Cláudio Antonio Ferraz de Carvalho é médico e Doutor pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP). Adquiriu seus conhecimentos anatômicos convivendo com Renato Locchi e Odorico Machado de Sousa, consagrados anatomistas e discípulos de Afonso Bovero. Contratado como docente do Departamento de Anatomia da FMUSP foi orientado pelo professor Odorico que, com auxílio financeiro da Fundação Humboldt enviou-o para a realização de um estágio na Alemanha no Instituto Anatômico de Kiel, sob a tutela de Wolfgang Bargmann, discípulo de Alfred Benninghoff, um dos fundadores da Anatomia Funcional da Escola Alemã, quando se especializou na Anatomia Funcional de Conotação Secretória Celular e Subcelular. Em um novo estágio, agora no Instituto de Anatomia da Universidade de Mainz, coordenado por Adolf Dabelow, um discípulo de Alfred Benninghoff, obteve fundamentos sólidos para o desenvolvimento da Anatomia Funcional de Conotação Mecânica. Como resultado dessas experiências desenvolveu diversos trabalhos no âmbito da Anatomia Funcional, tornando-se o principal representante dessa vertente no Brasil, uma ciência de cunho dinâmico, que visa estabelecer a relação entre a estrutura e a sua função sem, contudo, enveredar para o campo da Fisiologia. A apresentação de sua trajetória científica na Universidade de São Paulo serve não somente para reverenciar-lhe o trabalho pioneiro, mas principalmente para infundir naqueles que se dedicam ao estudo da Anatomia, os fundamentos da Anatomia Funcional de conotação mecânica e secretória, como um campo ainda a ser explorado, utilizando-se de metodologias modernas, como por exemplo, a imagiologia e a biologia molecular. / Cláudio Antonio Ferraz de Carvalho is M.D and PhD from the Faculty of Medicine of Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), acquired his knowledge of anatomy a close relationship with Renato Locchi and Odorico Machado de Sousa, who were Afonso Boveros devoted disciples. After being hired by FMUSP, he was supervised in his graduate studies by Professor Odorico. Obtain financial assistance from the Humboldt Foundation, this sponsorship allowed him to carry out an internship in Germany at the Anatomical Institute of Kiel, under the tutelage of Wolfgang Bargmann, disciple of Alfred Benninghoffs a founder of Functional Anatomy of the German School, where he specialized in \"Functional Anatomy of cellular and subcellular secretory connotation\". In a new stage, now the Institute of Anatomy at the University of Mainz, coordinated by Adolf Dabelow, a disciple of Benninghoffs, got solid foundation for the development of \"mechanical Functional Anatomy.\" As a result of these experiences and his innate designer skills developed several studies within Functional Anatomy, becoming the main representative of this aspect of Anatomy in our midst, a dynamic nature science, which aims to establish the relationship between structure and their functions without, however, going down to the field of Physiology. The review of his scientific career in Universidade de São Paulo serves not only to honor his pioneering work, but mainly to infuse those who are dedicated to the study of anatomy, the Functional Anatomy of grounds both \"mechanically\" as the \"secretory base\" such as an even field to be explored, using modern technologies, such as imaging and molecular biology.

Tese(doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós–Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2012. / Submitted by Cristiane Gomides (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2013-10-11T16:45:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciano.pdf: 10791164 bytes, checksum: abbbf3e63dd24039e4b6f6fb89af6147 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sabrina Andrade (sabrinabeatriz@ibest.com.br) on 2013-10-17T17:51:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciano.pdf: 10791164 bytes, checksum: abbbf3e63dd24039e4b6f6fb89af6147 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-17T17:51:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciano.pdf: 10791164 bytes, checksum: abbbf3e63dd24039e4b6f6fb89af6147 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Os peixes da família Macrouridae apresentaram uma das maiores biomassas entre os peixes demersais em cruzeiros de pesquisa no Sudeste-Sul do Brasil entre 300-600m. Embora não sejam alvo da pesca no Brasil, estão entre os principais itens no descarte da pesca de arrasto no talude, sofrendo impacto similar às espécies-alvo. Dados de dois cruzeiros sazonais de arrasto de fundo foram utilizados para analisar a distribuição, abundância, densidade, composição de comprimentos e estimativas de biomassas para sete espécies de Macrouridae do talude superior do Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Coelorinchus marinii, Malacocephalus occidentalis, M. laevis, Lucigadus ori, Hymenocephalus billsam, Ventrifossa macropogon e V. mucocephalus. A biomassa total foi estimada em 5,5 e 8,3 kt, respectivamente, no inverno-primavera e verão-outono, das quais C. marinii e M. occidentalis compuseram 98%. Amostras mensais da pesca comercial foram adicionalmente usadas para analisar a ecologia trófica das quatro espécies mais abundantes no talude superior do Sul do Brasil. Foram analisadas a composição da dieta, as mudanças ontogenéticas, as variações sazonais, a sobreposição alimentar intra e interespecífica, a fauna parasitária e aspectos da morfologia funcional relacionada à alimentação. C.marinii consumiu presas pequenas da infauna, epifauna, plâncton, nécton e carcaças, aproveitando presas em manchas ou agregações. M.occidentalis apresentou certa seleção por presas maiores e de coluna d’água, além de caranguejos e carcaças. As duas espécies apresentaram mudanças ontogenéticas e variações sazonais na composição da dieta, ocasionando mudanças nos padrões de sobreposição, mas em geral houve uma baixa sobreposição alimentar. As distintas morfologias funcionais encontradas refletiram em diferenças na dieta e nas estratégias de alimentação das espécies. Para C.marinii e M.occidentalis foram contruídos mapas com densidades, áreas de desova, índice alimentar, proporções de sexos e de imaturos/maturos, que foram relacionadas aos processos oceanográficos, fornecendo uma visão sobre as estratégias de vida e processos que regulam os padrões de distribuição e abundância. Ambas as espécies apresentaram variação sazonal na extensão e localização das áreas de desova. A maioria das fêmeas de C.marinii estavam maturas (90%), sugerindo que assentam ao fundo simultaneamente à maturação e que os juvenis são pelágicos, enquanto M.occidentalis apresentou muitos juvenis e poucas fêmeas maturas, assentando ao fundo bem antes da maturação. São identificados e descritos três processos responsáveis pelos padrões de distribuição e abundância encontrados nestas espécies. Sugere-se que áreas encontradas com elevadas biomassas de Macrouridae (carniceiros) sejam causadas por zonas de ocorrência semipermanente de processos de mesoescala (e.g. vórtices). Esses processos aumentam a produtividade e possibilitam elevadas biomassas de organismos de vida-curta encontradas em camadas superiores, e por outro lado, aumentam a concentração, mortalidade e disponibilidade de carcaças desses organismos, favorecendo predadores carniceiros. Esses processos podem ser responsáveis por inconsistências nas biomassas de magafauna e macrofauna encontradas em alguns estudos, onde biomassas de megafauna foram da mesma ordem de grandeza ou maiores que as de macrofauna, contradizendo o princípio Eltoniano. / Macrourids are among the most abundant and diverse demersal fishes in all deep oceans, including the Southwestern Brazilian continental slope. Although not targeted by Brazilian fisheries, they suffer impact similar than the target species, being among the most discarded fishes by deep bottom trawling. Trophic Ecology: Data from research surveys and commercial fishing were used to analyze the trophic ecology of four species inhabiting the upper slope of southern Brazil: Coelorinchus marinii, Malacocephalus occidentalis, M. laevis and Lucigadus ori. For the two abundant ones, ontogenetic changes, seasonal variations, intra- and interspecific dietary overlap, parasite fauna and aspects of functional morphology are also described. C.marinii had an extremely diverse diet, preying infauna, epifauna, plankton, necton and carcasses. M.occidentalis fed on larger and nektonic prey, but also included crabs and carcasses in the diet. Both species showed ontogenetic shifts and seasonal variations in diet composition, both leading to changes in intra- and interspecific diet overlap patterns. Species showed quite distinct feeding anatomy and proportions of body with mouth size, reflecting on feeding strategies. There was little interspecific food overlap. In most cases when the diet was more similar there was a spatial segregation. The coexistence of these species appears to be facilitated by the development of different functional morphologies and feeding strategies. A considerable portion of the diet of these species is due to the consumption of carcasses of pelagic and mesopelagic organisms, and even insects, bypassing the benthic trophic web. Conservative (minimum) estimates of the mean weight of carcasses in diet ranged from 3 to 20%, increasing with the size of the predators and towards deeper waters. C.marinii showed a lower consumption of carcasses and a high proportion of mesopelagic fishes and cephalopods, however, the analysis of the feeding morphology and prey size leads to believe that most of these two groups of prey were consumed as carcasses. This source of food bypass the detritus food chains and connect the concentrations of macrourids to fluctuations in the abundance of epi and mesopelagic organisms and to oceanographic processes that increase their concentration and mortality (e.g. mesoscale anticyclonic eddies). Distribution, Biomass and Oceanography: Data from two seasonal bottom trawl surveys were used to provide information on distribution, abundances, densities, sizecomposition and biomass estimates for seven species: Coelorinchus marinii, Malacocephalus occidentalis, M. laevis, Lucigadus ori, Hymenocephalus billsam, Ventrifossa macropogon and V. mucocephalus. The total biomass was estimated in 5.5 and 8.3 kt respectively in winter-spring and summer-autumn. C.marinii and M.occidentalis comprised 98% of the biomass. For these two abundant species, surface maps were made with spawning areas, feeding index, sex and immature/mature ratios, and were related to oceanographic processes, providing insights on strategies and important processes regulating distribution and abundance patterns. Both species showed a marked seasonal variation in the extent and location of spawning areas. Most C.marinii females were mature (90%), suggesting an early maturation during pelagic phase and acquiring demersal habit just prior the onset of maturation, while M.occidentalis showed few matures females and settle to bottom well before maturity. Temperature rather than depth seems to be the main factor regulating the batimetric distribution of both species. We describe three processes responsible for distribution and abundance patterns found in these species. Differentpatterns of spatial segregation were found in both species, related with depth, sex and maturity. It is suggested that areas with high biomass Macrouridae (scavengers) are induced by zones of occurrence semi-permanent mesoscale processes (e.g. eddies). These processes increase productivity and enable large biomass of short-lived organisms found in the upper layers, and also increase the concentration, mortality and availability of carcasses, favoring scavenger predators. These processes may be responsible for inconsistencies in biomass of megafauna and macrofauna found in some studies, where biomass of megafauna was of the same order of magnitude or larger than macrofauna, contradicting the Eltonian principle. It is suggested that future studies attempt to relate mesoscale processes with the biomass of potential short-lived prey in surface waters and higher biomass of scavengers. This work highlights the importance of the study of ocean dynamics, combining biological and oceanographic observations, trying to understand the role of mesoscale physical processes on the distribution and abundance patterns of species.

Submitted by Natalie Mendes (nataliermendes@gmail.com) on 2015-11-18T00:32:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o - Marcelo dos Santos Silva - 2013.pdf: 7962051 bytes, checksum: 4e7968dec1d69dfb701ea5b5c43215dd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-18T00:32:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o - Marcelo dos Santos Silva - 2013.pdf: 7962051 bytes, checksum: 4e7968dec1d69dfb701ea5b5c43215dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-25 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / This study aimed to contribute to the knowledge of wood anatomy of the Atlantic Forest woody species, discussing their ecological/functional value, in addition to qualifying these species for energy generation and/or papermaking, based on derived values from measurements of the fibers and the bulk density. Serra da Jiboia is one of the areas indicated as priority for conservation of the Atlantic Forest and considered of extreme biological importance in terms of vegetation. Three to ten samples of 25 species were collected in the Serra da Jiboia, El?sio Medrado, Bahia. The portion from 1 to 3 cm from the bark was considered for making a macerate, histological slides, and measurement of the bulk density. The results are shown in two chapters and two appendices. In chapter 1, the existence of ecological trends for the Atlantic Forest of Serra da Jiboia was examined. The high frequency for growth rings boundaries distinct, diffuse porosity, absence of vessel arrangement, simultaneous presence of multiple and solitary vessels, simple perforation plates, tangential diameter of vessel larger than 350 ?m, nonseptate fibers, fiber length between 900-1600 ?m, fibers with simple to minutely bordered pits, rays per millimeter: 4-12, rays and/or axial elements irregularly storied and presence of inorganic inclusions. Most of these characteristics were interpreted as ecological trends for the Atlantic Forest of Serra da Jiboia, based on an analysis of the literature about their functional meanings and their correlation with the environmental characteristics of this environment. A smaller amount was assessed as arising from general evolutionary trends for the angiosperms. The conduction area, mesomorphy and vulnerability index, showed wide variation. More integrated studies involving wood anatomy which consider other aspects of the plants should be developed for a better understanding of the ecologic trends as well as its contrasting variations. In chapter 2, in which the anatomical and physical qualification of the wood for paper and/or energy production was made, four derived values ? wall fraction, flexibility coefficient, Runkel ratio and slenderness ratio ? and bulk density were measured. None of the species displayed all of the derived values optimal for paper production, although if each derived value is considered separately many of them could be qualified for this purpose. Most of the species were considered appropriate for power generation because they exhibit high wall fraction, Runkel ratio and high bulk density, and low flexibility coefficient. Aspidosperma discolor, Helicostylis tomentosa, Miconia amoena and Myrsine guianensis stand out from the rest. In conclusion, Serra da Jiboia proves to be a potential area for sustainable management studies of economically viable timbers. / Esse trabalho teve como objetivo contribuir para o conhecimento da anatomia do lenho de esp?cies arb?reas da Mata Atl?ntica, discutindo seu valor ecol?gico/funcional, al?m de qualificar estas esp?cies para gera??o de energia e/ou fabrica??o de papel, baseando-se nos valores derivados das dimens?es das fibras e na densidade aparente. A Serra da Jiboia ? uma das ?reas indicadas como priorit?rias para conserva??o da Mata Atl?ntica e classificada como de extrema import?ncia biol?gica no quesito vegeta??o. Foram coletadas de tr?s a dez amostras de 25 esp?cies nesta ?rea, localizada no munic?pio de El?sio Medrado, Bahia. Considerou-se a por??o entre 1-3 cm a partir da casca para confec??o de macerado, das l?minas histol?gicas e aferi??o da densidade aparente. Os resultados est?o apresentados em dois cap?tulos, e dois ap?ndices. No cap?tulo 1, examinou-se a exist?ncia de tend?ncias ecol?gicas para a Mata Atl?ntica da Serra da Jiboia, registrou-se alta frequ?ncia para an?is de crescimento distintos, porosidade difusa, aus?ncia de arranjo dos vasos, presen?a simult?nea de vasos solit?rios e m?ltiplos, placa de perfura??o simples, comprimento dos elementos de vasos maior que 350 ?m, fibras com ar?ola das pontoa??es simples a reduzida, presen?a de fibras n?o septadas, comprimento da fibra entre 900-1600 ?m, 4-12 raios por mil?metro, raios e elementos axiais n?o estratificados e presen?a de inclus?es inorg?nicas. A maioria destas caracter?sticas foi interpretada como tend?ncias ecol?gicas para a Mata Atl?ntica atrav?s da discuss?o com a literatura sobre seus significados funcionais e a correla??o destes com as caracter?sticas ambientais desse ambiente. Uma menor quantidade foi avaliada como decorrente das tend?ncias evolutivas gerais para as angiospermas. A ?rea de condu??o, ?ndice de vulnerabilidade e mesomorfismo apresentaram grande varia??o, trabalhos mais integrativos, envolvendo a anatomia da madeira, que considerem outros aspectos das plantas, devem ser desenvolvidos para uma melhor compreens?o das tend?ncias ecol?gicas, bem como da varia??o que se contrap?em a esta. No cap?tulo 2, no qual ? feita a qualifica??o anat?mica e f?sica da madeira para fabrica??o de papel e/ou produ??o de energia, quatro valores derivados ? fra??o parede, coeficiente de flexibilidade, ?ndice de Runkel e ?ndice de enfeltramento ? e a densidade aparente foram mensurados. Nenhuma esp?cie apresentou todos os valores derivados ?timos para a produ??o de papel, embora se considerado cada valor derivado isoladamente muitas delas podem ser qualificadas positivamente para este fim. A maioria das esp?cies apresentou-se aptas ? gera??o de energia por exibirem fra??o parede, ?ndice de Runkel e densidade aparente alta e baixo coeficiente de flexibilidade, destacando-se Aspidosperma discolor, Helicostylis tomentosa, Miconia amoena e Myrsine guianensis. Conclui-se, portanto, que a Serra da Jiboia apresenta-se como uma ?rea em potencial para estudos de manejo sustent?vel de madeiras economicamente vi?veis.

Nature develops several materials with remarkable functional properties composed of comparatively simple base substances. Biological materials are often composites, which optime the conformation to their function. On the other hand, synthetic materials are designed a priori, structuring them according to the performance to be achieved. 3D printing manufacturing is the most direct method for specific component production and earmarks the sample with material and geometry designed ad-hoc for a defined purpose, starting from a biomimetic approach to functional structures. The technique has the advantage of being quick, accurate, and with a limited waste of materials. The sample printing occurs through the deposition of material layer by layer. Furthermore, the material is often a composite, which matches the characteristics of components with different geometry and properties, achieving better mechanical and physical performances. This thesis analyses the mechanics of natural and custom-made composites: the spider body and the manufacturing of metallic and non-metallic graphene composites. The spider body is investigated in different sections of the exoskeleton and specifically the fangs. The study involves the mechanical characterization of the single components by the nanoindentation technique, with a special focus on the hardness and Young's modulus. The experimental results were mapped, purposing to present an accurate comparison of the mechanical properties of the spider body. The different stiffness of components is due to the tuning of the same basic material (the cuticle, i.e. mainly composed of chitin) for achieving different mechanical functions, which have improved the animal adaptation to specific evolutive requirements. The synthetic composites, suitable for 3D printing fabrication, are metallic and non-metallic matrices combined with carbon-based fillers. Non-metallic graphene composites are multiscale compounds. Specifically, the material is a blend of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) matrix and different percentages of micro-carbon fibers (MCF). In the second step, nanoscale filler of carbon nanotubes (CNT) or graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) are added to the base mixture. The production process of composite materials followed a specific protocol for the optimal procedure and the machine parameters, as also foreseen in the literature. This method allowed the control over the percentages of the different materials to be adopted and ensured a homogeneous distribution of fillers in the plastic matrix. Multiscale compounds provide the basic materials for the extrusion of fused filaments, suitable for 3D printing of the samples. The composites were tested in the configuration of compression moulded sheets, as reference tests, and also in the corresponding 3D printed specimens. The addition of the micro-filler inside the ABS matrix caused a notable increment in stiffness and a slight increase in strength, with a significant reduction in deformation at the break. Concurrently, the addition of nanofillers was very effective in improving electrical conductivity compared to pure ABS and micro-composites, even at the lowest filler content. Composites with GNP as a nano-filler had a good impact on the stiffness of the materials, while the electrical conductivity of the composites is favoured by the presence of CNTs. Moreover, the extrusion of the filament and the print of fused filament fabrication led to the creation of voids within the structure, causing a significant loss of mechanical properties and a slight improvement in the electrical conductivity of the multiscale moulded composites. The final aim of this work is the identification of 3D-printed multiscale composites capable of the best matching of mechanical and electrical properties among the different compounds proposed. Since structures with metallic matrix and high mechanical performances are suitable for aerospace and automotive industry applications, metallic graphene composites are studied in the additive manufacturing sector. A comprehensive study of the mechanical and electrical properties of an innovative copper-graphene oxide composite (Cu-GO) was developed in collaboration with Fondazione E. Amaldi, in Rome. An extensive survey campaign on the working conditions was developed, leading to the definition of an optimal protocol of printing parameters for obtaining the samples with the highest density. The composite powders were prepared following two different routes to disperse the nanofiller into Cu matrix and, afterward, were processed by selective laser melting (SLM) technique. Analyses of the morphology, macroscopic and microscopic structure, and degree of oxidation of the printed samples were performed. Samples prepared followed the mechanical mixing procedure showed a better response to the 3D printing process in all tests. The mechanical characterization has instead provided a clear increase in the resistance of the material prepared with the ultrasonicated bath method, despite the greater porosity of specimens. The interesting comparison obtained between samples from different routes highlights the influence of powder preparation and working conditions on the printing results. We hope that the research could be useful to investigate in detail the potential applications suitable for composites in different technological fields and stimulate further comparative analysis.