Controlling resource usage is important for the reliability, efficiency and security of software systems. Automated analyses for bounding resource usage can be invaluable tools for ensuring these properties. Hofmann and Jost have developed an automated static analysis for finding linear heap space bounds in terms of the input size for programs in a simple functional programming language. Memory requirements are amortized by representing them as a requirement for an abstract quantity, potential, which is supplied by assigning potential to data structures in proportion to their size. This assignment is represented by annotations on their types. The type system then ensures that all potential requirements can be met from the original input’s potential if a set of linear constraints can be solved. Linear programming can optimise this amount of potential subject to the constraints, yielding a upper bound on the memory requirements. However, obtaining bounds on the heap space requirements does not detect a faulty or malicious program which uses excessive stack space. In this thesis, we investigate extending Hofmann and Jost’s techniques to infer bounds on stack space usage, first by examining two approaches: using the Hofmann- Jost analysis unchanged by applying a CPS transformation to the program being analysed, then showing that this predicts the stack space requirements of the original program; and directly adapting the analysis itself, which we will show is more practical. We then consider how to deal with the different allocation patterns stack space usage presents. In particular, the temporary nature of stack allocation leads us to a system where we calculate the total potential after evaluating an expression in terms of assignments of potential to the variables appearing in the expression as well as the result. We also show that this analysis subsumes our previous systems, and improves upon them. We further increase the precision of the bounds inferred by noting the importance of expressing stack memory bounds in terms of the depth of data structures and by taking the maximum of the usage bounds of subexpressions. We develop an analysis which uses richer definitions of the potential calculation to allow depth and maxima to be used, albeit with a more subtle inference process.

<p>This study investigates how actor status, moral foundations theory and Schwartz values influence the moral judgments of guilt and punishment. I argue that to understand individual values consequences for actions, they must be considered within organizational values and larger institutional logics frameworks. Building off Zerubavel’s conception of a three level cognition (Zerubavel 1999), I argue for a tri level conception of values and morality in order to more fully understand how moral judgements work as well as the social context in which they are shaped. Using original research, I offer evidence of three levels of morality. First, I evaluate actor status on judgments of guilt and punishment. I then evaluate individual moral culture using Schwartz Values (Schwartz 2012; Vaisey and Miles 2014). I evaluate the impact of the organization on moral culture measure through the use of status hierarchies (Sauder, Lynn, and Podolny 2012). Finally, I evaluate broader cultural morality using Moral Foundations Theory (Graham et al. 2016; Kesebir and Haidt 2010). Taken together, these three levels of morality present a more ecologically valid understanding of the ways in which moral culture works from the individual, through the meso-social level and to the broader culture. I demonstrate the complex ways in which moral judgments are influenced by universal concerns, organizational influences and individual characteristics. I find that moral foundations theory conceptions of harm does not predict judgments of guilt and punishment but that Schwartz Values do influence these moral judgments. I also find that it is the actor status that most strongly predicts the outcomes of guilt and punishment. The research provides a foundation for future research of how actor status influences moral judgments of guilt and punishment beyond the limited moral community of the current study.</p> / Dissertation

The purpose of this study was to determine the criteria used by foundation directors in assessing the effectiveness of contribution programs in company sponsored foundations. Quinn and Rohrbaugh's Competing Values Approach of organizational effectiveness was used as the theoretical framework for the study. The Competing Values Approach is an integrative effectiveness model which clusters eight criteria of effectiveness into four theoretical models of organizational effectiveness.

While relational databases are still the preferred approach for storing data, XML is emerging as the primary standard for representing and exchanging data. Consequently, it has been increasingly important to provide a uniform XML interface to various data sources— integration; and critical to protect sensitive and confidential information in XML data — access control. Moreover, it is preferable to first detect and repair the inconsistencies in the data to avoid the propagation of errors to other data processing steps. In response to these challenges, this thesis presents an integrated framework for cleaning, integrating and securing data. The framework contains three parts. First, the data cleaning sub-framework makes use of a new class of constraints specially designed for improving data quality, referred to as conditional functional dependencies (CFDs), to detect and remove inconsistencies in relational data. Both batch and incremental techniques are developed for detecting CFD violations by SQL efficiently and repairing them based on a cost model. The cleaned relational data, together with other non-XML data, is then converted to XML format by using widely deployed XML publishing facilities. Second, the data integration sub-framework uses a novel formalism, XML integration grammars (XIGs), to integrate multi-source XML data which is either native or published from traditional databases. XIGs automatically support conformance to a target DTD, and allow one to build a large, complex integration via composition of component XIGs. To efficiently materialize the integrated data, algorithms are developed for merging XML queries in XIGs and for scheduling them. Third, to protect sensitive information in the integrated XML data, the data security sub-framework allows users to access the data only through authorized views. User queries posed on these views need to be rewritten into equivalent queries on the underlying document to avoid the prohibitive cost of materializing and maintaining large number of views. Two algorithms are proposed to support virtual XML views: a rewriting algorithm that characterizes the rewritten queries as a new form of automata and an evaluation algorithm to execute the automata-represented queries. They allow the security sub-framework to answer queries on views in linear time. Using both relational and XML technologies, this framework provides a uniform approach to clean, integrate and secure data. The algorithms and techniques in the framework have been implemented and the experimental study verifies their effectiveness and efficiency.

In the design of tank foundations several design techniques are considered. This study focuses on grade supported tanks constructed under an extensive preload and instrumentation program. Settlement estimation methods were performed and compared to field instrumentation data taken at the project sites. Three project sites were selected for this study. The geotechnical investigations were performed by Eustis Engineering Services, L.L.C. and included both undisturbed soil borings and cone penetrometer tests. Conclusions were made about the accuracy of the calculations and how assumptions affect the settlement computation results.

Nonprofit organization - the organization that is becoming increasingly important not only in the eyes of the public. However, it has its indispensable role in the economy of each country. The specifics of nonprofit organizations can be found in accounting, auditing, finance, taxation and many other areas. The thesis is mainly focused on the foundation, because they have a special status among the non-profit organizations. The practical part is devoted to the Foundation Charta 77 and the analysis of its balance sheet, income statement and projects.

Au vu de la différence de densité entre les composants minéraux solides et l’eau entrant dans la composition d’un béton, une instabilité gravitaire peut apparaître et provoquer une séparation de phase. Cette séparation est à l’origine de la formation d’une pellicule d’eau à la surface du béton et est appelé ressuage. Malgré le fait que le ressuage peut directement ou indirectement nuire aux propriétés finales du béton durci, les connaissances existantes ne permettent pas de prédire ce phénomène ou de le corréler à la formulation du béton. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’identifier la physique mise en jeu lors du phénomène de ressuage de façon à proposer à la fois une méthodologie de mesure adaptée et un cadre théorique prédictif.La démarche retenue consiste à commencer par l’étude d’un matériau simple tel qu’une pâte de ciment en laboratoire pour terminer à l’échelle plus complexe d’un béton de fondation coulé sur chantier.Dans une première partie, nos résultats expérimentaux sur pâte de ciment suggèrent que le ressuage ne peut pas être considéré comme un simple phénomène de consolidation homogène d'un matériau poreux déformable mais comme un phénomène de consolidation hétérogène conduisant à la formation de canaux préférentiels d'extraction d'eau. Nous montrons ainsi l'existence de trois régimes de ressuage : une période d'induction, une période d’accélération et une période de consolidation. Seuls les deux derniers régimes avaient été observés et discutés jusqu'à maintenant dans la littérature. Nos résultats suggèrent que la formation de ces canaux préférentiels semble être initiée par les défauts du système (les bulles d’air au premier ordre).Dans une seconde partie, les deux essais normalisés utilisés à ce jour dans la pratique industrielle pour la mesure du ressuage des bétons sur chantier, l’essai ASTM et l’essai Bauer, sont étudiés. Nous montrons que ces essais capturent des aspects différents du ressuage et qu’ils ne peuvent donc être corrélés. Nous montrons par ailleurs l’existence de limites dans la capacité de ces essais à capturer le risque de ressuage pour un béton donné. Des modifications de protocole sont alors proposées pour améliorer ces essais et leur permettre de fournir les données nécessaires à la prédiction du ressuage à l’échelle de la fondation.Enfin, nous étudions à la fois les différences entre ressuage d’une pâte de ciment et ressuage d’un béton et l’influence de la hauteur totale de matériau soumis au ressuage. La forte dépendance de la vitesse de ressuage à la profondeur est mise en évidence dans le cas des bétons. Un modèle permettant d’extrapoler une vitesse de ressuage dans une fondation à partir d’une mesure de ressuage à l’aide de l’essai ASTM est proposé. Ce modèle est validé sur des essais de laboratoire et des fondations réelles.Mots clés : ressuage, béton, pâte de ciment, consolidation, effet d’échelle / Due to the density differences between the solid mineral components and the suspending water, gravity can induce phase separation in concrete. This phase separation is at the origin of the formation of a film of water on the upper surface of fresh concrete, commonly known as bleeding. Although bleeding is known to directly or indirectly affect the final properties of hardened concrete, the existing knowledge does not allow for the prediction of this phenomenon or its correlation to mix proportions. The objective of this thesis, therefore, is to identify the physics behind the bleeding phenomenon in order to propose both an adapted measurement methodology and a predictive theoretical framework.The approach adopted is to start from the study of a simple model material, a cement paste in the laboratory, and upscale to the more complex scale of concrete poured into a real foundation on site.In the first part, our experimental results on cement paste suggest that bleeding cannot be simply described as the consolidation of a soft porous material, but, in fact, is of an obvious heterogeneous nature leading to the formation of preferential water extraction channels within the cement paste. We thus show the existence of three bleeding regimes: an induction period, an acceleration period, and a consolidation period. Only the last two regimes had been observed and discussed in the literature. Our results suggest that the formation of these preferential channels seems to be initiated by system defects (air bubbles at first order).In the second part, the two industrial standard tests used for the measurement of bleeding on site, the ASTM test and the Bauer test, are studied. We show that these tests capture different aspects of bleeding, and therefore, cannot be correlated. We also show the existence of limits in the capacity of these tests to capture the risk of bleeding for a given concrete. Changes and improvements are proposed in order to enable these tests to provide the data necessary for the prediction of bleeding at the concrete foundation scale.Finally, in the last part, we study the differences between the bleeding of a cement paste and the bleeding of a concrete and the influence of the total height of material subjected to bleeding. The high dependence of the bleeding rate on the depth of the foundation is captured in the case of concretes. A model is proposed to extrapolate a bleeding rate in a foundation from a bleeding measurement using the ASTM test. This model is validated on laboratory tests and on onsite measurements of real concrete foundations.Keywords: bleeding, concrete, cement paste, consolidation, scale effect

Cette recherche visait à mieux comprendre les liens la morale personnelle, l’identité sociale au Canada et les médias. Pour ce faire, une analyse quantitative s’appuyant sur trois échantillons de données a été effectuée, et ce, à la lumière de la théorie des fondements moraux (TFM) (Haidt & Joseph, 2008) et de la théorie de l’identité sociale (Tajfel, 1981). Les échantillons sont les suivants : a) les mots clés assignés aux plaintes déposées au Conseil canadien des normes de la radiotélévision (CCNR); b) l’expression des fondements moraux des textes des plaintes délibérées par le CCNR et c) les données des participants canadiens de YourMorals.org, une recherche toujours en cours de Ditto, Graham, Haidt et coll. Les analyses de données ont permis de déterminer si le contenu médiatique stimule l’expression de matrices morales particulières, en fonction de la région d’origine, du genre et de la langue des plaignants. Les résultats suggèrent qu’il existerait des distinctions morales selon le genre, la langue, les régions d'origine des participants et les stimuli vécus. La présente étude est la première à mettre à l’épreuve la théorie des fondements moraux quant au jugement moral face à un contenu médiatique. Ce faisant, elle jette un éclairage nouveau sur cette même théorie en l’appliquant au contexte canadien et éclairant les liens entre la moralité et les identités canadiennes.

Thesis advisor: Liane Young / Thesis advisor: James Dungan / Moral psychologists disagree over whether descriptively different moral violations represent distinct cognitive domains or are in fact unified by common cognitive mechanisms. The Moral Foundations Theory (MFT; Haidt, 2007) offers five different domains of moral transgressions: Harm/Care, Fairness/Reciprocity, Ingroup/Loyalty, Authority/Respect, and Purity/Sanctity. Both intentionality and omission bias (e.g. omissions such as letting someone die being judged less harshly than actions such as killing someone) have been shown to impact moral judgments; however, it remains unclear how these rules modulate judgments across moral transgressions of various types. Here, we investigate the role of intentionality and omission bias across different moral violations to determine if the divide between moral domains represent true cognitive, (as opposed to descriptive), differences. We utilized a 2 x 2 x 5 design to create stories across the 5 domains posited by MFT that were intentional/accidental cases of actions/omissions. Importantly, this study also looks at four distinct moral judgments of wrongness, responsibility, blameworthiness, and punishment to assess the role of these rules across judgments. We found that intent and action play different roles across judgments, particularly when comparing wrongness and punishment. Intent seems to matter more for wrongness, whereas action matters more for punishment. Further, these rules also differ across domains. We found that intent matters more for the individualizing foundations of harm and fairness (versus the binding foundations of ingroup, authority, and purity) in judgments of wrongness and punishment. The difference between action and omission is also more important for the individualizing foundations for punishment. These data suggest intentionality and omission bias manifest themselves uniquely across moral judgments and domains and provide evidence that there are meaningful differences between domains. / Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2014. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: College Honors Program. / Discipline: Psychology Honors Program. / Discipline: Psychology .

Orientador: Caio Gorla Nogueira / Banca: Heraldo Luiz Giacheti / Banca: Nelson Aoki / Resumo: Esta pesquisa apresenta uma abordagem probabilística do projeto de fundações por estacas escavadas via Teoria da Confiabilidade, em que os parâmetros de resistência do sistema estaca-solo e os carregamentos atuantes são considerados como variáveis aleatórias para avaliar a probabilidade de falha de cada estaca do projeto. Dois métodos semi-empíricos de previsão da capacidade de carga foram usados, em conjunto com resultados de ensaios de campo, SPT e CPT para caracterização do solo e definição das incertezas dos parâmetros de resistência do sistema estaca-solo. O método de Confiabilidade de Primeira Ordem (FORM) foi empregado na avaliação da probabilidade de falha de cada estaca do projeto. O projeto de fundações para um edifício hipotético de três andares em estrutura convencional de concreto armado e instalado em um perfil de solo arenoso é apresentado para mostrar como a abordagem probabilística proposta pode ser aplicada em um caso prático. As distribuições das variáveis aleatórias definidas pelos valores NSPT e CPT, bem como a resistência lateral e de ponta das estacas foram calculadas pelos dois métodos semi-empíricos mais utilizados no Brasil para previsão da capacidade de carga das estacas. As análises de confiabilidade permitiram identificar as diferenças nos métodos de previsão e forneceram a estimativa da probabilidade de falha como medida de avaliação da segurança. Observou-se que os valores obtidos para os índices de confiabilidade e probabilidades de falha assoc... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research presents a probabilistic analysis of bored pile foundations in the design phase via reliability theory, where strength and loads are considered as random variables to assess the probability of failure of it piles. Two semi-empirical predicting methods of pile bearing capacity were employed. Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and CPT were used to site characterization and to define the uncertainties the soil strength parameters. The First Order Reliability Method (FORM) was employed for assessing the failure probability of it pile. The design of the foundation elements for a three floors hypothetical building designed in reinforced concrete and installed in a sandy soil profile is presented to show how the proposed probabilistic approach can be applied in a practical case. The distributions of the random variables defined by the NSPT and CPT values as well as the lateral and tip resistances of the piles were calculated by the two mostly used semi-empirical method in Brazil for bearing capacity prediction. The reliability analysis allowed identify the differences in the prediction methods and provided the probability estimative against security. It was observed that the values for reliability indexes and failure probabilities of isolated foundation elements depend directly on the approach for determining the variability of the pile-soil resistance parameters. The proposal allows the probability concepts to be incorporated into a design method in the foundations proje... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre