Russians actions in Ukraine came as a chock to the west, who have been striving to conceptualize Russian warfare since. This has resulted in several conflicting definitions involving different means and methods. This might be problematic, both for a country and its military, in trying to define and counter the threat of Russian warfare. It might also be problematic for scientific enquiry, since the definitions might become too broad and neglect vital aspects of Russian warfare. This study there-fore compare and test two rivalling theories about Russian warfare, New-Generation Warfare (NGW) and Full-Spectrum Conflict (FSC), by analysing Russia’s actions in the Ukrainian conflict. By doing so it aims to shed light on which of the two theories offers the best approach to analysing the case. The study uses a qualitative text research method to examine secondary sources describing the conflict and transliterations of Putin’s speeches. Several indicators for each theoretical framework are confirmed and made the analysis possible. The results of this analysis show that Russia in Ukraine used their means and methods synchronously rather than applying a diachronic course of action as advocated by NGW. Results therefore suggest that FSC and its mix of means and methods better describes Russia’s actions in Ukraine.

Análise de idades e metalicidades de aglomerados estelares nas Nuvens de Magalhães traz informação para estudos sobre a evolução química e dinâmica das Nuvens. Usando-as como calibradores de modelos de populações estelares simples, esse tipo de análise é útil também para o estudo de outras galáxias. Um dos objetivos deste trabalho é derivar idades e metalicidades a partir de espectros integrados de 14 aglomerados na Pequena Nuvem de Magalhães. Busca-se o entendimento, em particular, dos aglomerados de idade intermediária/velha. A metodologia usada para isso é baseada em ajuste de espectro completo dos espectros integrados dos aglomerados, comparando-os a três bases de modelos de populações estelares simples; são usados dois códigos disponíveis na literatura para efetuar tais comparações. Desse modo, são identicados 9 aglomerados como de idade intermediária/velha e os outros 5, jovens. Destacam-se os resultados para os aglomerados com idade intermediária/velha recém identicadas: HW 1, NGC 152, Lindsay 3, 11 e 113. São conrmadas também as idades velhas de NGC 361, 419 e Kron 3 e do bem conhecido e mais velho aglomerado da Pequena Nuvem, NGC 121. Outro objetivo é determinar parâmetros físicos autoconsistentes (idade, metalicidade, distância e avermelhamento) para 7 aglomerados relativamente pouco estudados da Pequena Nuvem, com idades entre ~ 0.5 e 5 Ganos. Para isso são usadas ferramentas estatísticas que comparam CMDs modelados com os observados. Diferentemente de um ajuste visual de isócrona, essa abordagem oferece um critério objetivo e inequívoco para estabelecer quais são os CMDs sintéticos que melhor ajustam o CMD observado. Resultados preliminares mostram a eciência deste método, que determina log(idade), com incerteza de 0.10 e [Fe/H], com 0.20. Isso pode introduzir novos e importantes limites na relação idade-metalicidade da Pequena Nuvem, que é signicativamente mais complexa e menos estudada que a da Grande Nuvem. / Analysis of age and metallicity of star clusters in Magellanic Clouds brings information to studies on the chemical evolution and dynamics of the Clouds. By using them as calibrators of single stellar populations models, this type of analysis is also useful for the study of other galaxies. One of the aims of this work is to derive ages and metallicities from integrated spectra of 14 clusters in the Small Magellanic Cloud. We seek for the understanding, in particular, of the intermediate/old age clusters. The method used for this purpose is based on full spectrum tting of integrated spectra of the clusters, comparing them to three sets of single stellar populations; two codes available in the literature are used to do such comparisons. Thus 9 clusters are identied as intermediate/old age clusters and 5 other as young ones. Noteworthy are the results for the clusters with intermediate/old age newly identied: HW 1, NGC 152, Lindsay 3, 11 and 113. We also conrm the old ages of NGC 361, 419 and Kron 3, and of the well-known oldest cluster of the Small Cloud, NGC 121. Another aim is to determine self-consistent physical parameters (age, metallicity, distance and reddening) for 7 relatively unstudied stellar clusters in the Small Magellanic Cloud, with ages between 0.5 and 5 Gyr. We use statistical tools to compare synthetic and observed CMDs. Dierently of a visual isochrone t, this approach oers ob jective and unambiguous criteria to establish which are the synthetic CMDs that best ts the observed CMD. Preliminary results show the eciency of this method, which determines log(age), with an uncertainty of 0.10 and [Fe/H], with 0.20. This can introduce new and important constraints in the age-metallicity relation for the Small Cloud, which is signicantly more complex and less studied than the one of the Large Magellanic Cloud.

Análise de idades e metalicidades de aglomerados estelares nas Nuvens de Magalhães traz informação para estudos sobre a evolução química e dinâmica das Nuvens. Usando-as como calibradores de modelos de populações estelares simples, esse tipo de análise é útil também para o estudo de outras galáxias. Um dos objetivos deste trabalho é derivar idades e metalicidades a partir de espectros integrados de 14 aglomerados na Pequena Nuvem de Magalhães. Busca-se o entendimento, em particular, dos aglomerados de idade intermediária/velha. A metodologia usada para isso é baseada em ajuste de espectro completo dos espectros integrados dos aglomerados, comparando-os a três bases de modelos de populações estelares simples; são usados dois códigos disponíveis na literatura para efetuar tais comparações. Desse modo, são identicados 9 aglomerados como de idade intermediária/velha e os outros 5, jovens. Destacam-se os resultados para os aglomerados com idade intermediária/velha recém identicadas: HW 1, NGC 152, Lindsay 3, 11 e 113. São conrmadas também as idades velhas de NGC 361, 419 e Kron 3 e do bem conhecido e mais velho aglomerado da Pequena Nuvem, NGC 121. Outro objetivo é determinar parâmetros físicos autoconsistentes (idade, metalicidade, distância e avermelhamento) para 7 aglomerados relativamente pouco estudados da Pequena Nuvem, com idades entre ~ 0.5 e 5 Ganos. Para isso são usadas ferramentas estatísticas que comparam CMDs modelados com os observados. Diferentemente de um ajuste visual de isócrona, essa abordagem oferece um critério objetivo e inequívoco para estabelecer quais são os CMDs sintéticos que melhor ajustam o CMD observado. Resultados preliminares mostram a eciência deste método, que determina log(idade), com incerteza de 0.10 e [Fe/H], com 0.20. Isso pode introduzir novos e importantes limites na relação idade-metalicidade da Pequena Nuvem, que é signicativamente mais complexa e menos estudada que a da Grande Nuvem. / Analysis of age and metallicity of star clusters in Magellanic Clouds brings information to studies on the chemical evolution and dynamics of the Clouds. By using them as calibrators of single stellar populations models, this type of analysis is also useful for the study of other galaxies. One of the aims of this work is to derive ages and metallicities from integrated spectra of 14 clusters in the Small Magellanic Cloud. We seek for the understanding, in particular, of the intermediate/old age clusters. The method used for this purpose is based on full spectrum tting of integrated spectra of the clusters, comparing them to three sets of single stellar populations; two codes available in the literature are used to do such comparisons. Thus 9 clusters are identied as intermediate/old age clusters and 5 other as young ones. Noteworthy are the results for the clusters with intermediate/old age newly identied: HW 1, NGC 152, Lindsay 3, 11 and 113. We also conrm the old ages of NGC 361, 419 and Kron 3, and of the well-known oldest cluster of the Small Cloud, NGC 121. Another aim is to determine self-consistent physical parameters (age, metallicity, distance and reddening) for 7 relatively unstudied stellar clusters in the Small Magellanic Cloud, with ages between 0.5 and 5 Gyr. We use statistical tools to compare synthetic and observed CMDs. Dierently of a visual isochrone t, this approach oers ob jective and unambiguous criteria to establish which are the synthetic CMDs that best ts the observed CMD. Preliminary results show the eciency of this method, which determines log(age), with an uncertainty of 0.10 and [Fe/H], with 0.20. This can introduce new and important constraints in the age-metallicity relation for the Small Cloud, which is signicantly more complex and less studied than the one of the Large Magellanic Cloud.

CHDS State/Local / Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / The planning methodologies used today by most U.S. fire departments are excellent for traditional missions, but wholly inadequate for the threats posed by terrorism. Planning in the fire service and the rest of the first responder community historically has relied on a one-dimensional approach that uses a scenario-based planning (SBP) methodology. This thesis argues that the fire service and others in the first responder community will be able to contribute to homeland security missions much more effectively, and efficiently, by switching to specially adapted versions of capabilities-based planning. This thesis proposes a new integrated planning methodology that combines the planning strengths of scenariobased planning, threat-based planning, and capabilities-based planning. The new method identifies capabilities that could be used to manage and mitigate the consequences of the different types of contingencies within the various response spectrums. It allows an organization to perform analysis and efficiency studies to evaluate the different spectrums of contingencies against existing capabilities and create a menu of capabilities necessary for the first responder to respond to all its missions, including immediate threats and terrorism, in the most efficient and cost-effective manner. / Battalion Chief, Fire Department City of New York