No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

This study, written in French, examines both the parallel and conflicting events in the childhoods and adolescent periods of two significant francophone writers, Camara Laye and Joseph Zobel, through an in depth analysis of their respective novels L'enfant noir and la Rue Cases-Negres. The study was based on the assertion that children of African heritage growing up in French colonial society would have similar experiences bearing distinct cultural markers. The following sources were used in the development of this thesis: direct comparison of the two novels, study of twentieth century literary criticism, and research of other scholarly works in the field of modern francophone literature. In this analysis, the researcher explored similar elements between Franco-African and Franco-Caribbean culture in the themes of music, oral tradition, colonial education, language, religion and superstition, and social interaction as represented in the two novels. Furthermore, the study described the conflicting representations of the conditions of French colonialism in each of the settings of the novels and how those representations do or do not reflect the general thinking of the literary period in which they were published.

This thesis considers the influence of three West Indian writers who contributed to the development of Negritude as a literary, social and political phenomenon. The author shows that the racial awareness central to the Negritude movement was strongly affected by the experiences in Haiti and Martinique in particular. The thesis is comprised of three chapters and a conclusion. The first examines the awakening of racial consciousness in Paris in the 1930s and ‘40s, placing those developments in literary and historical perspective. This chapter also serves as an introduction to the milieu of West Indian and black American writers who were aggressively active in deriving a literary response to racial oppression. The second and third chapters analyze the roles of individual writers. The second chapter probes the writings of Jacques Roumain. He made an impression with his Marxist analysis of the Haitian situation, pushed for an “indigenous” Haitian literature, and developed the peasant novel. By using excerpts from essays, poems, and his novel, Gouverneurs de la Rosee, the writer details the influence of this Haitian author on Negritude writers. The third chapter considers two lesser—studied writers, the Martinicans Etienne Lero and Gilbert Gratiant. Gratiant embraced the mixed cultural heritage of Martinique, while Lero fought for an African outlook in initiating Legitime Defense, and through other contributions. An exploration of a small sampling of their work will help to clarify the context of color and caste in Martinique. The conclusion summarizes the authors’ social critique of French civilization and shows that the experiences of the West Indian authors discussed in the thesis influenced the principal leaders of Negritude--Leopold Sedar Senghor, Leon Damas and Aime Cesaire--and that this can be seen in the conceptions the Negritude movement embraced.

L'objet de cette etude est de faire une etude comparee des effets de l'analphabetisme et de la polygamie dans quelques oeuvres de Sembѐne Ousmane et Ferdinand Oyono. En effet, l'analphabetisme et la polygamie sont deux des problѐmes qui ne laissent pas les Africains progresser dans le monde comme il faut. Comme ecrivains negro-africains engages, Sembѐne Ousmane et Ferdinand Oyono vont eveiller la conscience des Africains envers ces problѐmes, à travers leurs romans. Ainsi, les Africains peuvent reflechir encore sur ces problѐmes et saisir la balle au bon en trouvant des solutions avant qu'il ne soit trop tard. L'etude est presentee en quatre chapitres et une conclusion. Le premier chapitre sert d'introduction. Elle analyse un peu sur l'etat de sous-developpement en Afrique noire. Le deuxieme chapitre discute la vie de Sembene Ousmane, le milieu socio-culturel ou il a grandi et qui l'a influence dans ses oeuvres. Le troisieme chapitre, pourtant, est consacre a Ferdinand Oyono et ses contributions dans la litterature negro-africaine. Nous verrons que bien qu'il n'ait ecrit que trois romans jusqu'ici, il a fait des pas indelebiles dans les sables de l'histoire en Afrique noire. Le quatrieme chapitre analyse quelques livres des deux auteurs tels que Le Mandat, Voltaῐque d'Ousmane et Une vie de boy, Le vieux negre et la medailie et Chemin d'Europe d' Oyono pour faire sortir les problemes de la polygamie et de l'analphabetisme. La conclusion essaie de voir si nos deux ecrivains ont bien pose les problemes. Elle suggere aussi une solution qui est l'education des masses et de la femme--education adaptee aux besoins du peuple.

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No description available.

This thesis charts the development of Parisian fashion supremacy, dating from the 16th century reign of François I to the eventual establishment of haute couture in the 19th century. Via a century-by-century analysis, key individuals who contributed to the development of fashion dominance and haute couture are highlighted. This analysis is composed of three chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter concentrates on the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, identifying François I and Louis XIV as central personalities who influenced French fashion supremacy during their respective eras. This chapter also mentions key aspects of the French Renaissance which makes this a logical starting point for this analysis. The second chapter identifies Madame de Pompadour and Marie Antoinette as the most influential personal ties influencing fashion trends on a worldwide scale. It marks the emergence of the female as the dominant arbiter of fashion; taking the position formally held by the French kings. Characteristics during the reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI which allowed this transition of authority to take place are discussed. Finally, it is during this chapter that Paris emerges as the fashion capital of the world. The third chapter reviews the nineteenth century and its ultimate contribution to French fashion dominance: haute couture. Key elements during the reign of Napoleon III, along with the creative genius and dressmaking ability of Charles Frederick Worth are credited with its creation. Additionally, the development of the Chambre Syndicale de la Couture Française and its influences on the fashion world are analyzed. The conclusion summarizes the evolution of French fashion and discusses France's current position.