Underlay signaling is a robust physical layer technique, allowing for transmitting a very low power signal in conjunction with the primary signals across the entire frequency band of the primary signals. The secondary users of the secondary network (i.e., a wireless network consisting of primary and secondary networks) primarily utilize the underlay, which increases spectral efficiency and improves the network capacity. This thesis focuses on underlay signaling in the context of the cellular (primary) network, where the underlay is an auxiliary channel made available to the primary users and the network, that is, the base stations and users of the cellular network. The current fifth-generation (5G) cellular networks are constructed using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation. Hence, this thesis delves into the study of underlay coexistence with OFDM, specifically 5G, by performing extensive simulations and analytical analysis and investigating the impact of underlay signaling on the throughput performance of 5G networks. We develop the underlay signaling based on the frequency-domain spread spectrum and add the underlay signal prior to the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) operation of OFDM. Furthermore, we present a real 5G setup built on the srsRAN project, where we showcase a proof-of-concept demonstration of underlay coexistence with the 5G over the air, where the 5G base station transmits both 5G NR and underlay signal simultaneously. Through our research, we conclusively demonstrate that a low-data rate underlay signal can be successfully transmitted alongside the existing 5G signal. Our study concludes by carefully selecting the appropriate design parameters, such as the signal-to-interference power level (5G power in relation to underlay), spreading factor, and coding gain at which we can reliably detect and decode underlay signals having no impact on the 5G performance. The integration of underlay in 5G brings forth a multitude of benefits using underlay for military and tactical applications, massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC) alongside Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC), and the offloading of crucial control information of 5G to the underlay channel. Thus, this underlay operates as a low-data rate error-free conduit, with the potential to provide Low Probability of Interception (LPI) and Low Probability of Detection (LPD) attributes and heightened reliability while concurrently transmitting with the 5G NR, bolstering the overall effectiveness of the communication. / Master of Science / Underlay signaling is a technique that allows for transmitting a low-power signal alongside the primary signals, occupying the entire frequency band of the primary signals. The secondary users of the secondary network (i.e., a wireless network consisting of primary and secondary networks) primarily utilize the underlay, which increases spectral efficiency and improves the network capacity. This thesis focuses on underlay signaling in the context of cellular (primary) networks where the underlay is an auxiliary channel made available to the primary users and network, that is, the base stations and users of the cellular network. The current fifth-generation (5G) cellular networks are constructed using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation. OFDM is a multicarrier modulation scheme that divides the available frequency band into multiple narrow subcarriers, each carrying a portion of the data. The key advantage of OFDM is its ability to combat frequency-selective fading, where different frequencies experience different levels of fading and interference. By using many closely spaced sub-carriers, OFDM can effectively mitigate the impact of fading, allowing for robust and reliable communication even in challenging channel conditions. Thus, this thesis investigates the co-existence of underlay signaling and OFDM in 5G. We develop the underlay signaling based on the frequency-domain spread spectrum. Extensive simulations and analytical analysis are performed to understand the impact of underlay signaling on OFDM performance in terms of bit error rates and throughput. Additionally, a real 5G setup is presented, demonstrating a proof-of-concept of underlay co-existence with 5G NR, where the 5G base station transmits both 5G NR and underlay signal simultaneously. Through the research, it is conclusively demonstrated that a low-data rate error-free underlay signal can be successfully transmitted alongside the existing 5G signal. The integration of underlay in 5G brings forth a multitude of benefits using underlay for military and tactical applications, massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC) alongside Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC), and the offloading of crucial control information of 5G to the underlay channel. Thus, this underlay operates as a low-data rate error-free conduit, characterized by its low interception and low detection attributes, enhancing reliability while concurrently transmitting with 5G NR, bolstering the overall effectiveness of the communication.

ITC/USA 2006 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Second Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 23-26, 2006 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / This paper presents a practical implementation of a hardware design for transmission of data over aircraft power lines. The intent of such hardware is to significantly reduce the wiring in the aircraft instrumentation system. The potential usages of this technology include pulse code modulation (PCM), Ethernet and other forms data communications. Details of the fieldprogrammable gate array (FPGA) and printed circuit board (PCB) designs of the digital and analog front end will be discussed. The power line is not designed for data transmission. It contains considerable noise, multipath effects, and time varying impedance. Spectral analysis data of an aircraft is presented to indicate the difficulty of the problem at hand. A robust modulation is required to overcome the harsh environment and to provide reliable transmission. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been used in power line communication industry with a great deal of success. OFDM has been deemed the most appropriate technology for high-speed data transmission on aircraft power lines. Additionally, forward error correction (FEC) techniques are discussed.

One of the challenges of distributed cooperative orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems is that the multiple carrier frequency offsets (CFOs) simultaneously present at the receiver. According to our knowledge up to now, even the CFOs are known at the receiver, the way to perfectly eliminate the effect of CFOs is still an open problem. This thesis proposes a scheme to mitigate the effect due to multiple CFOs by using the concept of intercarrier interference self-cancellation in transitional OFDM systems, a scheme where the data are simultaneously modulated on symmetric subcarriers between two transmit antennas. Before processing FFT, two values related to CFOs are used to adjust the time-domain signal resulting in better signal-to-interference ratio in even and odd subcarriers respectively. After that, the data are combined by applying maximum ratio combining and then decoded. Simulation results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme as compared to previous scheme.

Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή ασχολείται με τη μελέτη της τεχνικής μετάδοσης OFDM. Η τεχνική OFDM είναι πια μια ώριμη τεχνολογία με αποδεδειγμένη ικανότητα να προσφέρει υψηλούς ρυθμούς μετάδοσης δεδομένων με ιδιαίτερα μεγάλη αποτελεσματικότητα ακόμα και σε δύσκολα περιβάλλοντα μετάδοσης. Αυτό αντικατοπτρίζεται και από την πολύ μεγάλη διείσδυσή της στην αγορά με ενσωμάτωσή της σε πολλά εμπορικά προϊόντα. Όμως οι σύγχρονες ανάγκες επικοινωνιών επιτάσσουν ακόμα πιο μεγάλη αποτελεσματικότητα στην μετάδοση δεδομένων και πλέον συστήματα και λύσεις που προτάθηκαν πριν 2 με 3 χρόνια θεωρούνται αναποτελεσματικά. Κύριο σημείο για την αύξηση της αποτελεσματικότητας αποτελεί η δυνατότητα προσαρμογής του συστήματος στις συνθήκες μετάδοσης. Οι συνθήκες μετάδοσης χαρακτηρίζονται κυρίως από το ασύρματο κανάλι. Για να επιτευχθεί η μεγαλύτερη δυνατή αποτελεσματικότητα το σύστημα θα πρέπει να είναι ικανό να εκτιμά τα κύρια χαρακτηριστικά του ασύρματου καναλιού και στην συνέχεια να προσαρμόζει ανάλογα τα χαρακτηριστικά μετάδοσης. Ένα τέτοιο προσαρμοστικό σύστημα έχει σημαντικό πλεονέκτημα απέναντι σε ένα μη προσαρμοστικό σύστημα το οποίο αντιμετωπίζει την κάθε περίπτωση με έναν ενιαίο μη βέλτιστο τρόπο. Ένα άλλο σημαντικό πρόβλημα, το οποίο συναντάται σε όλα τα συστήματα και στο OFDM, είναι η διαφορά της απόδοσης των αλγορίθμων ανάμεσα στην εξομοίωση τους σε λογισμικό και στην υλοποίηση τους σε υλικό. Η παρούσα διατριβή έχει τρεις στόχους. Ο πρώτος στόχος είναι να μελετηθεί το κανάλι μετάδοσης και να διερευνηθούν τα κύρια χαρακτηριστικά του. Η εκτίμηση των χαρακτηριστικών αυτών θα αποτελέσει την προσεγγιστική εκτίμηση καναλιού. Στην συνέχεια το σύστημα βασιζόμενο σε αυτά τα χαρακτηριστικά θα μπορεί να προσαρμοστεί κάθε φορά με τον βέλτιστο τρόπο. Αποτέλεσμα αυτής της μελέτης είναι να αποφασιστεί ότι οι συντελεστές που περιγράφουν προσεγγιστικά το κανάλι είναι ο λόγος σήματος προς θόρυβο, η συχνότητα Doppler, η εξάπλωση καθυστέρησης και ο συντελεστής Κ του καναλιού Ricean και να αναπτυχθούν αλγόριθμοι εκτίμησης για κάθε έναν. Μέσω των προτεινόμενων αλγορίθμων το σύστημα θα μπορεί να εκτιμήσει τις συνθήκες μετάδοσης και να προσαρμοστεί κατάλληλα. Ο δεύτερος στόχος της διατριβής είναι η μελέτη της ακριβούς εκτίμησης καναλιού και η ενίσχυση της απόδοσης του συστήματος μέσω αυτής. Για την μελέτη αυτή επιλέχθηκαν δύο διαφορετικοί τρόποι προσέγγισής της. Η πρώτη προσέγγιση ασχολείται με την λεπτομερή εκτίμηση χαρακτηριστικών του καναλιού όπως ο αριθμός των διαδρομών του και η χρονική τοποθέτησή τους. Στην συνέχεια αυτά τα στοιχεία χρησιμοποιούνται για την εκτίμηση των συντελεστών του καναλιού. Η δεύτερη προσέγγιση ασχολείται με την εκτίμηση καναλιού με την χρήση τεχνικών παρεμβολής. Η μελέτη των τεχνικών παρεμβολής οδήγησε στον προσδιορισμό των βασικών προβλημάτων τους και στην πρόταση νέων τεχνικών εκτίμησης καναλιού. Αρχικά προτείνεται μία νέα μέθοδος εκτίμησης μέσω αντικατάστασης των εικονικών υποφορέων του συστήματος με πιλότους. Για την μέθοδο αυτή δίνεται μια νέα μαθηματική ανάλυση η οποία προσδιορίζει τα χαρακτηριστικά της απόδοσής του. Τέλος η απόδοση της εξετάζεται σε πρακτικό OFDM σύστημα σε ιδιαίτερα δύσκολες συνθήκες. Στην συνέχεια προτείνεται μία νέα μέθοδος εκτίμησης καναλιού μέσω παρεμβολής η οποία χρησιμοποιεί παραπάνω από ένα σύμβολα OFDM για την εκτίμηση του καναλιού. Για την μέθοδο αυτή δίνεται μία νέα μαθηματική ανάλυση η οποία εμπεριέχει την επίδραση της χρονικής μεταβολής του καναλιού στην απόδοση του συστήματος. Η απόδοση και αυτής της μεθόδου εξετάζεται σε πρακτικό OFDM σύστημα σε δύσκολες συνθήκες. Τέλος ο τρίτος στόχος της διατριβής είναι η μελέτη της διαδικασίας υλοποίησης και βελτιστοποίησης των προτεινόμενων αλγορίθμων εκτίμησης ρεαλιστικά συστήματα υλικού. Για τον λόγο αυτό επιλέχθηκε η υλοποίηση μέρους των προηγούμενων προτεινόμενων αλγορίθμων σε ένα σύστημα ψηφιακής επεξεργασίας, το οποίο είναι πολύ κοντά στο να θεωρείται μια ρεαλιστική υλοποίηση. Έτσι είναι εφικτή η μελέτη των επιλογών της υλοποίησης και των συμβιβασμών της για την βέλτιστη απόδοση του συστήματος. / This dissertation deals with the study of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) transmission. OFDM is a mature technology with a proven ability to offer high data transmission rates with particularly big effectiveness even in difficult transmission environments. This is also reflected by its very big infiltration in the market with its incorporation in a lot of commercial products. However the modern needs of communications ordain even bigger effectiveness in data transmission and henceforth systems and solutions that have been proposed 2 or 3 years before are considered ineffective. Main point for the achievement of increase in the effectiveness of the system constitutes the ability of adaptation of the system in the transmission conditions. The transmission conditions are mainly characterized by the wireless channel. In order to achieve the highest effectiveness the system must be able to estimate the channel characteristics and to adjust its transmission characteristics accordingly. Such an adaptive system has a significant advantage compared to a non adaptive system which faces each case with a uniform and not optimal way. Another important problem that all communication systems face, including OFDM, is the difference in the performance of an algorithm between its software simulation and it hardware implementation. The present dissertation has three objectives. The first objective is to study the transmission channel and investigate its main characteristics. The estimation of these characteristics will constitute the coarse channel estimation. Then the system will be able to adapt itself optimally. The result of this study is to decide that the factors that coarsely describe the channel are the signal to noise ratio, the Doppler frequency, delay spread and the Ricean channel K factor. Then new algorithms were developed to estimate each one of these factors. Through the proposed algorithms the system will be able to estimate the transmission conditions and be adapted suitably. The second objective of this dissertation is to study the exact channel estimation and the way that the system performance can be enhanced through it. For this study two different approaches were selected. The first approach deals with the detailed estimation of the channel characteristics such as the number of the paths and their placement in time. Then these elements are used to get the channel estimation coefficients. The second approach deals with the channel estimation through interpolation. The study of interpolation methods led to the determination of their basic problems and the proposal of new channel estimation techniques. Firstly a novel channel estimation is proposed through the replacement of virtual subcarriers with pilots. For this method a novel mathematic analysis is given that determines its performance characteristics. Finally its performance is examined in a practical OFDM system in particularly difficult conditions. Then another novel channel estimation method through interpolation is proposed that uses more than one OFDM symbol to estimate the channel. For this novel method a novel mathematic analysis is given which includes the effect of the time variant channel. The performance of this method is also examined in a practical OFDM system in particularly difficult conditions. Finally the third objective is to study the implementation and optimization process of the proposed estimation algorithms in realistic hardware systems. For this it was selected to implement a part of the previously proposed algorithms in a digital signal processing system that is very close to be considered a realistic implementation. This way it is feasible to study the implementation choices that have to be made and the trade offs for the optimum performance of the system.

H επιστήμη των τηλεπικοινωνιών τα τελευταία χρόνια έχει κάνει μεγάλα τεχνολογικά άλματα, σε σύγκριση με τις προηγούμενες δεκαετίες. Το ασύρματο κανάλι επικοινωνίας συχνά θεωρείται ο αδύναμος κρίκος της τηλεπικοινωνιακής αλυσίδας. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία εξετάζεται το πρόβλημα του διαμοιρασμού των διαθέσιμων πόρων ενός ασύρματου συστήματος επικοινωνίας στους χρήστες μέσα στην περιοχή μιας κυψέλης. Γίνεται η υπόθεση ότι το ασύρματο σύστημα κάνει χρήση της τεχνικής πολλαπλής πρόσβασης (multiple–access technique) OFDMA, δηλαδή ότι χρησιμοποιεί έναν αριθμό ορθογώνιων υποφορέων τον οποίο αναθέτει στους χρήστες για τη μετάδοση της πληροφορίας. Οι διαθέσιμοι πόροι του συστήματος είναι οι ορθογώνιοι υποφορείς και η συνολική διαθέσιμη ισχύς στο σταθμό βάσης. Θεωρούμε ότι ο σταθμός βάσης έχει στη διάθεσή του τέλεια γνώση του καναλιού που τον συνδέει με κάθε χρήστη (channel state information – CSI) μέσω καναλιών ανάδρασης. Η πληροφορία κατάστασης του καναλιού χρησιμοποιείται από τον σταθμό βάσης για την κατανομή των πόρων προς τους χρήστες με δυναμικό τρόπο με χρήση κατάλληλων αλγορίθμων. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία εξετάζονται διαφορετικά σενάρια κατανομής των πόρων που περιλαμβάνουν αλγορίθμους για την ανάθεση των υποφορέων και το διαμοιρασμό των κατάλληλων ποσοτήτων ισχύος στους υποφορείς. Ανάλογα με το στόχο και τις ανάγκες των χρηστών του συστήματος, καθώς και με το ποσό της διαθέσιμης πληροφορίας καναλιού στο σταθμό βάσης, χρησιμοποιούνται διαφορετικοί αλγόριθμοι. / The telecommunications science the last years has made big technological vaults, compared to the previous decades. Wireless communication channel is often considered as the weakest link of telecommunications' chain. In this diploma thesis, the downlink of a single-cell system is considered in the downlink transmission. The multiple–access technique that is used in this system is OFDMA and the objective is the allocation of the resources among users that access the system. The available resources to be distributed among the users of the OFDMA system comprise the subcarriers over which the signals of the users are transmitted and the available power that is allocated among subcarriers. It is assumed that users estimate and feedback perfectly the channel state information (CSI) to the base station of the cell, where subcarrier and power allocation are determined according to the CSI of the users and the resource–allocation algorithm. In this diploma thesis, different resource allocation strategies for the downlink of an OFDMA system are compared. Each algorithm has a different objective.

abstract: The recent proposal of two-way relaying has attracted much attention due to its promising features for many practical scenarios. Hereby, two users communicate simultaneously in both directions to exchange their messages with the help of a relay node. This doctoral study investigates various aspects of two-way relaying. Specifically, the issue of asynchronism, lack of channel knowledge, transmission of correlated sources and multi-way relaying techniques involving multiple users are explored. With the motivation of developing enabling techniques for two-way relay (TWR) channels experiencing excessive synchronization errors, two conceptually-different schemes are proposed to accommodate any relative misalignment between the signals received at any node. By designing a practical transmission/detection mechanism based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), the proposed schemes perform significantly better than existing competing solutions. In a related direction, differential modulation is implemented for asynchronous TWR systems that lack the channel state information (CSI) knowledge. The challenge in this problem compared to the conventional point-to-point counterpart arises not only from the asynchrony but also from the existence of an interfering signal. Extensive numerical examples, supported by analytical work, are given to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed schemes. Other important issues considered in this dissertation are related to the extension of the two-way relaying scheme to the multiple-user case, known as the multi-way relaying. First, a distributed source coding solution based on Slepian-Wolf coding is proposed to compress correlated messages close to the information theoretical limits in the context of multi-way relay (MWR) channels. Specifically, the syndrome approach based on low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes is implemented. A number of relaying strategies are considered for this problem offering a tradeoff between performance and complexity. The proposed solutions have shown significant improvements compared to the existing ones in terms of the achievable compression rates. On a different front, a novel approach to channel coding is proposed for the MWR channel based on the implementation of nested codes in a distributed manner. This approach ensures that each node decodes the messages of the other users without requiring complex operations at the relay, and at the same time, providing substantial benefits compared to the traditional routing solution. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2015

In today's digital world, information and communication technology accounts for 3% and 2% of the global power consumption and CO2 emissions respectively. This alarming figure is on an upward trend, as future telecommunications systems and handsets will become even more power hungry since new services with higher bandwidth requirements emerge as part of the so called ¿future internet¿ paradigm. In addition, the mobile handset industry is tightly coupled to the consumer need for more sophisticated handsets with greater battery lifetime. If we cannot make any significant step to reducing the energy gap between the power hungry requirements of future handsets, and what battery technology can deliver, then market penetration for 4G handsets can be at risk. Therefore, energy conservation must be a design objective at the forefront of any system design from the network layer, to the physical and the microelectronic counterparts. In fact, the energy distribution of a handset device is dominated by the energy consumption of the RF hardware, and in particular the power amplifier design. Power amplifier design is a traditional topic that addresses the design challenge of how to obtain a trade-off between linearity and efficiency in order to avoid the introduction of signal distortion, whilst making best use of the available power resources for amplification. However, the present work goes beyond this by investigating a new line of amplifiers that address the green initiatives, namely green power amplifiers. This research work explores how to use the Doherty technique to promote efficiency enhancement and thus energy saving. Five different topologies of RF power amplifiers have been designed with custom-made signal splitters. The design core of the Doherty technique is based on the combination of a class B, class AB and a class C power amplifier working in synergy; which includes 90-degree 2-way power splitter at the input, quarter wavelength transformer at the output, and a new output power combiner. The frequency range for the amplifiers was designed to operate in the 3.4 - 3.6 GHz frequency band of Europe mobile WiMAX. The experimental results show that 30dBm output power can be achieved with 67% power added efficiency (PAE) for the user terminal, and 45dBm with 66% power added efficiency (PAE) for base stations which marks a 14% and 11% respective improvement over current stateof- the-art, while meeting the power output requirements for mobile WiMAX applications.

[ES] La red de sexta generación (6G) es la solución potencial para satisfacer los requisitos exponencialmente crecientes de los servicios y aplicaciones emergentes. La plataforma 6G espera ofrecer altas velocidades de datos, conectividad ultra alta y baja latencia en función de los indicadores clave de rendimiento (KPI) requeridos. La tecnología de comunicación por luz visible (VLC) representa una tecnología clave para la red 6G, pero requiere una técnica de modulación avanzada eficiente para cumplir con dichos requisitos. En las últimas décadas, las señales ópticas basadas en el esquema de multiplexación por división de frecuencia ortogonal (OFDM) han atraído mucha atención y se han convertido en la modulación más popular entre varios esquemas de acceso multiportadora, gracias a su robustez y simplicidad frente a la cancelación por trayectos múltiples utilizando el prefijo cíclico (CP). Una de las formas de onda más prometedoras para redes de próxima generación es la técnica de modulación Filter Bank MultiCarrier (FBMC). El principal beneficio del esquema FBMC es que no depende de CP y de un gran número de muestras de banda de guarda, por lo tanto, emplea varias funciones de pulso localizadas en el tiempo con una alta relación de supresión de lóbulos laterales, lo que permite mejorar la eficiencia espectral y el rendimiento del sistema como factores clave en las redes ópticas de próxima generación, y proporciona una buena alternativa a la técnica CP-OFDM. Esta Tesis pretende dar un paso adelante en la propuesta de formatos de modulación para ser utilizados en sistemas VLC como tecnología habilitadora en redes 6G. Por lo tanto, se propone el sistema Flip-FBMC con un algoritmo de truncamiento para ofrecer una transmisión de alta velocidad con baja latencia Flip-FBMC mediante el uso del algoritmo de transformación ortogonal isotrópica (IOTA) y la capa PHYsical para DYnamic AccesS y filtros de radio cognitiva (PHYDYAS). En esta Tesis se propone la ecualización multitap con el fin de mitigar la Interferencia imaginaria intrínseca (IMI) en un canal con perfiles de retardos elevado en sistemas VLC de interiores. Además, se ha mejorado rendimiento de error de las señales FBMC no coherentes mediante el análisis de la propiedad de la localización de tiempo-frecuencia con la función gaussiana extendida (EGF), donde el factor de dispersión desempeña un papel crucial en la determinación del equilibrio entre las características espectrales y la reconstrucción óptima de la calidad de la señal. Además, la Tesis proporciona el primer análisis teórico que informa de la degradación en la estimación para varios factores de clipping basada en el impacto del nivel de interferencia imaginario fuera de la zona de primer orden que no puede ser estimada mediante el preámbulo de IAM. Sin embargo, se debe enfatizar en el valor de la técnica Flip-FBMC/IAM para proporcionar el modelo unipolar en comparación con el uso del formato FBMC óptico polarizado con corriente continua (DCO-FBMC) que sufre una reducción en la estimación de la precisión. Por lo tanto, se ha demostrado el descenso del rendimiento con el sistema DCO-FBMC debido al IMI inducido fuera de los símbolos de orden cero, y que es más evidente cuando se requieren niveles bajos de corriente DC. Desde esta perspectiva, la técnica de repetición de tramas con señales Flip-FBMC ha demostrado ser una solución importante para minimizar la interferencia inducida. Por lo tanto, en esta Tesis, la modulación Flip-FBMC con repetición de tramas y perfil de filtro PHYDYAS se propone como un candidato viable para hacer frente al rango dinámico restringido del LED, en comparación con el rendimiento de los sistemas Flip-CP-OFDM y Flip-FBMC/IAM en futuras redes 6G basadas en acceso VLC. / [CA] La xarxa de sexta generació (6G) és la solució potencial per a satisfer els requisits exponencialment creixents dels servicis i aplicacions emergents. La plataforma 6G espera oferir altes velocitats de dades, connectivitat ultra alta i baixa latència en funció dels indicadors clau de rendiment (KPI) requerits. La tecnologia de comunicació per llum visible (VLC) representa una tecnologia clau per a la xarxa 6G, però requerix una tècnica de modulació avançada eficient per a complir amb estos requisits. En les últimes dècades, els senyals òptics basats en l'esquema de multiplexació per divisió de freqüència ortogonal (OFDM) han atret molta atenció i s'han convertit en la modulació més popular entre diversos esquemes d'accés multiportadora, gràcies a la seua robustesa i simplicitat enfront de la cancel·lació per trajectes múltiples utilitzant el prefix cíclic (CP). Una de les formes d'ona més prometedores per a xarxes de pròxima generació és la tècnica de modulació Filter Bank MultiCarrier (FBMC). El principal benefici de l'esquema FBMC és que no depén de CP i d'un gran nombre de mostres de banda de guarda, per tant, empra diverses funcions de pols localitzades en el temps amb una alta relació de supressió de lòbuls laterals, la qual cosa permet millorar l'eficiència espectral i el rendiment del sistema com a factors clau en les xarxes òptiques de pròxima generació, i proporciona una bona alternativa a la tècnica CP-OFDM. Esta Tesi pretén fer un pas avant en la proposta de formats de modulació per a ser utilitzats en sistemes VLC com a tecnologia habilitadora en xarxes 6G. Per tant, es proposa el sistema Flip-FBMC amb un algoritme de truncament per a oferir una transmissió d'alta velocitat amb baixa latència Flip-FBMC mitjançant l'ús de l'algoritme de transformació ortogonal isotròpica (IOTA) i la capa PHYsical per a DYnamic AccesS i filtres de ràdio cognitiva (PHYDYAS). En aquesta Tesi, es proposa l'equalització multitap per als sistemes VLC en interiors per a mitigar la interferència imaginària intrínseca (IMI) en un canal amb perfils de retards elevat. A més, el rendiment d'error dels senyals FBMC no coherents es millora mitjançant l'anàlisi de la propietat de la localització de temps-freqüència amb la funció gaussiana estesa (EGF), on el factor de dispersió exercix un paper crucial en la determinació de l'equilibri entre les característiques espectrals i la reconstrucció òptima de la qualitat del senyal. En tal escenari, a causa del rang dinàmic limitat del díode emissor de llum (LED), la millora de la precisió de l'estimació depén dels nivells de potència dels pseudopilots amb l'ús de l'arquitectura del Mètode d'Aproximació d'Interferència (IAM) i per tant, no és adequada en sistemes VLC d'il·luminació i comunicació. A més, la Tesi proporciona la primera anàlisi teòrica que informa de la degradació en l'estimació per a diversos factors de clipping basada en l'impacte del nivell d'interferència imaginari fora de la zona de primer orde que no pot ser estimada mitjançant el preàmbul de IAM. No obstant això, s'ha d'emfatitzar en el valor de la tècnica Flip-FBMC/IAM per a proporcionar el model unipolar en comparació amb l'ús del format FBMC òptic polaritzat amb corrent continu (DCO-FBMC) que patix una reducció en l'estimació de la precisió. Per tant, s'ha demostrat el descens del rendiment amb el sistema DCO-FBMC a causa del IMI induït fora dels símbols d'orde zero, i que és més evident quan es requerixen nivells baixos de corrent DC. Des d'esta perspectiva, la tècnica de repetició de trames amb senyals Flip-FBMC ha demostrat ser una solució important per a minimitzar la interferència induïda. Per tant, en esta Tesi, la modulació Flip-FBMC amb repetició de trames i perfil de filtre PHYDYAS es proposa com un candidat viable per a fer front al rang dinàmic restringit del LED, en comparació amb el rendiment dels sistemes Flip-CP-OFDM i Flip-FBMC/IAM en futures xarxes 6G basades en accés VLC. / [EN] The sixth generation (6G) network is the potential solution to meet the exponentially increasing requirements of the emerging services and applications. The 6G platform expects to offer high data rates, ultra-high connectivity, and low latency based on the required key performance indicators (KPIs). The visible light communication (VLC) technology represents a key technology for 6G network but requires an efficient advanced modulation technique to support such requirements. In the last decades, optical signals based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) scheme has attracted a lot of attention and become the most popular modulation among several multicarrier access schemes, thanks to its robustness and simplicity against multipath fading using the cyclic prefix (CP). One of the most candidate waveforms that is considered as the promising modulation technique for the next generation requirements and applications is Filter Bank MultiCarrier (FBMC) multiplexing. The major benefit of FBMC scheme is non-reliance on CP and high numbers of guard band samples, thereby, it employs several well time-frequency localized pulse functions with high side-lobe suppression ratio instead, which allows enhancing the spectral efficiency and system performance as key factors in next generation optical networks, and provides a good alternative to CP-OFDM technique. This Thesis aims to make a step forward in proposing modulation formats to be used in VLC systems as enabling technology in 6G networks. Hence, Flip-FBMC system with a truncation algorithm is proposed to offer a high-speed transmission with low latency by tackling the doubled-overhead tails at the subframes of Flip-FBMC burst by the use of the isotropic orthogonal transformation algorithm (IOTA) and PHYsical layer for DYnamic AccesS and cognitive radio (PHYDYAS) filters. Multitap equalization is proposed in this Thesis for the sake of mitigating the intrinsic imaginary interference (IMI) over a channel with high delays profile for indoor VLC system. Moreover, the error performance of non-coherent FBMC signals is enhanced by analysing the property of time-frequency localization with Extended Gaussian Function (EGF), where the spreading factor plays a crucial role in determining the trade-off between the spectral features and optimal reconstruction of signal quality. In such scenario, due to the limited dynamic range of light emitting diode (LED), improving in the accuracy of estimation depends on the power-levels of pseudo pilots with the use of Interference Approximation Method (IAM) architecture. Thereby, the analysis reveals that IAM sequence is not suitable for a real transmission scenario due to high power of IAM over the payload data which conflicts with VLC purposes of illumination and communication simultaneously. Additionally, the Thesis provides the first theoretical analysis reporting the degradation of estimation accuracy for several clipping ratios based on the impact of imaginary interference level outside the first order neighbourhood zone that cannot be estimated by IAM preamble. However, the value of Flip-FBMC/IAM technique in providing the unipolar model must be emphasized compared to the use of Direct Current biased Optical FBMC (DCO-FBMC) format that suffers from a reduction in estimating accuracy. Thereby, the downfall performance with DCO-FBMC system has been reported because of the induced IMI that spreads out the first neighbourhood symbols, which is more evident when low levels of the added DC-bias are required. From such perspective, the frame repetition technique with Flip-FBMC signals has been demonstrated as a major solution for minimizing the induced interference. Therefore, in this Thesis, Flip-FBMC/frame repetition with PHYDYAS profile is proposed as a viable candidate to cope with the restricted dynamic range of the LED, compared to the performance for each Flip-CP-OFDM and Flip-FBMC/IAM system in future 6G networks based on VLC access. / Bahaaelden, MS. (2024). Novel 5G-Modulation Formats and Their Application in Optical Wireless Communications [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/204634

Wireless communication systems require high spectral efficiency and throughput in order to be cost-effective. Link adaptation schemes are known to be a good solution to achieve this goal. However, the necessity of additional information or increased complexity prevents these schemes from being implemented. In this context, research on resource allocation based on different constraints, such as complexity or feedback, is important. The major contribution of this dissertation is the development of three novel techniques to enhance performance in practical implementations of the adaptive OFDM systems. This dissertation first introduces a new multiuser OFDM system to enhance performance in the low SNR regime. In this scheme, multiuser diversity can be efficiently amplified from random power allocation and opportunistic scheduling. Higher spectral efficiency can be achieved without an increase of complexity or feedback amount compared to conventional multiuser OFDM systems using equal power allocation. This dissertation also presents a modified multi-mode power loading scheme. A modified multi-mode power loading scheme can circumvent the limit of current multi-mode power loading schemes by significantly reducing search amount from 2N - 1 to N, where N is the number of subcarriers. Finally, this dissertation has introduced adaptive OFDM systems using channel gain order information in limited feedback environments. Adaptive OFDM systems using the order mapping technique achieve comparable performance to conventional adaptive OFDM systems in terms of bit error rate and average spectral efficiency, while the amount of feedback is significantly reduced. Furthermore, by simply exploiting order mapping and interpolation, the analyzing technique circumvents the practical shortcomings of previous limited feedback techniques for OFDM systems. / text

The objective of this research work is to investigate, design and measurement of a digital predistortion linearizer that is able to compensate the dynamic nonlinear distortion of a High Power Amplifier (PA). The effectiveness of the proposed baseband predistorter (PD) on the performance of a WLAN OFDM transmitter utilizing a nonlinear PA with memory effect is observed and discussed. For this purpose, a 10W Class-A/B power amplifier with a gain of 22 dB, operated over the 3.5 GHz frequency band was designed and implemented. The proposed baseband PD is independent of the operating RF frequency and can be used in multiband applications. Its operation is based on the Hammerstein system, taking into account PA memory effect compensation, and demonstrates a noticeable improvement compared to memoryless predistorters. Different types of modelling procedures and linearizers were introduced and investigated, in which accurate behavioural models of Radio Frequency (RF) PAs exhibiting linear and nonlinear memory effects were presented and considered, based on the Wiener approach employing a linear parametric estimation technique. Three new linear methods of parameter estimation were investigated, with the aim of reducing the complexity of the required filtering process in linear memory compensation. Moreover, an improved wiener model is represented to include the nonlinear memory effect in the system. The validity of the PA modelling approaches and predistortion techniques for compensation of nonlinearities of a PA were verified by several tests and measurements. The approaches presented, based on the Wiener system, have the capacity to deal with the existing trade-off between accuracy and convergence speed compared to more computationally complex behavioural modelling algorithms considering memory effects, such as those based on Volterra series and Neural Networks. In addition, nonlinear and linear crosstalks introduced by the power amplifier nonlinear behaviour and antennas mutual coupling due to the compact size of a MIMO OFDM transmitter have been investigated.