Because the fresh milk market is growing gradually to be mature in Taiwan, the major firms of the fresh milk industry try to find the other way to make profit. They try to segment the fresh milk market by the higher price or some new functions of fresh milk. This study is to discuss the consumer¡¦s behavior in fresh milk market. According to the attribute of buying effecting factors, it can class the consumers as 1.group of product-distinction; 2.group of marketing-distinction; 3.group of subjectivity-distinction. These groups can be helpful to understand consumer¡¦s buying effecting variables and the acceptance to higher price fresh milk. The conclusions of this study are presented as follows: 1.Fresh¡BHigh Quality and 100¢H Nature, these three factors of buying effecting are most important to the fresh milk consumers. 2.Leading firms in fresh milk industry actively promote their higher price products, but the consumer can¡¦t aware these products easily and keep low will to buy that. 3.According to the attribute of buying effecting factors, it can class the consumers as 1.group of product-distinction; 2.group of marketing-distinction; 3.group of subjectivity-distinction. The conclusions above are significant to the management in the following aspects. 1.Understanding the consumer¡¦s behavior, the firms could match the real needs of the consumers. 2.To launch a new product must have the unique selling proposition (USI), and you can earn the consumers. 3.The firms in fresh milk industry could make different marketing strategies to the distinct consumer groups.

This dissertation highlights the need for a formal methodology to be developed in order to unpack complicated supply chains and to publish information that explains how the farm value or farm to retail price spread of certain products can be calculated and how these results are to be analysed. It is for this reason that the study reviews and applies the methodology used for the calculation of price spreads and farm values. It applies the methodology to five food supply chains of maize, fresh milk, beef, poultry and sugar. The analysis of farm values and spread has already been developed in an international context but it has not of yet been applied in the South African context. It is therefore the aim of this dissertation to illustrate how this methodology can be applied here and how this can be done on a continuous basis. The main objectives of the study are: <ul> <li>To review and apply the methodology used for the calculation of price spreads and farm value, as well as to analyse trends of five agricultural commodities in the food sector.</li> <li>To understand not so much on what is behind the previous rise in food prices, but rather on why; when the farm or producer prices fall, do retail prices on certain goods not fall by the same margin? The question that needs to be asked is who or what is responsible for this? A detailed analysis of the supply chain of various products could prove invaluable in the process of understanding price movements.</li> <li>To investigate the degree of transparency of information in the South African food sector is investigated by looking at the market share that the various supermarket chains hold. Since competition and concentration of role players within this sector of the economy plays such a vital role in the determination of the market’s fairness, it is important that the size and the percentage of market share that the retailers hold in the market is researched and understood. A special section focuses on the market share that some retailers hold as a percentage share of the entire supermarket retail sector.</li> <li>To discuss the estimation of the specific cost incurred, at various levels,within the maize-to-maize meal and beef-to-beef products supply chains, in detail. This involves designing a framework for the continuous analysis of food prices and costs contained within these two supply chains and understanding the costs incurred by the different role players.</li> </ul> In applying the methodology to estimate farm value and farm to retail price spread it is determined some of the commodities such as beef, milk and sugar experienced a slight widening of the farm to retail price spread, while the opposite occurred with the price spread of maize meal and broiler meat. A widening farm to retail price spread shows that farmers’ share in terms of the retail price is declining and as a result their share of the final product has become less. Farmers in the beef, milk and sugar sectors experienced this while maize and chicken farmers experienced the opposite, in other words a narrowing spread and as a result they are earning more of the final product. In applying the various econometric tests in order to test for asymmetric price behaviour in the various supply chains it was found that in four of the five supply chains the transmission of increases in producer prices where not smoothly and timely transmitted to the retail price. The models that fared worst in the analyses were those of the sugar, beef, fresh milk and a part of the maize supply chain. The inabilities of the models to show any form of significance, even when tested economic theory is applied indicate that something is amiss within the supply chains. Asymmetric price transmissions, a lack of accurate data or unjust market behaviour by role players within the supply are some of the factors that could be responsible for this. The analysis in chapter 5 is based on these findings. A proposed framework for an in depth analysis of such a supply chain is documented there. The detailed analysis of costs and margins in the maize to maize meal and beef supply chains, have shown that there are many stages along the supply chain, where various costs and profits can have severe influences. In chapter 5 a detailed analysis has been done on this with the objective of developing a framework that can be applied to an industry. This chapter lends specific detail as to where the influences of such costs can be the greatest. The results point out that, of the five supply chains, only two of them, namely chicken and maize (from farm gate to miller), adhered to some form of economic theory, whereas the other three either suffered from insignificant/unrepresentative data or actual price transmission asymmetry. On the basis of this, the supply chains of both super maize meal and the five selected beef cuts were unpacked with the profit margin and the role player’s cost of formation at the different levels within the value chains. A conclusion can be made that parts of the maize supply chain (milldoor to retailer), the beef supply chain, the sugar supply chain and the dairy supply chain all suffer from asymmetric price transmissions or alternatively, a data discrepancy. This conclusion is drawn from the fact that the Error Correction Models ECMs for these specific industries failed most of the diagnostic tests and contained some insignificant variables. The diagnostic tests did not only test for misspecification but included a standard procedure, using the Jarque Bera test for normality, the ARCH LM test for heteroscedasticity, the White test for heteroscedasticity as well as the Breusch Godfrey test for serial correlation. The fact that the ECMs of these supply chains had these problems does give rise to a concern as to the transmission of prices within some of the supply chains within the South African food industry. The applied methodology used in unpacking of the supply chains, was applied with the aim of developing a framework that can be adapted and used for similar analyses in future. The aim of this methodology was solely on developing and applying a methodology to two of the five supply chains, partly based on the results in chapter 4 but also on the importance of the commodities in the South African food industry, and to illustrate, by using real data, how this framework can benefit future research. / Dissertation (MCom(Agric Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

Yes / The identification of dairying is essential if we are to understand economies of the past, particularly in northwest Europe, where a high degree of lactose tolerance suggests that fresh milk has long been a significant food product. This paper explores a possible link between economic focus and seasonality of calving. Although cattle (Bos taurus) can breed throughout the year, animals living in temperate regions with minimal or no human management tend to breed seasonally, their breeding behaviour being strongly influenced by the availability of food. In order to achieve a year-round supply of fresh milk in the past, it is likely that multiple-season calving was necessary, which would have required additional husbandry effort. Alternatively, for meat-focussed economies or those based on storable dairy products, a strategy of single-season calving in spring may have been favoured to maximise the utilization of spring and summer vegetation. Cattle birth seasonality is investigated through isotope ratio analysis (δ18O, δ13C) of tooth enamel. Results for cattle from Pool, Orkney dating to the latter part of the first millennium A.D suggest that calving occurred during at least three seasons implying that the continuous provision of fresh milk was of economic importance. / AHRC Studentship

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:49:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 768324 bytes, checksum: c4bb9428be748b34cf22fe2b55c0a2ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work, the goal was to evaluate the physic-chemical and microbiological quality of uncooked milk stored in common tanks of three municipalities in the state of Paraiba, and verify the sanitary conditions of manufacturing establishments and their tanks, checking if they have been met in the requirements of Brazilian laws. The evaluation of community tanks and easy access properties were based on the application of checklists, containing 38 -57questions, respectively. Afterward, milk samples were submitted to be stored during the reception in the tanks, the determination of temperature and testing alizarol and acidity. Also, milk samples were collected from properties that participated in the checklist to perform the analysis of fat, protein, lactose and non fat solids. Based on the checklist, the tanks were classified as Grade I and Grade II and the properties in the grade II, requiring improvements to suit the necessities, except the property P1of the tank II, classified as Grade I. The most of the samples were received with temperatures above 30 °C and was observed by means of the acidity, the high proportion of sour milk in a tank, and alkaline milk in the tanks 2 and 3. In alizarol test, the results showed an alkaline reaction (purple) in the tank I, in the tanks 2 and 3, the samples were inside the standard, with a predominance of red brick, as milk with normal responses. About the nutrients like fat, protein and lactose were all appropriate. The ESD 29,6% of the 27 samples was low of the minimum required. The CPP ranged from 1,2 x106 to 1,1x107 UFC/ml, all samples were above the standard allowed 7,5x105. The NMP of some samples had values above 10³ MPN / mL. The CCS ranged to1,0x103 to 8,5x103 CS/mL, all samples were within the standard. The result of the calculation of S.aureus ranged from 2,5 x10³ to 2,5x10³ UFC/ mL. The results showed that, in general, the raw milk samples were within the parameters recommended by the legislation; however, are necessary improvements in hygiene and sanitary treatment of animals before, during and after milking so will happen a reduction in the CPP. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade físico-química e microbiológica do leite cru recebido em tanques comunitários de três municípios do Estado da Paraíba, bem como verificar as condições higiênico-sanitárias dos estabelecimentos produtores e seus respectivos tanques, verificando se estavam sendo atendidas as exigências previstas na legislação brasileira. A avaliação dos tanques comunitários e das propriedades foi baseada na aplicação de listas de verificação contendo 38 e 57 questões, respectivamente. Posteriormente, amostras do leite foram submetidas, durante a recepção à determinação de temperatura e aos testes de alizarol e acidez pelo método de ºDornic. Ainda, foram coletadas amostras do leite das propriedades que participaram da lista de verificação para realização das análises de gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos não gordurosos. Com base na lista de verificação, os tanques foram classificados como Grau I e Grau II e as propriedades como Grau II, necessitando de melhorias para adequar-se. A maioria das amostras foi recebida com temperatura acima de 30 ºC, tendo sido observado por meio do teste de acidez, predominância de leite ácido no tanque 1 e leite alcalino nos tanques 2 e 3. No teste do alizarol, os resultados obtidos indicaram reação alcalino (violeta) no tanque 1, nos tanques 2 e 3, as amostras estavam dentro do padrão, com predominância da cor vermelho tijolo, considerado leite com resposta normal. Com relação aos componentes: gordura, proteína e lactose todos estavam dentro do padrão. Os sólidos não gordurosos, das 27 amostras analisadas, 29,6% estavam abaixo do mínimo exigido. A contagem de bactéria padrão variou de 1,2x106 a 1,1x107 UFC/mL, indicando que todas as amostras estavam acima do padrão permitido 7,5x105. O número mais provável de coliformes em algumas amostras apresentou valores acima de 103 NMP/mL. A contagem de células somáticas variou 1,0x103 a 8,5x103 CS/mL, todas as amostras estavam dentro do padrão. O resultado da contagem de Staphylococcus aureus variou de 2,5x103 a 2,5x105 UFC/mL. Os resultados evidenciaram que melhorias no manejo higiênico-sanitário dos animais antes, durante e após a ordenha são necessários para que ocorra uma redução na contagem bacteriana.