Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston University

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston University 2" x 2" slides. In Audio-Visual Library. / The purpose of this study is to construct a test of design judgment for use both as an evaluative and guidance device in the art classes of Grades VIII and IX of the Framingham Public Schools. This is to be known as the Framingham Design Judgement Test. Its objectives are (1) to help the art teachers of Grades VIII and IX evaluate one phase of the local art program; (2) to help select those pupils who, having demonstrated ability and interest in art in the earlier grades, should be encouraged ,to continue the subject in Grade IX; and (3) to help determine which students, by virtue of special talent, should elect the Art Major course at the beginning of Grade X, and which ones should be advised to pursue their art interests in the General Art course.

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston University

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:29:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo8005_1.pdf: 331156 bytes, checksum: eb11d4197177d7eb1af372ec00771523 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / As doenças cardiovasculares, em especial a doença arterial coronariana, endêmicas no século XX, passaram a apresentar, a partir das 3 últimas décadas, uma curva declinante de sua mortalidade por um maior controle dos fatores de risco associados e, também, melhorias no diagnóstico e tratamento. O seu comportamento epidemiológico no Brasil não é diferente do resto do mundo. Prevenção primária pode ser incrementada após análise do perfil de risco de grupos populacionais específicos. O escore de Framingham é uma ferramenta útil para a determinação do risco absoluto e relativo de doença arterial coronariana em cenários de prevenção primária. Os motoristas de transportes coletivos urbanos pertencem a uma categoria profissional de risco elevado, inerente à ocupação exercida. Este risco independe da presença ou não dos fatores de risco clássicos ou mais recentemente estudados, devido à tensão elevada no trabalho que gera um estresse continuado e deletério com o passar dos anos. Foi realizado um estudo observacional, descritivo, transversal, onde aplicou-se o escore de Framingham em 107 motoristas de transportes coletivos urbanos de Teresina, Piauí, para avaliação do grau de risco e sua associação com as variáveis previstas no mesmo, que foram, idade, colesterol total, colesterol HDL, pressão arterial sistólica, pressão arterial diastólica, presença de diabetes melito e tabagismo. O teste de significância usado foi o χ2. A razão de prevalência como medida de associação. O risco médio foi 5%, com a maior parte situando-se na categoria de baixo risco (85,05%). As médias obtidas foram 42 anos para a idade, colesterol total 200 mg%, colesterol HDL 49 mg%, pressão arterial sistólica 130 mmHg e pressão arterial diastólica 85 mmHg. As associações diabetes melito, tabagismo e colesterol HDL com o risco não foram estatisticamente significantes, diferente do ocorrido com as outras variáveis, que tiveram grande influência no risco obtido

Over the past thirty years, Massachusetts has become a hub of Brazilian immigration. Within Massachusetts, the town of Framingham has the highest concentration of Brazilian residents; one census tract in the southern part of this Boston suburb is an astounding 57.4 percent Brazilian. The presence of the Brazilian population in downtown Framingham, also referred to as South Framingham, has transformed the area into a landscape of Brazilian ethnicity. When Brazilians began arriving in South Framingham in the early 1980s, the downtown Central Business District was a blighted landscape. This thesis analyzes how Brazilian identities have become imprinted on the landscape of South Framingham and, in the process, how Brazilian business owners revitalized downtown. Starting with initial Brazilian immigration to Framingham, I present a chronological analysis of how the area developed into an ethnic enclave and, most recently, how the area has become a landscape of ethnic contention. While Brazilian immigrants have improved the economic vitality of South Framingham, the current economic recession and other local factors may diminish the future success of Brazilian business owners and, consequently, their visibility in the landscape of downtown Framingham.

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University. Missing page 71 in numbering only

Introducción: Las recomendaciones del ATPIII y las SSCC europeas en prevención primaria cardiovascular aconsejan para la estimación del riesgo individual las funciones de Framingham y SCORE respectivamente. Ambas disponen de versiones calibradas para la población española. Todas, excepto Framingham(ATPIII), han sido derivadas para aplicarlas en un rango de edad limitado. Por otra parte, ninguna de estas funciones predice el riesgo cardiovascular total, ya que SCORE y SCORE calibrada sólo estima el riesgo de muerte y Framingham(ATPIII) y REGICOR el riesgo coronario. Sin embargo todas las medidas preventivas van dirigidas a la prevención de la enfermedad cardiovascular globalmente y las funciones son utilizadas como proxi del riesgo cardiovascular total. El objetivo es determinar cuál de estas funciones de estimación del riesgo cardiovascular es más útil para seleccionar al mayor número de pacientes con incidencia total de episodios cardiovasculares elevada. Método: Estudio observacional de cohortes de 1642 pacientes de 20 a 79 años no diabéticos, sin enfermedad cardiovascular establecida, en una Unidad de Hipertensión y Riesgo Vascular, seguidos un tiempo mediano de 3,8 años (rango 1- 10 años). Se registraron todos los episodios cardiovasculares mayores incidentes. Se calculó el riesgo predicho individual utilizando cada función. Se analizó el grado de concordancia para clasificar en grupos de riesgo utilizando los puntos de corte ≥5% en SCORE y SCORE calibrada, >20% para Framingham(ATPIII) y ≥10% en REGICOR. Se estimó para cada función la sensibilidad, especificidad, CPP, CPN, Odds ratio diagnóstica y exactitud. Se estimó la densidad de incidencia por el método de Mantel-Haenzel, y la incidencia acumulada en grupos de riesgo obtenidos al aplicar los algoritmos y compararlos mediante análisis de Kaplan-Meier. Se compararon las curvas de supervivencia mediante test de Breslow. Resultados: SCORE calibrada clasificó de alto riesgo a un 13,5%, SCORE a un 9,8%, Framingham(ATPIII) al 8,8% y REGICOR a un 3,5%. Durante el seguimiento 74 pacientes presentaron un primer episodio cardiovascular. La concordancia a la hora de clasificar en grupos de riesgo entre Framingham y SCORE (Kappa=0,37), y entre SCORE calibrada y REGICOR (Kappa=0,34) fue débil. Para cada función, el grupo de alto riesgo presentó un HR superior a 4 respecto al grupo de riesgo moderado/bajo. Todas las funciones presentaron una baja sensibilidad sin diferencias significativas, así como una exactitud moderada para discriminar pacientes con episodio cardiovascular. Al comparar SCORE vs Framingham(ATPIII) y SCORE calibrada vs REGICOR, la incidencia de episodios cardiovasculares en los grupos con discordancia en la clasificación de alto riesgo no presentó diferencias significativas. SCORE excluyó un 4,8% de pacientes de alto riesgo frente a un 5,8% por Framingham(ATPIII). SCORE calibrada excluyó un 0,4% de pacientes de alto riesgo frente a un 10,3% en el caso de REGICOR. Además, SCORE calibrada seleccionó un 4,2% más de pacientes respecto a SCORE con una incidencia significativamente más elevada que el grupo de riesgo moderado/bajo. En las mujeres por falta de potencia estadística no se observaron diferencias significativas. En los hombres SCORE excluyó un 7,1% de pacientes de alto riesgo frente a un 10,6% por Framingham(ATPIII), mientras que SCORE calibrada excluyó un 0,4% de pacientes de alto riesgo frente a un 16,1% por REGICOR con una probabilidad acumulada de ECV a los 5 años del 19%. Además, SCORE calibrada incluyó un 5% más de pacientes que SCORE con una probabilidad acumulada de episodios cardiovasculares a los 5 años del 17%. Conclusión: En prevención primaria, aunque el rendimiento de las cuatro funciones analizadas no presenta diferencias significativas, la concordancia entre ellas es débil, siendo SCORE calibrada la más útil para seleccionar al mayor número de pacientes con una incidencia de episodios cardiovasculares aumentada. / Background: The recommendations of ATPIII and the European scientific societies in cardiovascular primary prevention advise the estimate of the individual risk by Framingham and SCORE functions respectively. Both have versions calibrated for the Spanish population. The objective is to determine which of these functions is more useful to select to the greater number of patients with high cardiovascular incidence. Method: Longitudinal study of 1642 non-diabetic patients, without previous history of cardiovascular disease attending to a Hypertension and Vascular clinic. High-risk patients were considered those with ≥5% risk according to SCORE and calibrated SCORE, >20% on Framingham(ATPIII) and ≥10% on REGICOR. Major cardiovascular events were collected during a 3 year median follow-up (range 1-10 años) and analysed by Kaplan-Meier. Results: 13,5% of patients was considered of high-risk with calibrated SCORE function, 9,8& with SCORE, 8,8% with Framingham(ATPIII) and 3,5% with REGICOR. The concordance between SCORE and Framingahm(ATPIII) (Kappa=0,37), and between calibrated SCORE and REGICOR (Kappa=0,34) was poor. During follow-up 74 cardiovascular events occurred. The incidence of cardiovascular events in groups with disagreement in high risk classification, did not present differences, upon compared SCORE vs Framingham(ATPIII) and calibrated SCORE vs REGICOR. SCORE excluded a 4,8% of high risk patients as compared to a 5,8% by Framingham(ATPIII). Calibrated SCORE excluded a 0,4% of high risk patients as compared to a 10,3% in the case of REGICOR. Furthermore, calibrated SCORE selected 4,2% patients more than SCORE with incidence of cardiovascular events significantly highest that moderate/low risk group. In women, by lack of statistics power, it’s not observed meaningful differences. In the men SCORE excluded 7,1% of high risk patients as compared to 10,6% by Framingham(ATPIII). Calibrated SCORE excluded 0,4% of high risk patients as compared to 16,1% by REGICOR with acumulative probability of cardiovascular events at 5 years of 19%. Furthermore, calibrated SCORE included a 5% of men more than SCORE with an acumulative probability of cardiovascular events at 5 years of 17%. Conclusions: In primary prevention, calibrated SCORE is the most useful to select the greater number of patients with a cardiovascular events incidence increased.

La prévalence de l’obésité abdominale a augmenté chez les personnes âgées et ce, particulièrement chez les femmes. Connaissant les risques associés de maladies chroniques, il est important de développer des stratégies efficaces permettant de réduire l’accumulation de graisse abdominale. Depuis quelques années maintenant, il est suggéré que l’entrainement par intervalles à haute intensité (HIIT) de faible volume (75 min/semaine) est une stratégie efficace pour induire une perte de masse grasse, améliorer le profil métabolique et la capacité fonctionnelle chez les personnes en surpoids, tout en favorisant une réponse affective à l’effort qui est supérieure à celle induite par l’exercice continu d’intensité modérée. Néanmoins, la faisabilité et l’impact d’une telle stratégie chez les femmes âgées, les plus touchées par l’obésité abdominale, demeurent à démontrer. D’autre part, il existe des discordances quant aux effets du HIIT de faible volume comparativement à ceux observés en réponse aux recommandations actuelles en matière d’exercice aérobie. Ainsi, l’objectif principal de ce mémoire était d’établir la faisabilité d’un programme de 8 semaines de HIIT de faible volume et de comparer ses effets à ceux obtenus en réponse aux recommandations actuelles en matière d’exercice (150 min/semaine d’exercice aérobie d’intensité modérée; CONT) sur la masse grasse, le profil métabolique et la capacité fonctionnelle chez des femmes âgées présentant une obésité abdominale. Méthodes: Au départ, 40 femmes ont été appelées pour participer au projet. De ces 40 femmes, 21 rencontraient les critères de sélection et ont été évaluées dans notre laboratoire. Suite aux évaluations initiales, 3 femmes ont été exclues (pré-diabète n=1 ; problèmes cardiaques décelés lors de l’épreuve cardiorespiratoire n = 2). Au total, 18 femmes âgées (60-75 ans) en santé, physiquement inactives (< 60 min d’exercice structuré par semaine) et présentant une obésité abdominale (circonférence de la taille: ≥ 88 cm) ont été recrutées et ont complété l’étude. Les participantes ont été réparties aléatoirement parmi deux groupes: 1) HIIT (n = 9) ou 2) CONT (n = 9). Les variables suivantes ont été mesurées avant et après 8 semaines d’intervention: anthropométrie (poids, taille, circonférence de la taille) ; composition corporelle (masse grasse totale, du tronc et viscérale, masse maigre ; iDXA) ; profil métabolique à jeun (profil lipidique, glucose et insuline) ; capacité fonctionnelle (test de marche de 6 minutes, tests de capacité fonctionnelle, tests de force maximale et capacité aérobie maximale : VO2 max). La faisabilité fut établie avec le taux de complétion (abandon, adhérence à l’intervention) et la réponse affective, qui fut mesurée avant et après chaque séance d’entrainement pendant les 8 semaines d’intervention. Résultats: Le taux de complétion était élevé et similaire dans les deux groupes (HIIT : 92,7 ± 4,1 %; CONT : 94,7 ± 3,1 %), il n’y a eu aucun abandon. La réponse affective, avant et après chaque séance d’exercice, était élevée (HIIT : avant 4,2 ± 0,6 vs. après 4,2 ± 1,1 ; CONT : avant 4,0 ± 0,8 vs. après 4 ,2 ± 1,0), en plus d’être similaire entre les groupes (toutes valeurs de p ≥ 0,58). Au départ, les femmes des deux groupes présentaient une faible capacité aérobie (VO2 max : HIIT : 20,3 ± 4,6 mL/kg/min et CONT : 20,1 ± 2,6 mL/kg/min). Bien que la composition corporelle soit demeurée inchangée, les niveaux plasmatiques de cholestérol total (p = 0,013), de cholestérol non-HDL (p = 0,005) et de cholestérol LDL (p = 0,001) ont diminué dans les deux groupes de façon similaire. La distance parcourue au test de marche de 6 minutes a augmenté (p < 0,0001) et la pression artérielle diastolique avant le début du test à diminuée (p = 0,023) chez toutes les participantes. Le nombre de répétitions réalisées au test de flexion du coude (arm curl) a augmenté (p = 0,046) dans les deux groupes. Conclusion: Un programme de 8 semaines de HIIT de faible volume est faisable par les femmes âgées inactives qui présentent une obésité abdominale et une faible capacité aérobie. Néanmoins, 8 semaines de HIIT ou de CONT ne suffisent pas pour améliorer la composition corporelle chez des femmes âgées présentant une obésité abdominale. Cependant, avec seulement la moitié du temps des recommandations actuelles en matière d’exercice aérobie (75 vs. 150 min/semaine) et la moitié de la dépense énergétique, le HIIT de faible volume a permis d’obtenir les mêmes améliorations pour le profil lipidique et la capacité fonctionnelle que l’exercice continu d’intensité modérée chez des femmes âgées qui étaient physiquement inactives avant l’intervention. Ces résultats démontrent que le HIIT de faible volume est une stratégie d’intervention faisable et équivalente aux recommandations actuelles en matière d’exercice aérobie chez les femmes âgées en santé mais préalablement physiquement inactives.

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the main causes of death in the world and Framingham Risk Score (FRS) is the most used tool to assess the risk of CHD in asymptomatic patients. However, it underestimates the cardiovascular (CDV) risk in some individuals. To address this problem, Brazilian Society of Cardiology proposes further risk stratification tests, using emerging risk factors - known as aggravating risk factors - that, when present, reclassify the risk category to a higher one than that initially estimated by the FRS. One does not know which of these aggravating risk factors have more influence in this reclassification, nor the frequency of each CDV risk category after their use and its financial cost. In an observational, descriptive study, 66 patients (54,8 ± 13,9 years, 33 men and 33 women) from a private clinic at Aracaju, Sergipe, had been evaluated during their routine medical exams. Forty three (65.2%) patients were at low-risk category and 23 (34.8%) at the intermediate risk. All of them had been submitted to the screening of the following aggravating risk factors: familiar history of premature CHD (FHCHD), metabolic syndrome (MS), left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), high sensitivity C reactive protein (CPRus), chronic renal failure (CHF) and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis (SCA). Fifty seven individuals (86.4%) had presented some aggravating risk factors, and MS was the most frequent (68.2%), followed by LVH (34.9%), high CPRus (27.3%), SCA (25.8%), FHCHD (16.7%) and CHF (15.2%). After the reclassification, eight patients (12.1%) were of low risk, 36 (54.6%) of intermediate risk and 22 (33.3%) of high CDV risk. The combined diagnosis of MS and FHCHD was the less expensive strategy of reclassification, changing the risk of 48 patients (72.2%) with a cost of US$ 4,60 per each reclassified individual. The most expensive (US$ 327,52 each patient) was the isolated diagnostic of SCA, that changed the risk of only 17 patients (25.8%). Therefore, FRS underestimated CDV risk in the majority of the evaluated patients, because the frequency of risk enhancers was high, especially metabolic syndrome. Combined screening of the aggravating risk factors seems to be the better strategy. However, this screening must be individualized so as not to have unnecessary expenses. / A doença arterial coronariana (DAC) é uma das principais causas de morte no mundo e o Escore de Risco de Framingham (ERF) é uma das ferramentas mais utilizada para identificar indivíduos assintomáticos predispostos a essa patologia. Entretanto, ele subestima o risco cardiovascular (CDV) em determinados pacientes. Para contornar esse problema, a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia preconiza a pesquisa de algumas variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais - conhecidas como critérios agravantes de risco que, quando presentes, reclassificam os pacientes numa categoria de risco superior aquela inicialmente estimada pelo ERF. Não se sabe quais dos critérios agravantes propostos têm maior influência nessa reclassificação, a freqüência de cada faixa de risco CDV nem o custo financeiro após a utilização desses agravantes. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, descritivo, foram avaliados 66 indivíduos com idade média de 54,8 ± 13,9 anos, atendidos em um serviço privado de Aracaju, Sergipe, para check-up cardiológico rotineiro. Eram 43 (65,2%) pacientes de baixo e 23 (34,8%) de médio risco pelo ERF, sendo 33 homens e 33 mulheres. Todos foram submetidos à pesquisa dos seguintes critérios agravantes: história familiar de DAC precoce (HFDAC), síndrome metabólica (SM), hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE), proteína C reativa de alta sensibilidade elevada (PCRas), insuficiência renal crônica (IRC) e aterosclerose subclínica de carótidas (ATCL). Cinqüenta e sete indivíduos (86,4%) apresentaram algum agravante de risco, sendo a SM o mais frequente (68,2%), seguida pela HVE (34,9%), PCRas elevada (27,3%), ATCL (25,8%), HFDAC (16,7%) e IRC (15,2%). Após a reclassificação, oito pacientes (12,1%) eram de baixo risco, 36 (54,6%) de médio risco e 22 (33,3%) de alto risco CDV. A pesquisa combinada de SM e HFDAC foi a estratégia mais barata de reestratificação, mudando o risco de 48 pacientes (72,2%) a um custo de US$ 4,60 por indivíduo reclassificado. A mais cara (US$ 327,52 por paciente) foi a investigação isolada de ATCL, que mudou a categoria do risco em apenas 17 pessoas (25,8%). Em suma, o ERF subestimou o risco CDV na maioria dos pacientes estudados devido à elevada freqüência de critérios agravantes. Todavia, a solicitação de exames deve ser criteriosa para que não haja gastos desnecessários. A pesquisa combinada de SM e HFDAC foi a estratégia com melhor relação custo benefício.