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This thesis is an anthropological inquiry into how art comes to be made in and about forests, and how forestry, art practice and anthropology could be mutually enriched. Drawing primarily on more than two years of fieldwork (2009 - 2012) it examines some of the overlapping interrelationships that emerge through working in the interstices between art and forestry in Scotland, by paying attention to the grounds of artists' and foresters' interests and practices as they operate in specific instances. This thesis also investigates pertinent aspects of forestry management such as forest design and landscape planning, as well as foresters' approaches to interpretation and the role of art in the context of public forestry in Scotland, considering the contemporary issues for the 'multi-purpose' management of such complex ecological and social systems. The points of intersection between the fields of art and forestry are axiological as well as practical. This thesis explores diverse ways of working in as well as with art and forestry, that in different ways are concerned with questions of agency, ethics, and aesthetics, ways of seeing, materials and material processes. It reviews different approaches to art, from more traditional examples of permanent sculptural works commissioned for public forests, to projects by artists whose work engages explicitly with the ethics and politics of working forests, and with people, as well as aspects of forestry management as I mention above. Moreover, my research also explores some of the correspondences between art and anthropology, and works towards one way of doing anthropology 'with' art rather than an anthropology 'of' art. This is revealed in correspondences between art and anthropology, which this thesis explores through practical and conversational experiments that chime with skilled ways of working in both art and forestry. While critical of the apocalyptic visions and utopian politics that often accompany ecological thinking, this thesis is correspondent with forms of contemporary ecological art praxis. The research is offered as a contribution to such ways of working, which reveal the interweaving political, philosophical and ethical implications of ecological perspectives.

Aspects of the ecology of black grouse (Tetrao Tetrix), a species of international conservation concern, in commercial plantation forests were investigated between 1996 - 1998 at three study areas in Scotland. The aim was to identify the species' habitat and area requirements in first and second rotation forestry. The distribution of males was assessed using lek surveys and studied at two spatial scales in the mixed rotation forest landscape of Cowal, Argyll and at two spatial and temporal scales in highland Perthshire - a less afforested region. In addition, a radio-tracking study was undertaken to examine the habitat selection of broods in two first rotation plantations in north Perthshire. Pre-thicket forestry formed a preferred habitat but, in terms of lek distribution, black grouse did not differentiate between first and second rotation pre-thicket habitat patches. Patch size, the total amount of forestry in the area, the proportion that was pre-thicket stock and its level of fragmentation, however, were all correlated with the probability of a location holding a lek and the number of males attending it. Lek isolation reduced the number of males in attendance and increased the likelihood of the lek declining over time. Brood habitat preferences differed from those of adult birds. Broods selected habitats that were 'open' enough to support a rich ground flora and presumably an adequate invertebrate fauna but also 'closed' enough to provide cover, representing a compromise between foraging potential and predation risk. Brood roost sites differed by having shorter trees but a higher degree of cover 1-1.5 metres above the ground. Results from the different study areas and age classes are compared and contrasted and the implications of the research findings for 'black grouse friendly' forestry management are discussed. Finally, suggestions for further work are made.

Orientador: Saulo Philipe Sebastião Guerra / Banca: Kleber Pereira Lanças / Banca: Gustavo Kimura Montanha / Resumo: O plantio de Pinus spp. no Brasil concentra-se principalmente na região sul do país devido às suas condições edafoclimáticas que favorecem seu desenvolvimento. As áreas de plantio de culturas florestais são as mais adversas, inclusive com relevos declivosos onde o cultivo agrícola e/ou pastoril não é o mais recomendado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o rendimento operacional de um conjunto plantador, composto por uma escavadora hidráulica com esteiras do modelo 200 D LC1 e um cabeçote Bracke Planter P11.a1, realizando o preparo de solo e o plantio em duas classes de declividade e em duas condições de presença de resíduos e avaliar qualitativamente as mudas plantadas. A área experimental situa-se em Lages, SC, na fazenda Guará pertencente à empresa Klabin, onde foram plantadas mudas de Pinus taeda. O preparo de solo foi realizado por um implemento adaptado, contendo três hastes, na base do cabeçote e o plantio e a irrigação foram realizados pelo cabeçote plantador. Os dados foram coletados conforme o operador realizava o plantio, segundo as indicações da empresa, impossibilitando a casualização dos dados. O delineamento experimental adotado foi classificatório, onde a área do experimento sofreu uma divisão conforme as condições de relevo, ondulado e forte ondulado, e de presença de resíduos. Para efeito de comparação das variáveis, produtividade sem e com abastecimento de mudas no carrossel, foi realizada a ANOVA para o modelo com dois fatores, e, posteriormente, ... / Abstract: The Pinus spp. planting in Brazil concetrates principally in the South of the country because of the soil and climatic conditions favor its development. The areas of the forestry plantations are the most adverse, inclusively with steep reliefs where the agricultural and/or pastoral cultivation are not the most recommended. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield of a planter group, composed of a hydraulic excavator with belts model 200 D LC and a Bracke Planter P11.a head, performing the soil preparation and the planting in two slope classes and in two conditions of presence of slash, besides of to evaluate in a qualitative way the planted seedlings.The experimental area is located in Lages, state of Santa Catarina, in a farm called Guará, which belongs to the company Klabin, and where it was planted Pinus taeda seedlings.The soil preparation was realized by an adapted implement having three rods on the basis of the head, and the planting and the irrigation were performed by the planter head.The data were collected while the operator performed the planting, according to the company directions, what made impossible the data casualization. The experimental design adopted was qualifying, where the experimental area suffered a division according to the relief conditions: wavy, strong wavy, and presence of slash. By comparison of the variables, productivity with and without filling of seedlings on the carousel, it was performed the ANOVA for the model with two factors and, afterwards, made the multiple comparison test of Tukey at 5% of significance. For the post-plantation silvicultural quality, it was realized the Chi-square test to compare the distribution of proportions and the Goodman Test for contrasts between and within multinomial populations ... / Mestre

Forest management practices usually preserves riparian buffers along watercourses in order to protect stream water from physical, chemical and ecological changes caused by clear-cutting. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate whether there is a relationship between the size of the riparian buffer zone along small streams, i.e., headwaters, and a number of physical and chemical attributes of these streams. Twelve headwaters in the Västerbotten county and twelve in Jönköpings county were investigated. These headwaters had a range of buffer widths from “No buffer” (no trees left), Thin buffer” (< 5 m wide), to “Moderate buffer” (>5 m wide) and “Reference” (no harvest) streams were also included. Tested physical and chemical conditions were light in the riparian zone, air and water temperature, stream bed cover and water chemistry. Buffer width had a significant effect on reducing light levels and temperature in the riparian zone; a buffer width over 13 m on each side of the stream was needed to maintain light and air temperature as in reference conditions. Regarding water temperature, increasing sedimentation and water quality, no significant reducing effect of increasing riparian buffer width was found.

This study investigates the effects of forestry on leaf litter decomposition in small forest streams. Riparian forest, that is the land closest to the stream, maintain shading, water temperature and energy supply through litter fall. If the riparian zone is deforested, many riparian functions important for the integrity of the stream ecology, hydrology and biogeochemistry can be lost or modified. Leaf litter decomposition can be used as an integrated measure of the physical and biological changes following forestry perturbations.  This study was conducted in 11 northern and 12 southern Swedish streams to address; 1) How is leaf litter decomposition in small streams affected by forestry by measuring leaf litter decomposition in streams with different buffer widths, and; 2) How other environmental variables, such as  stream bottom substrate, canopy openness, water temperature and stream velocity affected leaf litter decomposition. Buffer width had no effect on decomposition. Temperature and proportion organic bottom substrate had respectively positive and negative trends with decomposition in the southern Swedish sites which suggests the importance of forestry targeting these riparian functions especially when managing small streams. At the northern sites, velocity showed a positive, and temperature a negative trend with leaf litter decomposition but none of these were significant. It is possible that the extraordinarily warm and dry weather before and during the study was conducted affected aquatic organisms to the degree that decomposition was inhibited, and most trends became too small to detect or that buffer width is less important in a warmer climate.

O presente estudo propôs analisar a aplicabilidade do Código Florestal, devido à obrigatoriedade da recomposição da Reserva Florestal Legal, tendo como possibilidade de recomposição a compensação da Reserva Florestal Legal em outra propriedade desde que na mesma microbacia, e no máximo na mesma Unidade de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos. O objetivo geral do estudo foi ampliar o debate em torno da Reserva Florestal Legal e da sua compensação, por meio da análise de alguns conceitos considerados importantes para a gestão integrada floresta-água na propriedade rural. Tendo ainda como objetivos específicos: analisar as modificações ocorridas no Código Florestal Brasileiro no que diz respeito à Reserva Florestal Legal; identificar as vantagens técnicas ambientais da compensação; caracterizar os proprietários rurais de uma microbacia sobre a disposição em compensar a Reserva Florestal Legal; averiguar a necessidade de implantação de práticas educacionais e de fornecimento de informações legais voltadas ao proprietário rural, de forma a contribuir com a conservação da floresta e da água e colaborar para a regulamentação da compensação da Reserva Florestal Legal entre propriedades. Foi aplicado um questionário aos responsáveis por doze propriedades rurais localizadas no Município de Analândia, sendo 6 das propriedades localizadas na microbacia área de estudo, e seis delas localizadas em áreas adjacentes a esta microbacia, ambas pertencentes à subbacia Alto do Corumbataí. A microbacia de estudo foi escolhida por estar inserida na Bacia do Rio Corumbataí e ser uma área prioritária para a recuperação e a conservação florestal, além de ser uma das áreas próximas às cabeceiras de drenagem. Deve-se ressaltar sua importância na produção de água em quantidade e qualidade. As informações levantadas permitem concluir que o Código Florestal sofreu 67 alterações por meio de Medida Provisória, e, no entanto, ainda não existe regulamentação quanto à recomposição da Reserva Florestal Legal através da compensação. A possibilidade de se recompor a Reserva Florestal Legal por meio da compensação, é um instrumento muito importante para a gestão floresta-água. O desconhecimento da legislação e o desinteresse por parte dos proprietários rurais demonstram a necessidade de implantação de práticas educacionais, bem como a necessidade de se criar incentivos para a manutenção da cobertura florestal nas propriedades rurais. / The propose of this study was to analyze how The Code of Forestry is to be applied, in light of the compulsory requirement to restructure the Legal Forestry Reserve, one restructuring option being the payment of compensation by the Legal Forestry Reserve in the form of another property located in the same water basin, or at most in the same Hydro Resources Unit. The study had as its general objective the widening of discussion around the topic of the Legal Forestry Reserve and compensation by way of analysis of those ideas deemed essential for successful integrated Forestry/Water management of properties in rural areas. The study has the following specific objectives: analyzing the changes made to the Brazilian Forestry Code with regard to what it says about the Legal Forestry Reserve; identifying the technical and environmental advantages of the compensation program; making the owners of rural properties in the water basins aware of the Legal Forestry Reserve’s willingness to provide compensation; ascertaining the need to institute educational guidelines and a source of legal information that relate to owners of rural property so as to help promote the conservation of forest and water resources and collaboration with regard to regulating compensation paid by the Legal Forestry Reserve amongst the various properties. A questionnaire was submitted to twelve individuals responsible for rural properties located in the Municipality of Analândia. Six of these properties were located in the water basin under study, and six of them located out of this water basin. All the twelve properties belong to the sub-basin of Alto do Corumbataí, sandwiched in the River Corumbataí basin and being deemed a priority area regarding restoration and preservation of forest vegetation; as well as being one of the areas nearest to the drainage headwaters, an area whose importance is destined to revive through the production of good quality water in quantity. The information obtained led us to conclude that despite 67 (sixty-seven) changes made to the Forestry Code by way of a Provisional Ordinance, there is still, nevertheless, no regulatory framework in place governing the restructuring of the Legal Forestry Reserve through a program of compensation. The potential for restructuring the Legal Forestry Reserve through a compensation program is a way in the field of Forestry/Water management. Ignorance of the legislation in force or lack of interest on the part of owners of rural properties testify to the need to introduce a set of educational guidelines and foster incentives that will encourage the preservation of the current level of forest vegetation in properties located in rural areas.

<div>Prescribed fire is one of the most useful tools available to forest managers attempting to maintain oak-hickory forests in the Central Hardwood Region. Prescribed fire can be useful in promoting regeneration of desirable species groups like oak (Quercus spp.) and hickory (Carya spp.) by preparing the seedbed, managing competition, and creating canopy gaps. The use of prescribed fire has been limited by concerns regarding the effect of the practice on standing timber. A perception of strong negative effects to tree-quality and tree-value from fire originated largely from sometimes deleterious effects of wildfire on timber. Less research exists demonstrating the potential effects of controlled, prescribed burning on timber quality and value. Furthermore, most research that exists focuses on individual tree characteristics, and is often focused on a relatively small geographic areas.</div><div><br></div><div>I conducted a regional study on the effects of prescribed fire on timber quality across a gradient of the Central Hardwood Region, ranging from the Missouri Ozarks to the Appalachian foothills. I studied 139 stands in selected prescribed fire units and control sites in Mark Twain National Forest (MO), Hoosier National Forest (IN), Wayne National Forest (OH) and Daniel Boone National Forest (KY). Selected stands were dominated by hardwoods species and had variable prescribed fire histories, ranging from 0 to 6 prescribed fires. </div><div><br></div><div>Measurements were taken concurrently across this plot network for two studies. First, we assessed the estimated effect of prescribed fire on stumpage value, and secondly, we assessed wounding patterns and effects of prescribed fire on tree-quality. Loss in estimated stumpage value from prescribed fire averaged approximately 4.2% across all measured stands. Estimated loss in stumpage value varied significantly by the number of prescribed fires in the last 30 years, with increasing numbers of prescribed fires leading to higher estimated losses in stumpage value. Further, stands in Mark Twain National Forest exhibited higher estimated loss in stumpage value, exceeding 10% on average. Stands in Hoosier, Wayne, and Daniel Boone National Forest only rarely exceed 5% losses in estimated stumpage value, and averaged less than 3%. </div><div><br></div><div>Approximately 25% of trees had at least one wound associated with prescribed fire across all study sites, while approximately 5% of trees experienced a reduction in tree quality (as measured by United States Forest Service tree grade) from prescribed fire. Both the rate of wounding and rate of tree grade reduction increased with increasing numbers of prescribed fires. Stands in the western portion of the Central Hardwood Region (Hoosier and Mark Twain National Forest) exhibiting higher rates of wounding from fire compared to eastern sites (Wayne and Daniel Boone National Forest.)</div><div><br></div><div>Effects of wounding varied significantly by type of wound. Catfaces accounted for far more volume loss and reduction in tree grade than any other wound type. Alternatively, some wound types, like seams and bark slough, caused minimal tree-quality and tree-volume effects. Effects also varied by species, with higher wounding effects on sugar maple and red oak, and relatively low effects on white oak and yellow-poplar. </div><div><br></div>