Esta tese tem por fulcro o estudo dos imigrantes franceses que viveram na cidade de São Paulo na segunda metade do século XIX. Apesar de quantitativamente minoritários, se comparados a outras correntes migratórias, como a dos italianos, foram qualitativamente relevantes em um momento no qual a propagação da influência francesa era ali premente. Nos almanaques e jornais abundavam nomes de franceses com suas casas de negócio. Tratou-se de uma imigração espontânea e de cunho individual, voltada, sobretudo, a ocupações urbanas. A despeito dos mais conhecidos através da historiografia serem engenheiros, pintores, médicos, enfim, detentores de saberes especializados ou técnicos, a maior parte daqueles que emigraram eram pessoas comuns que improvisavam seus papéis para a sobrevivência diária. Mesmo sem o savoir-faire, era estratégia do imigrante articular-se ao universo cultural francês, tornando-se modista, cozinheiro, cabeleireiro, ourives, alfaiate, ou proprietário dos ramos de hotéis e restaurantes - leque de inserções que a cidade, por conta dos lucros cafeeiros, passava a demandar. Também fez parte desse contexto, desvendar as relações comerciais e consulares entre Brasil e França, na medida em que se formava uma teia de expansão comercial francesa em concorrência aos produtos ingleses e alemães, na qual o cônsul era intermediador: verdadeiro elo dos interesses da França na região. / The core of this thesis was to study the French immigrants living in the city of São Paulo during the second half of the nineteenth century. Notwithstanding their quantitative minority compared with other migratory currents such as that of Italian people, they were qualitatively relevant in a certain moment during which there was a pressing propagation of French influence. Almanacs and newspapers displayed plenty of French people\'s names and commercial business. This reflected an spontaneous immigration wave and its individual trait, which, above all, turned to urban occupations. Although many of the names most known to history have been engineers, painters, medical doctors, all with specialized or technical knowledge, most of the emmigrated were ordinary people who had to improvise the parts they played to attain their daily survival. Even when they did not have the savoir-faire, the strategy of an immigrant was to merge into the French cultural universe, thus becoming a dressmaker, a cook, a hairdresser, a jeweler, a tailor or the owner of a hotel or restaurant - an array of duties that the town was demanding, thanks to the profits brought by the coffee agribusiness. Also within this context we attempted to unveil the commercial and consular relationships between Brazil and France, since an expanding commercial French network was being built to compete with English and German products, in which the French consul acted as mediator and the true link of the French interests inside this area.

Esta tese tem por fulcro o estudo dos imigrantes franceses que viveram na cidade de São Paulo na segunda metade do século XIX. Apesar de quantitativamente minoritários, se comparados a outras correntes migratórias, como a dos italianos, foram qualitativamente relevantes em um momento no qual a propagação da influência francesa era ali premente. Nos almanaques e jornais abundavam nomes de franceses com suas casas de negócio. Tratou-se de uma imigração espontânea e de cunho individual, voltada, sobretudo, a ocupações urbanas. A despeito dos mais conhecidos através da historiografia serem engenheiros, pintores, médicos, enfim, detentores de saberes especializados ou técnicos, a maior parte daqueles que emigraram eram pessoas comuns que improvisavam seus papéis para a sobrevivência diária. Mesmo sem o savoir-faire, era estratégia do imigrante articular-se ao universo cultural francês, tornando-se modista, cozinheiro, cabeleireiro, ourives, alfaiate, ou proprietário dos ramos de hotéis e restaurantes - leque de inserções que a cidade, por conta dos lucros cafeeiros, passava a demandar. Também fez parte desse contexto, desvendar as relações comerciais e consulares entre Brasil e França, na medida em que se formava uma teia de expansão comercial francesa em concorrência aos produtos ingleses e alemães, na qual o cônsul era intermediador: verdadeiro elo dos interesses da França na região. / The core of this thesis was to study the French immigrants living in the city of São Paulo during the second half of the nineteenth century. Notwithstanding their quantitative minority compared with other migratory currents such as that of Italian people, they were qualitatively relevant in a certain moment during which there was a pressing propagation of French influence. Almanacs and newspapers displayed plenty of French people\'s names and commercial business. This reflected an spontaneous immigration wave and its individual trait, which, above all, turned to urban occupations. Although many of the names most known to history have been engineers, painters, medical doctors, all with specialized or technical knowledge, most of the emmigrated were ordinary people who had to improvise the parts they played to attain their daily survival. Even when they did not have the savoir-faire, the strategy of an immigrant was to merge into the French cultural universe, thus becoming a dressmaker, a cook, a hairdresser, a jeweler, a tailor or the owner of a hotel or restaurant - an array of duties that the town was demanding, thanks to the profits brought by the coffee agribusiness. Also within this context we attempted to unveil the commercial and consular relationships between Brazil and France, since an expanding commercial French network was being built to compete with English and German products, in which the French consul acted as mediator and the true link of the French interests inside this area.

Par « pluralisme démotique » nous proposons de désigner la coexistence de plusieurs peuples dans un système à plusieurs niveaux. Le pluralisme démotique s’inscrit à rebours de la conception moniste du peuple français majoritaire dans la doctrine française. L’ambition de cette thèse est de démontrer la coexistence de plusieurs peuples en droit constitutionnel français. À cette fin, le premier mouvement de la thèse explore d’autres manières de concevoir le peuple à travers une étude de systèmes à plusieurs niveaux de type fédéral (Inde,Allemagne, Etats-Unis, Suisse) et de type régional (Espagne, Royaume-Uni). Dans un second mouvement est proposée une théorie du pluralisme démotique multiniveaux. Cette contribution permet de rendre compte de la coexistence d’un peuple composite et de peuples composants dans un système à plusieurs niveaux. Le troisième mouvement de la thèse applique la grille théorique ainsi établie à deux systèmes juridiques en particulier : la France et l’Union européenne. / The expression of « demotic pluralism » is used to designate the coexistence of different people in a multilevel system. Contrary to the traditional monist definition of the French people, this thesis aims to demonstrate the coexistence of several demoi in French constitutional law. In order to do so, the demonstration is structured into three parts. First, we explore the pluralist definition of demos in multilevel systems: the federal (India, Germany,United States, Switzerland) and the regional type (Spain, United Kingdom). Then, we submita theory of multilevel demotic pluralism, which allows to describe and analyse the coexistence of a compound people and component people in a multilevel system. Finally, we apply this theoretical framework to the French legal system and to the European Union