Thesis (M.M.S.) - Carleton University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-80). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1991. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 49-50). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2010. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-72). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-118).

Thesis (M.S.)--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2007. / Typescript. Chairperson, Graduate Committee: David E. Buschena. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-99).

Thesis (M.Sc. (Environmental Science)), Rhodes University, 2007.

The initiation of more cooperative relations between the companies and the union (IWA-Canada) in the B.C. solid wood products sector, on the one hand, and between these two and the federal government, on the other hand, appears to signal an end to the "exceptionalism" which precluded the establishment of "corporatism" in Canadian industry. As the sector has been under tremendous pressure from various structural and technological changes, as well as interest groups both inside the forest industry and outside of it, does this change in industrial relations provide a model for the future forest industry or is it an impediment to change, as many critics contend. This thesis will explore the formation of "Fordist" industrial relations in the sector and the present "crisis" in Fordism as it relates to the sector, in order to understand the factors impelling cooperative industrial relations, and how these factors will affect these relations in the future. As these factors are undermining Fordism, they might also undermine the tentative, defensive cooperation between the three parties. In place of this exclusive policy-making regime a new, broad-based, decentralized, and more democratically controlled forest sector might emerge which will encourage cooperative industrial relations, but without the dominance of the old Fordist structures. The ensuing changes will widely affect economic, political and social relations throughout the province. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

The Latin American market for forest products is evaluated with emphasis on the economic, social, and political aspects influencing demand and trade. Canada's political, cultural and commercial relationships with Latin America are investigated and it is concluded that, currently, among the most important factors restricting a possible increase in trade with the area are: Canadian detachment from the Inter-American System and political isolation; reduced commerce with all countries south of the United States; trade patterns imposed by economic growth and by bilateral cooperation; and economic integration among the countries of the region. Trends indicate that as Latin America increases its financial wealth and income is distributed along more equitable lines, demand for industrial forest products will rise considerably. Estimates of demand for 1965, 1975 and 1985 are given. Emphasis is placed in distinguishing between six types of forest products: sawnwood; plywood and veneer; particle board; and wood pulp and paper. Identical treatment is given to the presentation of future estimates of production and net regional deficits. Net deficits in forest products are anticipated to be, by 1975, 50 thousand m³ of plywood and veneer; 150 thousand m³ of particle board; 400 thousand m³ of fibre board; 192 thousand tons of pulp; and 1.279 million tons of newsprint. The sawnwood sector is expected to supply all domestic demand and hopefully export to other regions of the world. Future import requirements are evaluated under the assumption that all regional producers will sell their production in Latin America, therefore, the trade deficits forecast are minimal. If, however, any producing country sells forest products outside the area, net deficits are expected to increase. Because Chile is the only net exporter of industrial forest products in Latin America, its future capacity for production is evaluated. Considerable, and in some cases total, competition to Canadian forest products in Latin America should be expected from Chilean exports. The Latin American Free Trade Association agreements are the key to the marketing success of such exports. The competitive characteristics of Canadian forest products are appraised and compared to those of other important suppliers to Latin America. Provided that the present trends in production and transportation costs remain unchanged, Canada should find no great difficulty in competing with the United States, the Baltic countries, or the Soviet Union in Latin America. Canada's position relative to Chile is also stressed and special references to the Central American common Market and Latin America Free Trade Association tariff regimes are made. It is concluded that there are excellent opportunities for Canada to increase its trade in forest products with the Latin American countries, particularly with respect to newsprint and other pulp and paper products. In order to realize this potential, however, it would be necessary for the Canadian forest industries to develop a more aggressive sales strategy in the region. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

Rational use of Nigeria's forest resources is analyzed with the objective of identifying policies towards wood products exports which should enhance the contribution of the forestry and forest industries sector to the economy. From an examination of the role of international trade and expansion of exports in economic development, it is concluded that the experience of currently underdeveloped countries does not vindicate the 'classical' view of foreign trade as an "engine of growth". Nigerian economic growth is closely connected with developments in foreign trade.. The full impact of trade on the economy has not been realized due to political and institutional obstacles. Forestry and forest industries can exert a potentially propulsive influence on economic development. Several factors determine the role of forestry in economic growth. The sector need not be a leading one in every economy. The importance of the sector should be judged on the basis of its relative efficiency in utilizing scarce resources to promote national welfare. Several studies, particularly by the FAO, have ascribed a major role to wood products exports in accelerating economic growth in tropical developing countries. International trade in tropical hardwoods has expanded greatly in the last fifteen years. The developmental patterns reveal that the trade is heavily concentrated on logs directed to markets in industrially advanced countries. It is argued that such trade patterns largely benefit the importing countries. Tropical developing countries should regulate the use of their forest resources for national development through domestic processing of wood before export." The developmental trends of Nigeria's wood products export trade reveals a striking similarity to those of other tropical developing countries. Logs account for about 86% of the total annual export volume; 70% is in three wood species, and 90% is directed to Western Europe. Over the last decade, the annual volume and value of Nigerian wood products exports have declined continuously. The export decline is attributed to resource deficiency and unsettled policies, rather than deficiency of external demand. Appraisal of the role of forestry in the national economy showed that the sector is declining in relative importance. The sectoral contribution to the economy was assessed using such indicators as, share of GDP, contribution to domestic incomes, employment, foreign exchange earnings, investment and value-added, as well as linkage effects. The pattern of commercial exploitation of timber for export and uncontrolled shifting cultivation are the predominant factors reducing the impact of the sector on the economy. To maximize benefits from use of the forest resource, Nigeria must adopt sound policies towards the wood products export trade. Urgent steps should be taken to increase domestic processing of wood, expand the range of timbers used and diversify markets. Three alternative policies are identified and analyzed on the basis of relevant national goals, evaluation criteria, constraints and process. The policy alternatives include, laissez-faire (or "do nothing"), incentives to private industry, and government regulation and control of exports. A laissez-faire policy is rejected because markets for wood products are imperfect. Private industry, motivated solely by profits, cannot be relied on to voluntarily implement the desired change in wood products export patterns. A combination of elements of the other two policy alternatives is justified. Incentives to private industry should include reduction or elimination of export taxes on processed wood products, lower fees and royalties on lesser-known timbers, provision of wood seasoning and treatment facilities at minimal cost, and assistance in negotiating shipping space and freight. Government should cooperate closely with private industry in research, product development and export promotion. The use of incentives must be justified to avoid misallocation of the economy's resources. A ban should be placed on exports of premium timbers, such as mahogany, iroko and guarea, in log form. Other timbers may be exported as logs on the condition that there is no domestic buyer. Establishment of statutory marketing of timber under a Timber Marketing Board is rejected. Indigenous enterprises would be the greatest losers under such a policy. Government should control wood products export marketing by establishing compulsory grading standards and a timber inspection service. The Nigerian Timber Association should be reorganized and partially financed by government. Expansion of wood products exports is not a requirement for Nigeria. The need for consistency between forest and national development objectives is stressed. The basic policy considerations include the productive and protective functions of forests. A forecast of potential wood requirements indicates a possible increase from 60 million m³(r) in 1971 to 93 million m³(r) in 1985, and 130 million m³(r) by 2000. Early plans must be made to supply these requirements within the limits of economic feasibility. The problems of forestry and forest industries development include land use and land tenure, productivity and utilization of the forest resources, poor equipment and wood processing methods, inadequate financing, lack of trained personnel and meagre research. These problems must be resolved if forestry is to contribute significantly to achievement of national goals. The need for integrated planning of the sector is emphasized. Recommendations are made for the attention of government and the wood-based industry. Most important among these, is the establishment of a National Forestry and Forest Industries Development Council, including government and industry representatives. The Council should be charged with responsibility for planning of the forestry and forest industries sector, and interpretation of policy. Policy analysis is a complex exercise, especially under the environment prevailing in a developing country. Nonetheless, reliance on foreign trade needs to be de-emphasized. The use of forest resources should be dictated by national goals. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

Self-reliance in wood products is one of the major objectives of Kenya's forest policy; stated as the management of forest resources for the adequate provision of the needs of the country in timber and other forest products to meet the community's requirements, and where possible provide for exports. The implications of such a policy are such that strategies formulated, programmes designed and practices employed in production of wood resources and wood-based products should be geared towards the anticipated needs of the intermediate consumers, which in turn are only responding to the needs of the final consumers - the society. It is argued here that such production strategies, programmes and practices cannot be formulated and pursued to satisfactorily fulfill the policy objectives, without first identifying and understanding the needs of the specific target markets. Among factors identified as necessary in understanding the target markets are market structure, size, location and dynamics of consumption pattern-determining parameters such as time, demographic and economic factors. Using production and consumption data, primarily for the period 1960-1975, quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyze and describe the various markets of wood products, as the basis of forecasting the probable future market trends. On the basis of current management and consumption trends, forecast estimates indicate possible internal wood supply deficits during, and beyond, the period 1996-2000 AD. Current and projected market trends indicate a progressive shift from mechanical wood industries and products, mainly sawnwood, towards fibre-based reconstituted wood products - fibreboards, particleboards and paper products. This projected development would tend to favour greater attention by forest management to the potentials of not only natural forests but species diversification of man-made forests. The fibre-based industries can satisfactorily utilize small-sized logs, hence shorter rotations, and a wide range of species composition since some of the products do not exhibit individually specific wood characteristics. Plantation-species diversity, in addition to avoiding the risks of possible loss in case of an epidemic, has the advantages of comparative climatic and zonal suitability in establishment. Trends indicate that fuelwood is, and for some time will continue to be the single major component of wood consumption, rising from about 15 million M³ (rw) by 1975 to about 30 million M³ (rw) per year by 2000 AD; yet forest management seems to have no supply strategy for this product. A major identified deficiency in forestry production-utilization-marketing as a system has been insufficient coordination in wood production management decisions with different industries' development programmes and anticipated market trends, and their requirements. Probable future wood supply-demand balances were comparatively estimated on the basis of potential supplies from current and planned wood production programmes and the projected markets. From the view point of wood production management decisions, medium and long-term market forecasts can be considered more meaningful than short-term needs, since the latter will have to draw from maturing stocks, while current and planned forest establishment programmes are the basis of future medium and long-term supplies. For this reason, emphasis has been laid on the medium and long-term forecasts, up to 50 years from now, or 1 to 2 production rotations. This analysis indicates that while management has placed emphasis on plantation forestry for industrial wood supplies, the strategy, despite its merits, is biased in favour of predominantly two exotic softwood species groups, comprising of cypress and pines despite the feasibility of producing wood supplies from potentially commercial and marketable indigenous species (mainly hardwoods) and other exotic hardwoods. While natural forests constitute about 92 percent and plantations 8 percent of Kenya's forests, little management effort has been directed at commercial wood production from the former, whose annual supplies average 20 percent of total industrial wood harvested. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of indigenous woods in natural forests indicates great commercial potential of these indigenous resources. There is a need for a shift from exclusive reliance on silvicultural considerations and wood production per se as the main criteria for production management, to a set of criteria that gives sufficient consideration emphasis on utilization and marketing requirements. Greater co-ordination between foresters, industries and marketers is required in the areas of research, development decisions, information gathering and dissemination, and wood resources allocation and sales to facilitate Production Planning for the target market needs. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate