Export-oriented illegal logging has been recognized as a major global problem in environmental, social, and economic terms. It has been argued that export-oriented illegal logging does not benefit the community or government that should be benefited by its own natural resources. The emergence of policy initiatives targeting illegal logging could have the potential to increase the competitiveness of legally sourced timber products by removing illegal products from the market of the consuming country. The US Lacey Act amendments of 2008 set a precedent for the global trade in plants and plant products by putting in place incentives for US wood products importing companies to demand legally sourced and traded wood. This research addresses how the 2008 Lacey Act amendments have impacted the US wood industry, and how those affected by the amendments view the future of environmental policy and global illegal logging as impacted by the amendments. The majority of respondents in this study agree that steps should be taken to decrease global illegal logging, but some aren't convinced that the Lacey Act amendments will ultimately have the desired effect. According to this research, most US wood importers have made small changes to their operational practices. This study indicates the possibility that though US wood importers feel the responsibility to ensure their companies are compliant with legislation, they are not sure the 2008 Lacey Act amendments will ultimately hinder global illegal logging. Included in this study are also suggestions from US wood importers regarding policy implementation. These suggestions include an increase in communication between the US government and US wood products companies, an increase in future research, and the possibility of focusing the Lacey Act on certain high-risk regions. / Graduation date: 2012

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:39:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PINTO_Bruna_2014.pdf: 7582705 bytes, checksum: d231281182e1012c5ab65a4e42ad1f3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-04 / Considering that less than 11% of the brazilian Environmental Protection Areas have a Management Plan, the assessment of land use and the conflict in Permanent Preservation Areas can provide important results to the management of this Protected Area category, since the map of degraded Permanent Preservation Areas can be used as a guide for restoration actions. This research aimed to characterize the land use in APA Tietê, highlighting the conflict associated with Permanent Preservation Areas (Federal law n° 12.651 de 2012), in order to provide subsidies to the planning and land management. We have mapped land use through supervised automatic classification of RapidEye satellite image, and determined the land use conflicts with aid of software ArcGIS 10.2. We can conclude that APA Tietê has predominance of agricultural land uses, corresponding to 78.42% of the total protected area. This area is in critical condition to biodiversity conservation, since 76.43% of Permanent Preservation Areas consist of conflicting land uses. We have mapped 908 forest fragments, of which approximately 88% have areas smaller than 10 ha. 39.64% of these forest fragments have no neighbor fragment in a distance of 100 m. The native vegetation cover represents only 9.98% of the total area of the Environmental Protection Areas. The analysis of the hypothetical scenario showed that the restoration of Permament Preservation Areas can increase the size of the fragments and enhance landscape connectivity, in compliance with environmental legislation. Another alternative indicated to increase total vegetation cover in APA Tietê following legal increments is proposed for the restoration of the area through the establishment of Legal Reserves. In this context, through multicriteria analysis, we made a rank of all the territory of the Protected Area based on ecological relevance in order to give priority to some areas for the establishment of these protected areas. This work revealed the criticality of the current status of APA Tietê, especially towards its conservation objectives and offered alternatives, based on a scientific rigor to support the planning process of the protected area, at the local, state and national context. / Considerando que menos de 11% das Áreas de Proteção Ambiental brasileiras possuem Plano de Manejo, a avaliação do uso da terra e do conflito em Áreas de Preservação Permanente pode fornecer resultados importantes para a gestão dessa categoria de Unidade de Conservação, uma vez que a espacialização das Áreas de Preservação Permanente degradadas pode ser utilizada como diretriz de ações de restauração. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo caracterizar o uso da terra da APA Tietê, evidenciando os conflitos associados às Áreas de Preservação Permanente (Lei Federal n° 12.651 de 2012), de modo a fornecer subsídios para o planejamento e gestão territorial. Mapeou-se o uso da terra por meio classificação automática supervisionada de imagem do satélite RapidEye e determinou-se os conflitos com o auxílio do software ArcGis 10.2. Conclui-se que a APA Tietê possui predominância de usos agropecuários da terra, correspondendo a 78,45% da área total da Unidade de Conservação. A área encontra-se em estado crítico para conservação da biodiversidade, uma vez que 74,40% das Áreas de Preservação Permanente são compostas por usos da terra conflituosos. Foram mapeados 908 fragmentos florestais, sendo que aproximadamente 88% dos fragmentos mapeados possuem áreas menores do que 10 ha. 39,64% dos fragmentos florestais não possuem nenhum fragmento vizinho em um raio de 100 m. A cobertura vegetal nativa representa apenas 9,98% da área total da APA. A análise do cenário potencial revelou que a restauração das APPs permite aumentar o tamanho dos fragmentos e melhorar a conectividade da paisagem, em observância com a legislação ambiental. Outra opção indicada para incrementar a cobertura vegetal total na APA Tietê seguindo os incrementos propostos por lei é a restauração de área por meio da instituição da RL. Nesse aspecto, por meio de análise multicritério, pode-se ranquear todo o território da UC com base na sua relevância ecológica de modo a priorizar áreas para a instituição dessas áreas protegidas. O trabalho revelou a criticidade da situação atual da APA Tietê, principalmente perante seus objetivos conservacionistas e ofereceu alternativas, baseadas em um rigor científico, para subsidiar o processo de planejamento dessa área protegida, no contexto local, estadual e nacional.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Les forêts du Cameroun, du Congo, du Congo RCD et du Gabon regorgent d’énormes ressources. Plusieurs potentialités sont offertes à ces pays par la richesse et la diversité de la faune, la flore, l’exploitation des ressources du sous-sol, du bois et des produits forestiers non ligneux. L’exploitation forestière de ces ressources pourrait être un moyen efficace pour l’amélioration des conditions de vie des populations locales et autochtones qui dépendent de ces forêts. Toutefois, malgré les mécanismes juridiques, politiques et économiques mis en place par les différents gouvernements, la participation des populations à la gestion des forêts reste très relative. La promotion et la protection de leurs droits sociaux et économiques demeurent aussi problématiques. / The forests of Cameroon, Congo, CongoRCD and Gabon are full of enormous resources. Several possibilities are available to these countries by the richness and diversity of fauna, flora, exploitation of resources underground resources, wood and non wood forest products. Logging of these resources could be an effective means of improving the living conditions of local and indigenous people who depend on these forests. However, despite the legal, political and economic setup by different governments, people's participation in forest management is very relative. The promotion and protection of their social and economic rights also remain problematic.