The purpose of this thesis is twofold: first, to review the literature on economic impact analysis in general, and port-economic impact literature in particular; and second, to use this background to undertake an economic impact assessment. The case study for this thesis is Fraser Port, which is located along the lower reaches of the Fraser River in British Columbia's Lower Mainland metropolitan region. The port is administered by the Fraser River Harbour Commission. This thesis is about production, people, and the economic significance of Fraser Port. This thesis is not an analysis of economic impact theory, but a review and application of port impact identification techniques. All data and impacts presented relate to 1992. Ports perform a necessary function in a nation's trading system by providing a transshipment connection between land and water modes of transport. As such, the port is strategically connected to the production of the many goods passing through its facilities. For this thesis, the impact of the various commodities passing through the port is termed port-associated. The port also manifests its presence through its daily operations and generates numerous employment opportunities both within and beyond the confines of the waterfront. The economic impact driven by this activity is termed port-industry and most closely reflects the impact of the working waterfront. To complete the impact assessment of the port-industry category, a survey was undertaken to collect sales revenue and employment information. This data was then aggregated into specific industry sectors and a total economic impact was estimated using appropriate economic multipliers. The result was a picture of direct, indirect, and induced activity resulting from the daily operations of the port. The port-associated category was assessed in a slightly different manner. The value of each cargo was determined and, where appropriate, was assessed for the economic activity related to its production. This activity is not generated by the port, but is associated with Fraser Port through the use of its transshipment services. The results of the assessment reveal that the port-industry category generates approximately one quarter of a billion dollars of provincial gross domestic product (GDP). This led to a total GDP impact across Canada of close to $275 million. Employment amounted to about 2,113 full-time equivalent positions in B.C. and nearly 3,400 across Canada. In 1992, the total value of import and export cargo passing through Fraser Port was approximately $6.1 billion, $3.8 billion of which was international imports. The remainder, $2.3 billion, was made up of domestic outbound and inbound cargoes, and international exports. It is important to recognize that these two categories of port activity are measures of different effects. The results of the port-industry and port-associated categories should not be added to produce a total Fraser Port impact. Adhering to this recommendation will ensure that the figures, and thus Fraser Port, will not be misrepresented to the public.

In the canyon where the Fraser River flows through the Cascade mountains, migrating salmon supported a large, dense native population. By 1850 the Hudson’s Bay Company had several forts on other parts of the Fraser River and its tributaries but found the canyon itself inaccessible. Prior to the gold rush, whites rarely ventured there. Discoveries of gold in Fraser River in 1856 drew the attention of outsiders and a rush of miners, and led eventually to permanent white settlement on mainland British Columbia. Contrary to much historiography, these were not foregone results. Instead, the gold rush was a complex process of negotiation and conflict among competing groups as they sought to profit from gold discoveries. The Hudson’s Bay Company sought to gain and retain control of the resource by incorporating it into its trade and by excluding outsiders. But miners arrived by the thousands, and the Company was forced to try to regulate miners’ access to the resource. However, as a group, miners were cohesive and self-reliant; they had little need for outside intervention. The Hudson’s Bay Company was unable to regulate them while pursuing its own ideas of profit. The British government subsequently revoked the Hudson Bay Company’s trade license, and proclaimed British Columbia a colony. In efforts to impose its own ideals of order on the gold fields, the government introduced a new colonial administration which, following a chain of command extending from London through Victoria to the Fraser, sought to organize the population in the spaces of the Fraser Canyon. Government authority was reinforced by the legal system’s flexible responses to the diverse population’s activities it deemed illegal. By studying the interactions of natives, miners, traders, administrators, and the legal system, I have attempted to untangle the ways in which white men negotiated their particular racist and masculinist ideals and sought to impose them in the spaces of the Fraser Canyon.

This thesis investigates the potential application of a two-dimensional depth-averaged sediment transport and morphological model on a large braided river system and examines its capability to build a computational gravel budget and predict the morphological changes. The Lower Fraser River gravel reach is characterized by an irregularly sinuous single-thread channel split around large gravel bars and vegetated islands, and riverbed aggradation because of gradual gravel deposition over the years, bank hardening and channel confinement. Gravel removal from selected locations is considered as one of the viable management options to maintain the safety and integrity of the existing flood protection system along the reach. Therefore, any gravel removal plan in this reach requires a reliable sediment budget estimation and identification of deposition zones. It is also required to examine the possible future morphological changes with and without gravel removal and to assess its impact on design flood level. The main objective of this study is to build a computational sediment (gravel) budget for the 33 km long gravel reach that extends from Agassiz-Rosedale Bridge to Sumas Mountain near Chilliwack. In this study, a two-dimensional depth-averaged curvilinear mathematical model MIKE 21C was modified and applied to predict the gravel bedload transport and detect the change of morphology for the next 10 years period. A gravel transport formula was coded and added into the MIKE 21C model. Sediment transport code modification and application has been done side by side in a trial and error fashion. This is the first use of a conventional two-dimensional depth-averaged model for the entire gravel reach of the Lower Fraser River within affordable computational effort. The model application was successful in term of gravel budgeting, aggradation and degradation zones identification and long-term morphological change prediction, with some limitations and drawbacks. Further modification and model testing with recent bedload data is recommended.

The interaction of tidal currents with Fraser Ridge in the Strait of Georgia, B.C., generates an internal lee-wave on each strong flood but, due to the ridge's asymmetry, not during ebbs. Just prior to lee-wave formation, a strong accelerated bottom jet forms with magnitudes up to 0.7 m s^-1 forms during barotropic tidal flows reaching 0.2 m s^-1. On the steepest slope, this jet forms directly above a rare glass sponge reef, and may prevent the sponges from being smothered in sediment by periodically resuspending and carrying it away. Both the accelerated jet and lee-wave remove tidal energy. At peak flood tide, the lee-wave has energy dissipation rates reaching 10^-5 W kg^-1 that removes energy at a rate of ~611 W m^-1, while the bottom boundary layer at the time of the accelerated jet has energy dissipation rates reaching 10^-4 W kg^-1 that removes energy at a rate of ~525 W m^-1. / Graduate

Research Project (M.B.A.) - Simon Fraser University, 2005. / Research Project (Faculty of Business Administration) / Simon Fraser University. MBA-IB Specialist Program. Senior supervisor : Dr. David C. Thomas.

Research Project (M.B.A.) - Simon Fraser University, 2005. / Research Project (Faculty of Business Administration) / Simon Fraser University. MBA-IB Specialist Program. Senior supervisor : Dr. David C. Thomas.

This thesis investigates the potential application of a two-dimensional depth-averaged sediment transport and morphological model on a large braided river system and examines its capability to build a computational gravel budget and predict the morphological changes. The Lower Fraser River gravel reach is characterized by an irregularly sinuous single-thread channel split around large gravel bars and vegetated islands, and riverbed aggradation because of gradual gravel deposition over the years, bank hardening and channel confinement. Gravel removal from selected locations is considered as one of the viable management options to maintain the safety and integrity of the existing flood protection system along the reach. Therefore, any gravel removal plan in this reach requires a reliable sediment budget estimation and identification of deposition zones. It is also required to examine the possible future morphological changes with and without gravel removal and to assess its impact on design flood level. The main objective of this study is to build a computational sediment (gravel) budget for the 33 km long gravel reach that extends from Agassiz-Rosedale Bridge to Sumas Mountain near Chilliwack. In this study, a two-dimensional depth-averaged curvilinear mathematical model MIKE 21C was modified and applied to predict the gravel bedload transport and detect the change of morphology for the next 10 years period. A gravel transport formula was coded and added into the MIKE 21C model. Sediment transport code modification and application has been done side by side in a trial and error fashion. This is the first use of a conventional two-dimensional depth-averaged model for the entire gravel reach of the Lower Fraser River within affordable computational effort. The model application was successful in term of gravel budgeting, aggradation and degradation zones identification and long-term morphological change prediction, with some limitations and drawbacks. Further modification and model testing with recent bedload data is recommended. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate

A mineralogical and chemical study was conducted on the clay fractions of lower Fraser River alluvial sediments. The major objectives of the study were to characterize the mineralogy of these sediments and to evaluate the influence of a marine environment and sedimentary phases of deposition on their mineralogical content. Twenty-one sampling sites representing the four major soil series developed on these sediments and six sea bottom samples were collected. Surface and subsurface samples were taken for the soil series. X-ray diffraction analyses were conducted on the coarse and fine clay fractions of all samples and the total K, Mg and Ca contents of the clay fractions were also investigated. With the exception of samples from the Pitt Meadows area, there was a marked similarity in the clay mineral suite present in these sediments. The major clay mineral components of the coarse clay fraction were montmorillonoid and chlorite. Lesser amounts of micaceous material and several interstratified clay minerals were also present. The interstratified clay minerals identified included a randomly interstratified chlorite-montmorillonoid and chlorite-mica and in a limited number of cases regularly interstratified chlorite-montmorillonoid. The identification of a regularly interstratified chlorite-mica was quite questionable. Positive identification of kaolin was prevented in most instances by a heat unstable chlorite. However, kaolin was identified in a sample from the Pitt Meadows area and there was strong evidence to suggest its presence in other samples. Quartz, feldspars and amphiboles were the only non-phyllosilicates identified. The fine clay fractions were dominated by montmorillonoid and much lesser amounts of chlorite. Micaceous material, inter-stratified clay minerals and quartz were present in only questionable amounts and in some instances appeared to be absent. The chlorite was identified as an iron rich variety possessing thermally unstable higher order reflections. A progressive decrease in the relative intensity of these reflections was observed on heating from 4OO to 450°C. Further heating to 500°C resulted in the disappearance of the peaks. The montmorillonoid component identified appeared to be of two types: An octahedrally substituted member and a tetrahedrally substituted member. The presence of the latter mineral prevented identification of vermiculite. The results support the findings of other workers that marine deposited sediments are highly detrital in nature, dominantly reflect their source area and are influenced by sea water to only a minor extent. Diagenesis of 14+ A° material of the marine sediments was indicated by X-ray diffraction analyses. Chemical analyses were also indicative of the minor influence of a marine environment. Mineralogical variations within and among soil series were largely quantitative in nature. These variations tended to be minimized within a particular soil series. Mineralogical differences between the two clay fractions were observed, however these were to be expected. The variations noted in the mineralogy of the clay fractions of these sediments were attributed to sedimentary processes, seasonal variations in the detrital components carried by rivers, yearly variations in particular source areas and the local influence of sediments carried by several tributaries of the lower Fraser River that flow out of the Coast Mountains. The X-ray and chemical analyses indicated that there was a valid basis for continued mapping of the Pitt soil series separate from the Monroe and Fairfield series. The two sampling sites from the Pitt Meadows were considerably higher in randomly interstratified chlorite-montmorillonoid and lower in micaceous material than those of the other sediments. Chemical analyses were also indicative of these differences. The variability noted in soils from the Pitt Meadows area may be related to the influence of sediments carried by the Alouette River. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Some of the physical and chemical properties of the stony marine clays recently described by Armstrong and Brown in the Lower Fraser Valley area of British Columbia were investigated. Mechanical analysis of samples taken from four depths from the Murrayville, Jackman and Lehman sites showed that the amount of clay material less than 2 microns in diameter increased from a range of 4 to 18 per cent in the surface foot to 20 to 40 per cent at a depth of 18 feet. The silt and fine sand material varied conversely, the surface foot containing from 77 to 96 per cent while the material from; 18 feet contained from 61 to 68 per cent. The textural classification of the samples ranged from sandy loam to silt loam in the surface, and from loam to clay loam at depth. The material collected from the fourth site, Haney, had a somewhat higher content of clay material, 42 to 46 per cent, and a smaller percentage of coarse skeleton, fine sand and silt. Samples from the surface were not available, but the textural classification at depth was clay to silty clay. The mechanical analysis and other physical and chemical information support the suggestion that the material at the Haney site differs significantly from that at the others. The apparent and real densities of the material at all four sites increased with depth, the range in apparent density being from about 1.1 to 1.4 at the surface to 1.4 to 1.8 at 18 feet. In the case of the real density the range was from about 2.69 on the surface to 2.74 to 2.82 at depth. There was a corresponding reduction in total porosity from about 60 per cent of the soil volume at the surface to 35 per cent at depth. The moisture tension determinations showed that to a large extent this reduction was at the expense of large or macro pores. Hydraulic conductivity determinations with soil cores showed that close to the surface the material is reasonably permeable to water, but that it decreases to a very low value at depth. The cation exchange capacity of the material was found to vary considerably ranging from 7 to 23 milli-equivalents per 100 gm. In general the deeper samples gave somewhat lower and more constant values than the surface, ranging from 10.2 to 16.5 milli-equivalents per 100 gm. Reaction and exchangeable cation determinations showed that at the one-foot depth the material is acid, pH 5.0 to 5.8, and from 40 to 73 per cent base saturated. However, the reaction and degree of base saturation was found to increase with depth until in the deeper samples the reaction ranged from pH 7.4 to 9.4> and the clay material was completely base saturated. Highly significant quantities of exchangeable sodium and free lime were found in all the deep samples. Material with effective diameter less than 2 microns was separated from all samples, and from the 18-foot samples less than .5 micron material as well. The free-oxide content of the less than 2 micron material was found to range from about 8.7 per cent at the surface to 3.9 per cent at depth. Sodium carbonate fusion analysis showed the fine material to contain from 50 to 60 per cent silica, and have a high silica-sesquioxide ratio ranging from 3.02 to 6.41. The fine material was found to contain significantly more total magnesium and potassium at depth. These results, together with the high exchange capacity and dehydration values obtained suggest that the fraction smaller than .5 microns contains a significant amount of clay material of the montmorillonite, illite, or hydrous mica types, and that the proportion of this material is somewhat higher at the surface. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

The study included field, greenhouse and laboratory experiments with sawdust used as mulch and incorporated with soil. The field experiments were conducted with hemlock sawdust mulches on Lynden silt loam at Abbotsford and on Everett sandy loam at Aldergrove. In both cases the crop was strawberries. Two depths of sawdust were used, two and four inches, and these were compared with clean cultivation, with and without sprinkler irrigation. Soil samples were taken in triplicate from three depths at intervals throughout the 1951 growing season and used for the determination of soil moisture. The 1951 season was one of the driest recorded and both depths of sawdust were very effective in conserving soil moisture. On the Lynden silt loam the sawdust maintained soil moisture at a satisfactory level for growth throughout the growing period and was as effective as sprinkler irrigation for this purpose. However, on Everett sandy loam, sprinkler irrigation maintained soil moisture in a more satisfactory manner. Samples taken from the Lynden soil after the mulches had been down a year, indicated a reduction in Humin I nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen had occured as a result of mulching. However, the differences were not great and a more significant reduction of total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen was noted on the irrigated plots. In the greenhouse experiment, two sizes of cedar and hemlock sawdust were incorporated at two rates with Alderwood sandy loam, fertilized at two rates and planted with lettuce. After one year it was found that hemlock sawdust had increased the moisture equivalent and wilting percentage more than cedar had, but that the cedar mixtures gave a higher yield of lettuce. In all cases the differences were small but significant. Sawdust, when incorporated with the acidic soil, raised the pH slightly and increased the moisture equivalent, permanent wilting percentage and cation exchange capacity of the soil, the effect being greater for the higher rate of incorporation. Sawdust had the opposite effect on available moisture and lettuce yield. Apparent specific gravity of the soil was noticeably decreased as a result of the sawdust additions and a very large increase in non-capillary pore space occured. This was associated with a large increase in percolation rate. Capillary porosity was affected to a very small extent by the sawdust. Nitrogen fertilization (NH₄NO₃) increased soil acidity in the control soil and in the soil sawdust mixtures. Tests were conducted to determine the absorptic capacity of sawdust for water and ammonia. Size of sawdust affected the amount of water absorbed but not the amount of ammonia absorbed. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate