In the Maritimes, only two striped bass spawning populations remain: the Miramichi River in New Brunswick and the Shubenacadie – Stewiacke system in Nova Scotia. The Shubenacadie – Stewiacke system is subjected to a well pronounced twice daily tidal bore which induces dramatic changes in water parameters and challenges pelagic life. This system will be subject to potential change through brine discharge, a by-product of the Alton Natural Gas Storage Project. . Examining the temporal distribution of mysids, striped bass eggs and larvae at a fixed location around the Alton Project site will provide baseline information on population structure and insights into how egg and larvae distributions change with respect to tidal cycles, temperature and salinity. Surface plankton net tows from the top 0.75m of the water column were used to collect mysids, striped bass eggs and larvae over 14 months over two years. Daily mean egg abundance surpassed 1000 eggs/m3 once in 2008. A decrease of 1.9 °C in water temperature at the Alton Project site coincided with a cessation of eggs, and presumably, spawning. Spawning resumed when temperatures surpassed 15 °C. In contrast, the largest spawning event of the 2009 season occurred as water temperatures decreased (14 to 12.7 °C). The 2009 spawning season was longer (49 days) than 2008 (31 days) by 18 days, and in both years spawning peaked within the last week of May and first week of June. Two large spawning events, over 4000 daily mean eggs/m3 apiece, were detected May 24 and June 2, 2009. Mysids were present in high numbers throughout May to November, with some tows greater than 14,000 individuals/m3 in June 2008 and August 2009. Over the length of the ebb tide, as salinity decreases, mysid abundance also decreased. Whereas, striped bass egg abundance was consistently lowest at high tide and increased progressively over about 300 minutes through the ebb tide. Both striped bass larvae and mysids displayed patchiness in their temporal distribution suggesting passive transport in the this system. In both 2008 and 2009, larvae were detected at the Alton Project site for 38 days. The colder temperatures and larger tidal range of 2009, coupled with large increase in rainfall during the larval season contributed to the over 30-fold lower abundance over that found in 2008. When abundance was related in concert with temperature and salinity, mysids were ever present at high abundances except on three occasions. Mysid abundance decreased when salinity dropped beneath 5 ‰ during both years, and in 2008 when temperatures were lower than 15 °C. Salinity was impacted according to a seven-day lag after rainfall in both years, although the minimum volume of rainfall and associated impact on salinity have yet to be described.

This thesis addresses the revitalization of the former Nova Scotia Textiles Limited mill in Windsor, Nova Scotia, Canada. Windsor is a small town that lies along the confluence of the Avon and St. Croix River shores, off the Bay of Fundy, and is the gateway to the Annapolis Valley region. This abandoned textile mill serves as a monument in the landscape while also holding a special part in the identity of the town’s historic industrial past. This thesis proposes to establish a meaningful connection between the textile mill and the community, as well as with the phenomenal Fundy landscape by means of a regional interpretive center. Commercial, institutional and recreational facilities ensure year-round stability for the site. A context-based approach links the architectural intervention to the dynamic layers of building, site and tidal landscape beyond.

No description available.

Among sources of renewable energy, development of tidal energy has traditionally been plagued by relatively high costs and limited availability of sites with sufficiently high tidal amplitudes or flow velocities. However, many recent technology developments and improvements, both in design (e.g. dynamic tidal power, tidal lagoons) and turbine technology (e.g. new axial turbines, crossflow turbines), showed that the economic and environmental costs may be brought down to competitive levels comparing to other conventional energy sources. It has long been identified that the Bay of Fundy is one of the world’s premier locations for the development of tidal power generating systems, since it has some of the world’s largest tidal ranges. Consequently, several proposals have been made in the recent years to find economical ways to harness the power of tides. Presently, there is considerable interest in installing tidal lagoons in the Bay of Fundy. The lagoon concept involves temporarily storing seawater behind an impoundment dike and generating power by gradually releasing the impounded seawater through conventional low-head hydroelectric turbines. A tidal lagoon will inherently modify the tides and tidal currents regime in the vicinity of the lagoon, and possibly induce effects that may be felt throughout the entire Bay of Fundy. The nature of these hydrodynamic impacts will likely depend on the size of the tidal lagoon, its location, and its method of operation. Any changes in the tidal hydrodynamics caused by a tidal lagoon may also impact on the transport of sediments throughout the region and upset ecosystems that are well adapted to existing conditions. The scale and character of the potential hydrodynamic impacts due to tidal lagoons operating in the Bay of Fundy have not been previously investigated. The present study endeavours to investigate these potential impacts to help the development of sustainable, science-based policies for the management and development of clean energy for future generations. After outlining fundamental aspects of tidal power projects taken in consideration in the Bay of Fundy, an analysis of present knowledge on tidal lagoons was conducted in order to provide a focus for subsequent investigations. Hydrodynamic modeling was used to quantify any of the potential hydrodynamic changes induced in the Bay of Fundy due to the presence of tidal lagoons. In the last part of the thesis, new relationships were derived in order to describe the amount of energy removed from tidal lagoons associated with its hydrodynamic impacts.

The tidal current energy resource is challenging to assess with accuracy and precision. An accepted standard methodology is lacking, which in turn perpetuates uncertainty and hinders the industry’s development. Technical Committee 114 of the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC-TC-114) is working to develop a standard for emerging tidal energy conversion systems. The draft standard prescribes methods for determining, objectively and reliably, the scale and character of tidal current energy resources at a site. The IEC-TC-114 draft standard for tidal energy resource assessment and characterisation has not yet been tested in a real world case study. Hence, it is not yet known whether the proposed methods will yield the desired outcome. This research has adopted the Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE) project in Minas Passage, Nova Scotia, for pilot application of the draft standard on tidal current resource assessment. The Bay of Fundy, located on the Atlantic coast of North America between the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, is known for having the highest tidal range in the world and has long been recognised as an ideal stage for tidal energy development. The thesis is presented in three main parts. Firstly, the latest peer-reviewed scientific literature is summarised and the standard is reviewed in view of lessons learned. The aim of this exercise is to establish a scientific basis for and to develop suggestions towards improving and extending future revisions of the standard. Secondly, a comprehensive assessment of the tidal current energy resource at the FORCE project site is conducted in a manner that is consistent with IEC-TC-114 protocol based on available measurements from static current profiler surveys and a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model of the upper Bay of Fundy developed for this study. Thirdly, a sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the main sources of error and uncertainty affecting resource assessment, a topic which has yet to be addressed in the literature.

No description available.

No description available.

<p> Cobequid Bay is a macrotidal embayment with a large intertidal sand bar complex at the east end, located at the head of the Bay of Fundy. Two sand bars were sampled in order to observe variations in impact pit densities on the surfaces of quartz sand grains, and to identify the pattern of grain size distribution over two intertidal bedforms. </p> <p> V pit densities obtained by viewing the quartz grain surfaces at magnifications of 10,000 and 5,000X with a scanning electron microscope indicate a linear correlation with grain size. The number of small V's appears to be consistent for all grain sizes, with the result that V's larger than approximately 1/5 micrometer produce the linear variation noted. Two trends of V pits formation combine to produce a "plateau", in which two grain size classes have similar V pit densities. This plateau corresponds to the break-point between the traction population and the intermittent suspension population. Trend one consists of the bombardment of large, well exposed grains (transported in the traction layer), by smaller saltating grains, while trend two consists of grain impacts between smaller grains in the concentrated "rheological layer". </p> <p> Two different grain size patterns were discovered on the two sampled bedforms. A fining upward trend toward the crest on both the stoss and slip faces was observed on an ebb dominated megaripple on Selmah Bar. The exact opposite pattern was noted on an ebb dominated sandwave from East Noel Bar. On this bedform, an upward coarsening trend toward the crest was discovered on both the stoss and slip faces. These two patterns correspond to the patterns observed by Dalrymple (1977) in his studies of intertidal bedforms. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Science (BSc)

Les ressources halieutiques représentent un enjeu majeur pour le Canada. Le homard d'Amérique (Homarus americanus) est l'espèce marine exploitée de plus grande valeur commerciale au Canada, ce qui rend essentielle la gestion durable de cette espèce. Ainsi, une gestion efficace nécessite la définition d'unités de gestion biologiquement significatives, ce qui requiert notamment une connaissance rigoureuse de la structure biologique des stocks. L'objectif général de cette thèse de doctorat consiste à documenter la variation génomique neutre et potentiellement adaptative à différentes échelles spatiales en vue de vérifier la concordance entre la structure génétique naturelle des populations et la délimitation des régions administratives sur lesquelles repose la gestion de la pêche du homard au Canada. Ce travail de recherche se base sur un large plan d'échantillonnage impliquant plus de 4 000 échantillons collectés dans 35 des 41 unités administratives de pêche pour cette espèce. Les analyses génomiques ont confirmé la présence d'une structure génétique hiérarchique dominée par deux grandes unités génétiques à large échelle spatiale, séparant les populations sur un axe latitudinal en deux régions Nord et Sud. La délimitation entre ces deux grandes régions a été identifiée avec précision au centre de l'unité de gestion 32. A l'intérieur des deux grandes régions, nos résultats basés sur la variation génétique neutre ont démontré un très faible degré de différenciation génétique et soutiennent une connectivité biologique importante entre les unités de gestion. L'étude de la variation génétique associée aux variables environnementales a révélé la présence d'une sous-structure au sein des régions Nord et Sud. En outre, des efforts considérables ont été déployés pour innover et identifier des nouveaux types de variants (i.e. variants structuraux) chez cette espèce pourtant dépourvue de ressources génomiques (i.e génome de référence). L'étude de ces nouveaux variants à mis en évidence des patrons de structure notamment dans le sud du Golfe du St-Laurent, suggérant un signal d'adaptation locale en lien avec la température. D'un point de vue global, l'ensemble des résultats soulignent l'intérêt d'étudier les diverses composantes du paysage génomique afin de saisir les différents axes de diversité et de différenciation génétique distribués au sein et entre les stocks. La recherche conduite durant cette thèse constitue la plus grande étude de la structure génomique des populations menée à ce jour chez les crustacés marins. Cet ensemble de données exceptionnelles nous a permis de développer de nouveaux outils avancés en génomique marine appliquée aux enjeux de la gestion des pêches. Finalement, considérant les nouvelles connaissances apportées par ce travail, nous proposons quelques éléments de réflexion ainsi que des nouvelles pistes de recherche afin d'aider à l'amélioration future du cadre de gestion de la pêche du homard au Canada. / Fisheries resources are a major issue for Canada. The American lobster (Homarus americanus) is the most commercially valuable exploited marine species in Canada, which makes sustainable management of this species essential. Thus, effective management requires the definition of biologically significant management units, which requires a rigorous knowledge of the biological structure of the stocks. The general objective of this doctoral thesis is to document the neutral and putative adaptive genomic variation at different spatial scales in order to assess the concordance between the natural genetic structure of populations and the delineation of administrative regions on which the management of the lobster fishery in Canada is based. This research is based on a large sampling design involving more than 4,000 samples collected from 35 of the 41 administrative fishing units. Genomic analyses confirmed the presence of a hierarchical genetic structure dominated by two large genetic units at broad spatial scale, separating the populations on a latitudinal axis into two regions, North and South. The delineation between these two large regions has been accurately identified in the center of Management Unit 32. Within these two large regions, our results based on neutral genetic variation demonstrated a very low degree of genetic differentiation and support significant biological connectivity between the management units. The study of genetic variation associated with environmental variables revealed the presence of substructure within each of the northern and southern regions. Further, considerable efforts were made to develop innovative approaches to identify new types of variants (i.e. structural variants) in this species, which lacks genomic resources (i.e. reference genome). The study of these new variants has highlighted structural patterns, particularly in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, suggesting a signal of local adaptation related to temperature. Together, all of the results underline the importance of studying the various components of the genomic landscape in order to understand the different axes of genetic diversity and differentiation distributed within and between stocks. There search conducted during this thesis constitutes the largest study of population genomic structure in marine crustaceans to date. This exceptional data set has allowed us to develop new advanced tools in marine genomics applied to fisheries management issues. Finally, considering the new knowledge brought by this work, we propose a few elements for reflection as well as new avenues of research to help improve the future management framework of the lobster fishery in Canada.

Anthropogenic climate change is approaching predicted tipping points and there is an urgent need to de-carbonize energy systems on a global scale. Generation technologies that do not emit greenhouse gas need to be rapidly deployed, and energy grids need to be updated to accommodate an intermittent fluctuating supply. Rapidly advancing battery technology, cost reduction of solar and wind power and other emerging generation technologies are making the needed changes technically and economically feasible. Extracting energy from fast-flowing tidal currents using turbines akin to those used in wind farms, offers a reliable and predictable source of GHG free energy. The tidal power industry has established the technical feasibility of tidal turbines, and is presently up-scaling deployments from single isolated units to large tidal farms containing many turbines. However there remains significant economic uncertainty in financing such projects, partially due to uncertainty in predicting the long-term energy yield. Since energy yield is used in calculating the project revenue, it is of critical importance. Predicting yield for a prospective farm has not received sufficient attention in the tidal power literature. this task has been the primary motivation for this thesis work, which focuses on establishing and validating simulation-based procedures to predict flows through large tidal farms with many turbines, including the back effects of the turbines. This is a challenging problem because large tidal farms may alter tidal flows on large scales, and the slow-moving wake downstream of each rotor influences the inflow to other rotors, influencing their performance and loading. Additionally, tidal flow variation on diurnal and monthly timescales requires long-duration analysis to obtain meaningful statistics that can be used for forecasting. This thesis presents a hybrid simulation method that uses 2D coastal flow simulations to predict tidal flows over long durations, including the influence of turbines, combined with higher-resolution 3D simulations to predict how wakes and local bathymetry influence the power of each turbine in a tidal farm. The two simulation types are coupled using a method of bins to reduce the computational cost within reasonable limits. The method can be used to compute detailed 3D flow fields, power and loading on each turbine in the farm, energy yield and the impact of the farm on tidal amplitude and phase. The method is demonstrated to be computationally tractable with modest high-performance computing resources and therefore are of immediate value for informing turbine placement, comparing turbine farm-layout cases and forecasting yield, and may be implemented in future automated layout optimization algorithms. / Graduate