No description available.

The discovery of integrability in planar N=4 super Yang-Mills and ABJM has enabled a precise study of AdS/CFT. In the past decade integrability has been successfully applied to the spectrum of anomalous dimensions, which can now be obtained at any value of the coupling. However, in order to solve conformal field theories one also needs to understand their structure constants. Recently, there has been great progress in this direction with the all-loop proposal of Basso, Komatsu and Vieira. But there is still much to understand, as it is not yet possible to use that formalism to find structure constants of short operators at strong coupling. It is important to study wrapping corrections and resum them as the TBA did for the spectrum. It is also crucial to obtain perturbative data that can be used to check if the all-loop proposal is correct or if there are new structures that need to be unveiled. In this thesis we compute several structure constants of short operators at strong coupling, including the structure constant of Konishi with half-BPS operators. Still at strong coupling, we find a relation between the building blocks of superstring amplitudes and the tensor structures allowed by conformal symmetry. We also consider the case of extremal correlation functions and the relation of their poles to mixing with double-trace operators. We also study three-point functions at weak coupling. We take the OPE limit in a four-point function of half-BPS operators in order to shed some light on the structure of five-loop wrapping corrections of the Hexagon form factors. Finally, we take the first steps in the generalization of the Hexagon programme to other theories. We find the non-extremal setup in ABJM and the residual symmetry that it preserves, which we use to fix the two-particle form factor and constrain the four-particle hexagon. Finally, we find that the Watson equations hint at a dressing phase that needs to be further investigated.

A teoria de perturba ca o quiral (ChPT) e aceita, atualmente, como a teoria efetiva da cromodinamica quantica (QCD) para baixas energias. Ela foi colocada na sua versa o moderna com os artigos de Gasser e Leutwyler, na primeira metade da d ecada de 80 e, durante os 25 anos que se seguiram, ocorreu um aumento considera vel da variedade de fenomenos por ela descritos, sempre acompanhando a precisa o cres- cente dos resultados experimentais. Os trabalhos que apresentamos nesta tese de doutorado se inserem neste contexto e envolvem duas partes, ambas relacionadas a` determina c ao de alguns dos parametros que compo em a lagrangiana da ChPT. Por ser uma teoria efetiva, tais constantes s o podem ser fixadas por experimentos, modelos ou por c alculos da QCD na rede. Em um dos trabalhos, discutimos a cons- tante de decaimento do p on, F, e os efeitos decorrentes do acr escimo de intera co es eletromagn eticas a` ChPT. N os argumentamos que as incertezas estimadas para o valor mais aceito de F podem estar subestimadas. Mostramos, tamb em, que na o se pode determinar esta constante na presen ca das intera co es eletromagn eticas, pois a grandeza de onde ela e extra da adquire uma dependencia no calibre utilizado no ca lculo e tem suas propriedades alteradas drasticamente. No outro trabalho, abor- damos os fatores de forma escalares dos m esons pseudoescalares em tres sabores. A partir dos resultados obtidos com a ChPT e do uso de um modelo que trata dos fatores de forma no espa co das posi co es, conseguimos escreve-los em termos ape- nas das constantes presentes na lagrangiana em ordem dominante da ChPT, F e as massas dos m esons pseudoescalares. No s determinamos, tamb em, os respectivos raios quadra ticos m edios e, comparando-os com os calculados com a ChPT, obtive- mos as LECs L4(mu) = -0,26 · 10^-3 e L5(mu) = 0,85 · 10^-3, para mu = 770 MeV. Esses valores sa o compat veis com as principais estimativas vindas da ChPT. / At present, chiral perturbation theory (ChPT) is considered the effective theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) at low energies. It was established in its modern version by the papers of Gasser and Leutwyler written in the first half of the 80s. For the last 25 years, there has been considerable increase in the number of phe- nomena described by ChPT, always following the growing precision of experiments. The two works we present in this Ph.D. thesis are related to ChPT and discuss the determination of some of the parameters that appear in the ChPT lagrangian. As ChPT is an effective theory, such constants can only be fixed by experiments, models or calculations in the lattice. In the first presented work, we discuss the pion decay constant, F, and how it is changed by the inclusion of electromagne- tic interactions. We argue that the uncertainty of the most accepted value of F might be underestimated. We also show that we cannot determine this constant in the presence of electromagnetic interactions because the function from which it is extracted acquires a gauge dependence and the functions properties drastically change. In the other work, we deal with pseudoscalar meson scalar form factor in three flavors. We manage to write the form factors only in terms of constants present in ChPT lagrangian at leading order, F and masses of pseudoscalar mesons, using ChPT results and the model that deals with form factors in coordinate space. We also determine the respective square radii and, comparing these to those calculated using ChPT, we have obtained L4(mu) = -0.26 · 10^-3 and L5(mu) = 0.85 · 10^-3, for mu = 770 MeV. These values are compatible with the main estimates evaluated with ChPT.

Quantum Chromodynamics(QCD) is part of the Standard Model(SM) that describes the interaction of fundamental particles. In QCD, due to the fact that strong coupling constant is large at low energies, perturbative approaches do not work. For this reason, non-perturbative approaches have to be used for studying the properties of hadrons. Among several non-perturbative approaches, QCD sum rules is one of the reliable methods which is applied to understand the properties of hadrons and their interactions. In this thesis, the semileptonic rare decays of $B$ meson to $K_{1}(1270)$ and $K_{1} (1400)$ are analyzed in the framework of three point QCD sum rules approach. The $Brightarrow K_{1} (1270,1400) ell^+ ell^-$ decays are significant flavor changing neutral current (FCNC) decays of the $B$ meson, since FCNC processes are forbidden at tree level at SM. These decays are sensitive to the new physics beyond SM. The radiative $Brightarrow K_{1}(1270) gamma$ decay is observed experimentally. Although semileptonic $Bto K_1(1270,1400)$ decays are still not observed, they are expected to be observed at future B factories. These decays happens at the quark level with $brightarrow s ell^+ ell^- $ transition, providing new opportunities for calculating CKM matrix elements: $V_{tb}$ and $V_{ts}$. Applying three point QCD sum rules to $Brightarrow K_{1} (1270,1400) ell^+ ell^-$ decays is tricky, due to the fact that the $K_{1} (1270)$ and $K_{1} (1400)$ states are the mixtures of ideal $^{3}P_{1}(K_{1}^{A})$ and $^{1}P_{1}(K_{1}^{B})$ orbital angular momentum states. First, by taking axial vector and tensor current definitions for $K_1$ mesons, the transition form factors of $Brightarrow K_{1A} ell^+ ell^-$ and $Brightarrow K_{1B} ell^+ ell^-$ are calculated. Then using the definitions for $K_1$ mixing, the transition form factors of $Brightarrow K_{1} (1270,1400) ell^+ ell^-$ decays are obtained. The results of these form factors are used to estimate the branching ratio of $B$ meson into $K_1(1270)$ and $K_1(1400)$. The results obtained for form factors and branching fractions are also compared with the ones in the literature.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:45:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07541.pdf: 9270192 bytes, checksum: 625d1a8ce146718eee35be24d9a360a3 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

A teoria de perturba ca o quiral (ChPT) e aceita, atualmente, como a teoria efetiva da cromodinamica quantica (QCD) para baixas energias. Ela foi colocada na sua versa o moderna com os artigos de Gasser e Leutwyler, na primeira metade da d ecada de 80 e, durante os 25 anos que se seguiram, ocorreu um aumento considera vel da variedade de fenomenos por ela descritos, sempre acompanhando a precisa o cres- cente dos resultados experimentais. Os trabalhos que apresentamos nesta tese de doutorado se inserem neste contexto e envolvem duas partes, ambas relacionadas a` determina c ao de alguns dos parametros que compo em a lagrangiana da ChPT. Por ser uma teoria efetiva, tais constantes s o podem ser fixadas por experimentos, modelos ou por c alculos da QCD na rede. Em um dos trabalhos, discutimos a cons- tante de decaimento do p on, F, e os efeitos decorrentes do acr escimo de intera co es eletromagn eticas a` ChPT. N os argumentamos que as incertezas estimadas para o valor mais aceito de F podem estar subestimadas. Mostramos, tamb em, que na o se pode determinar esta constante na presen ca das intera co es eletromagn eticas, pois a grandeza de onde ela e extra da adquire uma dependencia no calibre utilizado no ca lculo e tem suas propriedades alteradas drasticamente. No outro trabalho, abor- damos os fatores de forma escalares dos m esons pseudoescalares em tres sabores. A partir dos resultados obtidos com a ChPT e do uso de um modelo que trata dos fatores de forma no espa co das posi co es, conseguimos escreve-los em termos ape- nas das constantes presentes na lagrangiana em ordem dominante da ChPT, F e as massas dos m esons pseudoescalares. No s determinamos, tamb em, os respectivos raios quadra ticos m edios e, comparando-os com os calculados com a ChPT, obtive- mos as LECs L4(mu) = -0,26 · 10^-3 e L5(mu) = 0,85 · 10^-3, para mu = 770 MeV. Esses valores sa o compat veis com as principais estimativas vindas da ChPT. / At present, chiral perturbation theory (ChPT) is considered the effective theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) at low energies. It was established in its modern version by the papers of Gasser and Leutwyler written in the first half of the 80s. For the last 25 years, there has been considerable increase in the number of phe- nomena described by ChPT, always following the growing precision of experiments. The two works we present in this Ph.D. thesis are related to ChPT and discuss the determination of some of the parameters that appear in the ChPT lagrangian. As ChPT is an effective theory, such constants can only be fixed by experiments, models or calculations in the lattice. In the first presented work, we discuss the pion decay constant, F, and how it is changed by the inclusion of electromagne- tic interactions. We argue that the uncertainty of the most accepted value of F might be underestimated. We also show that we cannot determine this constant in the presence of electromagnetic interactions because the function from which it is extracted acquires a gauge dependence and the functions properties drastically change. In the other work, we deal with pseudoscalar meson scalar form factor in three flavors. We manage to write the form factors only in terms of constants present in ChPT lagrangian at leading order, F and masses of pseudoscalar mesons, using ChPT results and the model that deals with form factors in coordinate space. We also determine the respective square radii and, comparing these to those calculated using ChPT, we have obtained L4(mu) = -0.26 · 10^-3 and L5(mu) = 0.85 · 10^-3, for mu = 770 MeV. These values are compatible with the main estimates evaluated with ChPT.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:45:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07541.pdf: 9270192 bytes, checksum: 625d1a8ce146718eee35be24d9a360a3 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

We present comprehensive analysis of the light and strange disconnected-sea quarks contribution to the nucleon electric and magnetic form factors. The lattice QCD estimates of strange quark magnetic moment GsM (0) = −0.064(14)(09) μN and the mean squared charge radius ⟨r2s⟩E = −0.0043(16)(14) fm2 are more precise than any existing experimental measurements and other lattice calculations. The lattice QCD calculation includes ensembles across several lattice volumes and lattice spacings with one of the ensembles at the physical pion mass. We have performed a simultaneous chiral, infinite volume, and continuum extrapolation in a global fit to calculate results in the continuum limit. We find that the combined light-sea and strange quarks contribution to the nucleon magnetic moment is−0.022(11)(09) μN and to the nucleon mean square charge radius is −0.019(05)(05) fm2. The most important outcome of this lattice QCD calculation is that while the combined light-sea and strange quarks contribution to the nucleon magnetic moment is small at about 1%, a negative 2.5(9)% contribution to the proton charge radius and a relatively larger positive 16.3(6.1)% contribution to the neutron charge radius come from the sea quarks in the nucleon. For the first time, by performing global fits, we also give predictions of the light-sea and strange quarks contributions to the nucleon electric and magnetic form factors at the physical point and in the continuum and infinite volume limits in the momentum transfer range of 0 ≤ Q2 ≤ 0.5 GeV2.

No description available.

The electromagnetic form factors in elastic electron-proton scattering are used to determine the finite size of the proton. Through the use of Feynman Diagrams and Fermi's "golden rule", several key results for cross sections of elastic electron scattering will be re-derived. This will ultimately lead to the calculation for the Rosenbluth formula, that describes in detail the process of electron-proton scattering. Furthermore, the process used for determining the size of the proton from the form factors will be shown. In addition, a recent paper by R. Jaffe, which argues the validity of this process, will be discussed in detail. / Physics