Good tone is one of an alto saxophone player's greatest assets and consequently deserves high priority in training and pedagogy. The current pedagogical literature gives little attention to tone production on the saxophone. The mouthpiece is the link between the player and the saxophone. This study examined the effect of the normal mouthpiece pitch and the pitch range produced on the saxophone mouthpiece on alto saxophone tone quality . In this experimental study, recordings were made of forty-three student alto saxophone players who performed tasks consisting of three saxophone mouthpiece exercises and four short musical phrases on the saxophone. The tape recordings were used to provide a spectral analysis of the tone samples by Fast Fourier Transform Analysis, and to allow qualitative analysis by five expert judges. The judges used a saxophone listening profile to provide qualitative evaluation of the recordings. Cluster analysis produced three groups of subjects according to combinations of the mouthpiece pitch and range produced. The mean sustained mouthpiece pitch and mouthpiece range of the groups were: Cluster 1 - 790 Hz and 550 cents; Cluster 2 1023 Hz and 150 cents: and Cluster 3 - 820 Hz and 1203 cents. Analysis of variance was used to test for statistically significant differences between the clusters. Discriminant analysis was used to identify other variables which contributed to the formation of the three clusters. The quantitative analysis of both mouthpiece and saxophone tones provided no insight into the spectra of the student subjects. The qualitative analysis using bipolar descriptors provided valid criteria which could be applied consistently for the analysis of student saxophone tone. A Tonal Index was computed from the judges' ratings in order to test for differences in tone between the clusters. Analysis of variance tests showed significant differences in the tone produced by the clusters on both the mouthpiece and the saxophone. The tone produced by Cluster 3 was significantly different to that produced by Clusters 1 and 2 at the p < .05 level. Discriminant analysis identified the use of saxophone tone models (through comparative critical listening) and small group performance as significant predictor variables (at the p < .05 level) in the formation of the clusters. The results of this study suggest that tone production on the alto saxophone is improved through the development of control on the mouthpiece. It was concluded that routine practice with the mouthpiece can serve in the development of a flexible and responsive embouchure and oral cavity and that students need to develop a mental concept of saxophone tone as part of the development of tone production. Also, experience in small group performance needs to be sought and provided for saxophone students. Finally, this study focussed on an area of mouthpiece behaviour which can easily be included into any instructional design and monitored by teachers.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar a radiação ionizante na reciclagem de pneus inservíveis de automóvel. As amostras de borracha de pneus inservíveis foram irradiadas com doses de radiação de 200, 400 e 600kGy, em um acelerador de elétrons. Posteriormente, elas foram caracterizadas por termogravimetria (TG), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), ensaios mecânicos de tração, espectrofotometria de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Por TG foi possível observar os efeitos da radiação na perda de massa do material. Por DSC observou-se as curvas exotérmicas associadas à decomposição e valores de variação de entalpia (&Delta;H). Foram estudadas as propriedades mecânicas das amostras da matriz elastomérica com o pó de pneu inservível e verificado o seu comportamento frente à radiação ionizante. Os espectros FTIR foram obtidos na região de 4000 650cm-1. Observou-se que não foi possível observar alteração nos picos devido à irradiação. Nos ensaios por MEV as micrografias foram ampliadas de 32 vezes até 1000 vezes e observadas nos tamanhos de 1mm até 20&mu;m. Observou-se nas doses de 200 e 400kGy, rugosidades correspondentes a quebras ou rupturas, possivelmente causadas pela radiação. Na dose de 600kGy, foi possível observar cavidades causadas pela radiação. Observou-se que para todas as doses houve degradação. Para as amostras dos corpos de prova sem pó e com pó de pneus inservíveis com 10%, 30% e 50% de pó as micrografias foram observadas nas ampliações de 100&mu;m e 200&mu;m. Também foi possível observar a incorporação do pó de pneus inservíveis de automóvel na matriz elastomérica das amostras não irradiadas e irradiadas. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP