14b39db4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Muitos levantamentos faunísticos de dípteros que foram e têm sido realizados atualmente no Brasil são precários por relatarem a presença de espécimes até níveis taxonômicos superiores ao de espécie. Dentre uma série de dificuldades que contribuem para isso estão a ausência de chaves taxonômicas para certos grupos e a insuficiência na descrição de caracteres em algumas das chaves existentes. Assim, o avanço de quaisquer outros trabalhos que queiram investigar a biologia, ecologia ou dinâmica desses organismos na natureza ou em laboratório estará comprometido, já que não é possível associar tais estudos a categorias abstratas tal como 'morfotipos'. As chaves taxonômicas interativas, elaboradas com auxílio de programas computacionais, quando comparadas às convencionais podem ser extremamente vantajosas por apresentarem banco de imagens, glossário de termos técnicos, serem mais dinâmicas no processo de inserção de novos caracteres, além de permitirem ao usuário a seleção de qualquer caráter sem uma ordem pré-determinada, garantindo maior flexibilidade durante o processo de identificação. Para elaboração das chaves interativas usando a plataforma JAVA e software Lucid® foram levantados caracteres e estados de caracteres para 20 espécies de moscas (Diptera: Calliphoridae) registradas para o Brasil, quer sejam de importância médica, veterinária ou forense. A identificação de algumas espécies de califorídeos usando a plataforma computacional não foi significativamente mais rápida quando comparada a feita por meio das chaves dicotômicas tradicionais, porém o número de erros de diagnóstico foi menor entre os usuários de chaves interativas. De qualquer modo, a chave interativa ainda pode ser superior por apresentar opções tais como exclusão, seleção ou priorização de caracteres sem exigir que o usuário siga uma ordem específica ou pré-determinada. O desenvolvimento de quaisquer ferramentas que auxiliem na busca pela identificação de um organismo, principalmente entre estudantes e profissionais não taxonomistas, é ainda mais valioso por fornecer um melhor entendimento para o conhecimento da diversidade de determinados grupos e para a descoberta de espécies novas na natureza. O trabalho final encontra-se disponível e publicado na web / Abstract: Many of the dipteran faunistic surveys carried out in the past, and the ones being conducted at the present in Brazil are precarious, because they report on the presence of specimens at taxonomic levels higher than species. The reasons for that are the lack of taxonomic keys to certain groups, and insufficient descriptions of morphological characters in some of the extant keys. Thus, the success of any study that aims to investigate the biology, ecology, and dynamics of these organisms in nature or in laboratory will be damaged, because it is not possible to associate these studies with abstract categories such as 'morphotypes'. Interactive taxonomic keys, prepared with the aid of computer programs, can be extremely advantageous when compared to conventional keys, because they contain image banks, glossary of technical terms, are more dynamic in the process of adding new characters, and allow the selection of any character without a predetermined order, ensuring greater flexibility during the identification process. For the production of interactive keys using JAVA platform and Lucid¿ software, we determined characters and states of characters for 20 species of flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of medical, veterinary and forensic importance from Brazil. The identification process using a Java platform was not significantly faster when compared to that done by traditional dichotomous keys, but the number of diagnostic errors was lower among users of interactive keys. Anyway, the interactive key may be superior to present options such as deletion, selection or prioritization of characters without requiring the user to follow a specific or predetermined order. The development of any tools that can aid in the identification of an organism, especially for students and non-taxonomist professionals, is even more valuable by providing a better understanding on the diversity of certain groups and on the discovery of new species in nature. The final work will be available and posted on the web / Mestrado / Parasitologia / Mestre em Parasitologia

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:31:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_sabrina_pires_capa.pdf: 403567 bytes, checksum: 5752dd89517a54f40cd0632e1db1c1c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-30 / The blowflies are the first insects to compose the faunistic succession of human cadavers, thus helping to determine the postmortem interval (PMI). However, failing to consider larval post-feeding dispersal can compromise medical-criminal inquiries. In order to investigate the relationship between post- feeding Lucilia sericata larvae and their weight, radial dispersion and depth, an artificial arena was built simulating the natural environment. We observed a difference in mean pupal weight between males (30.28mg) and females (32.35mg). We also observed that the majority of pupae were recovered a distance of 33 to 45cm from the center of the arena, and at a depth of 6 to 8cm from the surface. However, we observed no differences in radial dispersion and depth of pupation between males, females or unviable individuals. Correlation analysis between weight and distance (r = 0.246) and between weight and depth (r = 0.321) was directly proportional, suggesting that heavier pupae dispersed farther and deeper than lighter pupae. The experiment also allowed us to conclude that a circular arena permitted larval dispersion all directions. / Os dípteros califorídeos são os primeiros indivíduos a compor a sucessão faunística dos cadáveres humanos auxiliando assim na estimativa do intervalo pós- morte. Porém, a não consideração da dispersão pós-alimentar de larvas pode comprometer as investigações médico-criminais. Diante disto uma arena circular, simulando o ambiente natural, foi montada em laboratório a fim de verificar-se a dispersão larval radial pós-alimentar de Lucilia sericata, tentando assim estabelecer relações entre as variáveis peso, distância e profundidade de enterramento na arena. Os resultados demonstraram que a maioria das pupas foram recuperadas a uma profundidade compreendida entre 6cm e 8cm e a uma distância entre 33cm e 45cm do centro da arena. Não houve diferenças significativas quanto a propagação e profundidade de enterramento de machos, fêmeas e indivíduos inviáveis. Com relação ao peso, verificou-se que a média das fêmeas (x = 32,35mg) foi superior a dos machos (x = 30,28mg). A análise de correlação entre peso e distância percorrida (r = 0,246) e entre peso e profundidade (r = 0,321) foi diretamente proporcional, ou seja pupas mais pesadas propagaram e se aprofundaram mais. O experimento permitiu ainda concluir que uma arena circular possibilita o deslocamento das larvas em todas as direções.

<div>Forensic entomology is a subdiscipline of entomology that involves the use of insect behavior and developmental data to aid in criminal investigations. Genetic data has become increasingly important to the field as there has been a push for DNA-based species identification methods of forensically relevant insects. Genetic data can also elucidate population structure and relatedness of these insects, and such knowledge can contribute to the development of more specific datasets for insects in different regions. The first study presented here investigated the phylogenetics of sister species <i>Lucilia cuprina</i> and <i>Lucilia sericata</i> to identify possible subspecies divisions and issues with DNA-based identifications in the United States. The initial aim of this study was to identify genetic differences between specimens of <i>L. cuprina</i> that preferred live versus carrion flesh. Flies collected from Indiana, USA and South Africa were sequenced and analyzed. Upon sequencing of the genes <i>COI, Period,</i> and <i>28s,</i> our results indicated that <i>L. cuprina</i> from Indiana possess a unique combination of nuclear and mitochondrial haplotypes that suggest a unique lineage, possibly indicating modern hybridization with <i>L. sericata. </i>The inability of both nuclear and mitochondrial genes to distinguish between <i>L. cuprina</i> and <i>L. sericata</i> raises questions about the capabilities of DNA-based species identifications within this genus. Additionally, the inability of these genes to distinguish between specimens that preferred live versus carrion flesh highlights a need for continued research of these behavioral differences. The second study presented here investigated the population structure and relatedness of house flies in the American southwest in relation to a civil lawsuit where neighbors of a poultry farm alleged that flies were emanating from the farm to their homes. <i>Musca domestica</i> (house fly) specimens were collected from the chicken farm and from locations in varying directions and distances from the farm. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was performed and the data were used in a number of analyses. Population reallocation simulations generally indicated that samples from different locations were not genetically different enough from other locations to allocate to their true origin population over others. Kinship analysis showed differences in samples collected in a later season that indicate a genetic bottleneck over time. Population structure analysis indicated the presence of two intermixing genetic populations in the dataset. AMOVA revealed that the majority of genetic variation laid within, rather than among, populations. A Mantel test revealed no significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances. These results indicate that the <i>M. domestica</i> population in this region of southwestern America is large and intermixing, with no clear genetic distinctions between specimens collected at the poultry farm versus the surrounding locations. In regard to the civil lawsuit, it was not possible to conclude that the flies did not emanate from the poultry farm. In a broader perspective, these data can be utilized to develop pest management strategies in this region. Overall, the data from both studies presented here will be useful to forensic investigations, development of more specific and detailed data and identification techniques, and pest control measures.</div>

Unmittelbar nach den Tode beginnen im Koerper chemische Prozesse. Waehrend der Zersetung des Gewebes gehen vom Koerper verschieden Gerueche aus - je nach Dekompositionsstadium. Da aasfressende Insektenarten durch diese charakteristischen Gerueche angelockt werden, kann ihre vorhersehbare Sukzession zusammen mit unserem Wissen ueber ihre Entwicklung genutzt werden, Rueckschlusse auf den post mortem interval (PMI) zu fuehren. Solche Berechnungen anhand von Insektenarten und ihrer Larvenentwicklung basieren auf experimentell ermittelten Daten, da das Auftreten der Arten und Temperaturadaptationen lokal variieren koennen. Jedoch sind die Zusammenhaenge zwichen den aeusseren Bedingungen, die die Dekompostion beeinflussen, und den resultierenden Geruechen unbekannt, und somit entsteht auch eine Luecke in unserem Wissen ueber die Besiedelung des Koerpers durch Insekten. Diese Studie beleuchtet die Zersetzungsprozesse in Zusammenhang auf Klima, die Produktion von fluechtigen Geruchssubstanzen der verschiedenen Dekompositionsstadien und der Attraktivitaet der fuer die Gerueche verantwortlichen Substanzen auf Aasinsekten, beispielhaft gezeigt anhand der Kaisergoldfliege Lucilia caesar Linneus, 1758 (Diptera: Calliphoridae. Weiterhin soll gezeigt werden, dass Individuen der gleichen Insektenart, die einen zersetzenden Koerper besiedeln, von verschiedenen Geruchsmustern, und somit verschiedenen Dekompositionsstadien, angelockt werden, abhaengig vonGeschlecht, Ernaehrung und Entwicklungszustand (vittellogene Phase und Paarungszustand). Die Ergebnisse tragen zum Verstaendnis von geruschssinn- und physiologisch gesteurtem Verhalten der Insekten sowie der Dekompositionsprozesse bei und ermoeglichen zuverlaessigere Leichenliegezeitbestimmungen. / After death a body undergoes chemical processes, which depend on oxygen, bacteria, temperature, humidity, and more. The longer a body remained undetected, the more important it is to know these parameters to estimate the time of death. During the decay, a dead body emits a series of odour types, depending on the stage of decomposition. As necrophagous insect species are attracted by the characteristical decomposition odour, we use their predictable succession on a corpse and our knowledge about the larval development rates to draw conclusions about the post mortem interval (PMI). These estimations are based on case-studies and locally collected data as insect succession and development can vary due to external circumstances, as well as distribution and local temperature-adaptation of the insects. However, the interactions between external factors and the resulting emission of different odours and therefore on insect settlements is largely unknown. This study gives new insights on decomposition processes according to climate conditions, the production of volatile odour pattern of distinct decay stages and the attraction of necrophagous insects, exemplified on Lucilia caesar Linneus, 1758 (Diptera: Calliphoridae), to these odours and separated volatile compounds. Furthermore it is shown that insects of the same species, settling a dead body, are attracted by different odour pattern, thus by different decomposition stages, depending on their sex, nutrition and development stage (vittellogenous phase and mating status). The results contribute to the understanding of insect behaviour mediated by odour and physiological parameters, decomposition processes and help making reliable estimates of the exact time of death.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Phormia regina (Meigen), commonly known as the black blow fly is a dipteran that belongs to the family Calliphoridae. Calliphorids play an important role in various research fields including ecology, medical studies, veterinary and forensic sciences. P. regina, a non-model organism, is one of the most common forensically relevant insects in North America and is typically used to assist in estimating postmortem intervals (PMI). To better understand the roles P. regina plays in the numerous research fields, we re-constructed its genome using next generation sequencing technologies. The focus was on generating a reference genome through de novo assembly of high-throughput short read sequences. Following assembly, genetic markers were identified in the form of microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to aid in future population genetic surveys of P. regina. A total 530 million 100 bp paired-end reads were obtained from five pooled male and female P. regina flies using the Illumina HiSeq2000 sequencing platform. A 524 Mbp draft genome was assembled using both sexes with 11,037 predicted genes. The draft reference genome assembled from this study provides an important resource for investigating the genetic diversity that exists between and among blow fly species; and empowers the understanding of their genetic basis in terms of adaptations, population structure and evolution. The genomic tools will facilitate the analysis of genome-wide studies using modern genomic techniques to boost a refined understanding of the evolutionary processes underlying genomic evolution between blow flies and other insect species.