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Immune systems are thought to be costly to maintain and express in a variety of taxa. Evidence for this comes from observations that mechanisms which deal with pathogenic challenge are often extremely variable and are induced in the presence of an immune challenge, rather than being constitutively active. This thesis presents work aimed at testing predictions arising from these ideas, using the mealworm beetle T. molilor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) as a model system. Assays were developed which reflected three specific aspects of immunity (haemocyte count, phenoloxidase levels and resistance to a generalist fungal pathogen), thereby allowing aspects of immune function to be quantified. It was shown that the level of fungal resistance differed in beetles reared gregariously (higher resistance) and solitarily (lower resistance). Conspecifics are a source of disease (Freeland 1983), so this is an example of immune defences being induced in situations with a higher risk of pathogenesis (density dependent prophylaxis). A strong predictor of fungal resistance was the degree of melanisation of the adults' cuticles. This trait was shown to be highly heritable (59%), as was the total haemocyte count of an individual: an important aspect of general invertebrate immunity. Selection for cuticular melanisation resulted in a rapid response, confirming the existence of large amounts of additive genetic variance for this trait. Fungal resistance showed a correlated 111 response to selection for cuticular melanisation, indicating that this too has additive genetic variance. Lines selected for darker cuticles showed higher levels of fungal resistance than those selected for lighter cuticles. Cuticular melanisation and fungal resistance are therefore genetically correlated, and the former can be used as an indicator of the latter in T. molitor. No specific costs of cuticular melanisation or fungal resistance were identified. A correlated response to selection for cuticular melanisation on larval competitive ability was investigated, but no such response was seen. Thus the mechanisms maintaining variability and inducibility in cuticular melanisation and fungal resistance are unknown. This thesis has therefore identified patterns of immune expression consistent with the hypothesis that immunity has associated costs, although these costs have not been shown. It has also identified a potentially novel role for cuticular melanisation, as an indicator of immunity to fungal pathogens.

Orientador: Ana Cláudia Pavarina / Banca: Carlos Eduardo Vergani / Banca: Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato / Resumo: O surgimento da resistência antifúngica aos tratamentos convencionais tem proporcionado o desenvolvimento de novas modalidades terapêuticas para o tratamento da candidose bucal. Nesse contexto, a utilização da PDT vem sendo sugerida como método alternativo para a inativação de microrganismos patogênicos. Este estudo avaliou a efetividade da PDT na inativação de C. albicans e C. glabrata, ATCC e resistente a fluconazol, por meio da utilização do e da iluminação com LEDs de agente fotossensibilizador Photogem® comprimento de onda azul. Inicialmente, os microrganismos avaliados foram inoculados em tubos de ensaio contendo meio de cultura líquido e incubados overnight a 37ºC. Em seguida, foram obtidas suspensões celulares das espécies de Candida avaliadas. Essas suspensões foram transferidas para placas de 96 orifícios, tratadas com cinco diferentes concentrações de Photogem® (2,5; 5; 10; 25 e 50mg/L) e expostas a quatro doses de luz (10,5; 18; 25,5 e 37,5J/cmø). Suspensões adicionais foram tratadas somente com as cinco concentrações do fotossensibilizador ou apenas com as quatro doses de luz. Cada condição experimental foi realizada três vezes. Após a realização desses experimentos, foram obtidas diluições seriadas de cada amostra (10-1 a 10-3 ), e alíquotas de 25 æL dessas diluições foram plaqueadas, em triplicatas, em Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. Adicionalmente, alíquotas de 25 æL foram removidas das cavidades das placas de orifícios e transferidas diretamente para um quadrante da placa de Petri, sem a realização de diluição. As placas foram incubadas a 37ºC por 48 horas. Após a incubação, foi realizada a contagem das colônias viáveis (ufc/mL), e os valores obtidos foram analisados com o teste t de Student (p < 0,05). (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Oral candidosis is an opportunistic infection that affects a significant percentage of the population. The oral infection caused by Candida spp. is usually treated with topical and systemic antifungal drugs. However, the widespread use of these agents has resulted in an alarming increase in the rate of antifungal resistance. Recently, the photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been studied as an alternative modality of killing microorganisms, including viruses, fungi and bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine whether Candida albicans and C. glabrata, ATCC and fluconazole-resistant strains, could be photosensitized by Photogem® in combination with blue Light Emitted Diode (LED). Suspensions of each Candida strain, containing 106 viable cells per milliliter, were treated with five concentrations of Photogem® (2.5, 5, 10, 25 and 50 mg/l), followed by LED irradiation in four light doses (10.5, 18, 25.5 and 37.5 J/cm2). Each experimental condition was carried out in triplicate and repeated tree times. From each sample, serial dilutions were obtained and aliquots of 25 æl of each dilution were plated on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. All plates were incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. After incubation, colonies were counted (CFU/ml) and the data were statistically analyzed by the Student's t test (p < 0.05). The results demonstrated a concentration/dose-dependent pattern of inactivation, that resulted in complete elimination of all Candida evaluated. The minimal light dose for the complete inactivation of both C. albicans source was 18 J/cmø, in conjunction with 50 mg/l of Photogem®. After 25.5 and 37.5 J/cmø, a lower concentration of Photogem® was required to totally inactivate C. albicans ATCC (5 and 2.5 mg/l) in comparison with C. albicans luconazole-resistant (10 and 5 mg/l). (Complete abstract, clik electronic access below) / Mestre

Motivado pela crescente importância que os animais domésticos vêem causando na sociedade humana, tanto em relação à busca de melhor qualidade de vida, quanto em relação ao seu valor epidemiológico, visto que são poucos os estudos sobre este assunto, este trabalho objetivou-se em identificar e traçar o perfil de sensibilidade frente aos antífúngicos das espécies de leveduras potencialmente patogênicas isoladas da mucosa oral de cães sem raça definida, da cidade de Campinas, São Paulo. Por motivos de segurança, os animais selecionados foram anestesiados para a realização de exame clínico da cavidade oral e coleta de amostras da região de mucosa oral, seguida de inoculação em ágar Sabouraund dextrose com cloranfenicol. A partir do crescimento em placa, foram isoladas as colônias de fungos leveduriformes, submetidas a exames macromorfológicos e micromorfológicos, meio cromogênico, provas bioquímicas (urease e método API 20C AUX) e teste de sensibilidade aos antifúngicos. Dos 50 animais participantes do estudo, os cães com idade superior a 4 anos e os que apresentavam doença periodontal tiveram maior percentual de isolamento. Foram identificadas 43 leveduras das 45 amostras isoladas, sendo elas 86% (37) correspondentes ao gênero Candida spp, 11,6% (5) pertencentes ao gênero Trichosporon spp e 2,3% (1) do gênero Malassezia pachydermatis. O perfil de sensibilidade pelo método \"Etest\" identificou importante resistência de algumas amostras à antifúngicos rotineiramente utilizados na clínica médica veterinária, o que ressalta a importância da continuidade deste trabalho para o melhoramento da conduta clínica e para a explicação dos inúmeros tratamentos recidivos tanto em animais como em humanos. / Regarding the increasing impact that that the pets have been causing to the human society as its relation to the search for a better quality of life, and its relation with the epidemiological value, this study aimed to identify and draw the profile of the susceptibility to the antifungal drugs of the potentially pathogenic species of yeasts isolated from the oral canine mucosa of animals from indefinite breed of the city of Campinas, São Paulo. For their safety, the selected animals were anesthetized to have a short clinic exam of the oral cavity performed and to have samples from the oral mucosa collected. Later an inoculation in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar with chloramphenicol was performed. After the growth on a dish, colonies of fungi with yeast shape were isolated and submitted to macro morphological and micro morphological exams, chromogenous medium, biochemical proofs (urease and API 20C AUX method), and the test of the susceptibility to the antifungal drugs. Among the 50 animals taken part in the study, the dogs over 4 years old and those which presented periodontal diseases had a higher isolation percentage. Yeasts were identified 43 of the 45 isolates, being that 86%(37) were from the genus Candida spp, 11,6% (5) belonged to the genus Trichosporon spp., and 2,3% (1) belonged to the genus Malasseziapachydermatis.The susceptibility profile through the \"Etest®\" method identified a relevant resistance of some strains to the antifungal drugs commonly used in the veterinary medical clinic. This found highlights the relevance of the continuity of this study to improve the clinical conduct and to explain many relapse treatments in both animals and humans.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study on grapevine was to genetically characterise, validate and map the reported fungal disease resistance genes of Pölöskei Muskotály (PM), Kishmish Vatkana (KV) and Villard Blanc (VB) in South Africa using QTL analysis. These fungal resistant parents were crossed with other varieties that have desirable fruit qualities in an effort to combine fungal disease resistance with desirable fruit qualities in a single variety. The genetic basis of PM’s resistance to downy and powdery mildew has not been investigated before. It does however have VB in its pedigree so the assumption was made that the same QTL/genes present in VB contribute to this resistance. KV’s resistance to powdery mildew reportedly originates from the REN1 gene located on chromosome 13. VB’s powdery and downy mildew resistance is conferred by QTL present on chromosome 15 and chromosome 18 respectively and has been reported in numerous studies. The study populations comprised of 124 F1 PM x Regal Seedless plants, 16 F1 PM x G4-3418 plants, 14 F1 PM x Sunred Seedless plants, 158 F1 Sunred Seedless x KV plants and 250 F1 VB x G1-6604 plants. DNA was extracted from the leaves and all plants were screened using microsatellite markers. Phenotypic evaluations of downy and/or powdery mildew resistance were performed on the appropriate populations. The molecular data was used to generate linkage maps and combined with phenotypic data to perform QTL analysis. From the molecular data generated for the three PM populations it was determined that the F1 progeny inherited almost exclusively maternal alleles, and could not be used in a mapping study. These populations were eliminated from the study and PM will be used as a pollen donor in future. Molecular data from the Sunred Seedless x KV cross was used to generate a linkage map for chromosome 13 comprising eight markers and spanning 45.6 cM. When combined with the data from two powdery mildew phenotypic screens a QTL peak spanning the REN1 gene on chromosome 13 of KV was identified. This locus explains between 44.8% and 57.7% of the phenotypic variance observed. The molecular data from the VB x G1-6604 cross was used to generate partial linkage maps for chromosome 15 and 18. Eleven markers were mapped on chromosome 15 spanning 56.4 cM, and ten markers were mapped on chromosome 18 spanning 101.8 cM. When the chromosome 15 linkage map was combined with the data from two powdery mildew phenotypic screens a QTL associated with powdery mildew resistance was identified on chromosome 15 that explains between 18.9% and 23.9% of the phenotypic variance observed. Likewise a QTL associated with downy mildew resistance was identified on chromosome 18 when the chromosome 18 linkage map was combined with data from two downy mildew phenotypic screens. This QTL explains between 19.1% and 21.2% of the phenotypic variance observed. This study succeeded in genetically characterising the fungal disease resistance genes of two different sources of grapevine and provided exclusionary information on a third resistance source for future breeding applications. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie in wingerd was om die genetiese komponent van die swamweerstandsgene van Pölöskei Muskotály (PM), Kishmish Vatkana (KV) and Villard Blanc (VB) in Suid-Afrika te karakteriseer en die teenwoordigheid daarvan te bevestig deur ʼn Kwantitatiewe Eienskap Lokus (KEL) benadering te volg. In ʼn poging om swamweerstand en goeie vrugeienskappe te kombineer in ʼn enkel variëteit is die weerstandige variëteite met vatbare variëteite gekruis wat goeie vrugeienskappe besit. Die genetiese basis van PM se weerstand teen donsskimmel en witroes is nog nie vantevore bestudeer nie. VB is een van sy voorgeslagte en daar is aangeneem dat dieselfde KEL/gene waarskynlik verantwoordelik is vir die weerstand. Dit is gerapporteer dat KV se witroesweerstand afkomstig is van die REN1 geen op chromosoom 13. Vele publikasies rapporteer VB se weerstand teen witroes en donsskimmel Beide die witroes- en donsskimmelweerstand word oorgedra deur KEL teenwoordig op chromosome 15 en 18 onderskeidelik. Die populasies gebruik in hierdie studie het bestaan uit 124 F1 PM x Regal Seedless plante, 16 F1 PM x G4-3418 plante, 14 F1 PM x Sunred Seedless, 158 F1 Sunred Seedless x KV plante en 250 F1 VB x G1-6604 plante onderskeidelik. Blare is versamel vir DNS isolasie en genotipering met mikrosatellietmerkers. Al drie populasies se weerstand teen donsskimmel en/of witroes is fenotipies geëvalueer. Die molekulêre data is gebruik om genetiese koppelingskaarte op te stel en gekombineer met die fenotipiese data om KEL analise uit te voer. Die molekulêre data van die drie PM populasies het daarop gedui dat die F1 nageslag amper uitsluitlik moederlike allele geërf het en kon gevolglik nie gebruik word in die studie nie. Die PM populasies is uitgesluit uit hierdie studie en PM sal voortaan as stuifmeelskenker gebruik word. Molekulêre data van die Sunred Seedless x KV kruising is gebruik om ʼn koppelingskaart vir chromosoom 13 op te stel wat 45.6 cM lank is en agt merkers bevat. Die KEL analise van die koppelingskaart en twee fenotipiese datastelle vir witroes het ʼn KEL piek geïdentifiseer wat oor die lengte van die REN1 geen-interval strek. Hierdie lokus is verantwoordelik vir 44.8% tot 57.7% van die fenotipiese variasie wat waargeneem word. Molekulêre data van die VB x G1-6604 kruising is gebruik om gedeeltelike koppelingskaarte vir chromosome 15 en 18 op te stel. Elf merkers karteer op die chromosoom 15 kaart van 56.4 cM en tien merkers karteer op die chromosoom 18 kaart van 101.8 cM. KEL analise van chromosoom 15 se koppelingskaart en twee witroes fenotipiese datastelle het ʼn KEL geïdentifiseer wat 18.9% tot 23.9% van die fenotipiese variasie verduidelik. ʼn KEL is ook op chromosoom 18 geïdentifiseer wat 19.1% tot 21.2% van die fenotipiese variasie verduidelik met die gekombineerde analise van chromosoom 18 se koppelingskaart en twee donsskimmel fenotipiese datastelle. Hierdie studie het die genetiese komponent van die swamweerstandsgene van twee Vitis variëteite suksesvol gekarakteriseer en bevestig. Waardevolle telingsinligting oor die derde variëteit is ook onthul.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-03-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:18:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dovigo_ln_me_arafo.pdf: 987871 bytes, checksum: 23bc47899d421f6557ae321ff6536498 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O surgimento da resistência antifúngica aos tratamentos convencionais tem proporcionado o desenvolvimento de novas modalidades terapêuticas para o tratamento da candidose bucal. Nesse contexto, a utilização da PDT vem sendo sugerida como método alternativo para a inativação de microrganismos patogênicos. Este estudo avaliou a efetividade da PDT na inativação de C. albicans e C. glabrata, ATCC e resistente a fluconazol, por meio da utilização do e da iluminação com LEDs de agente fotossensibilizador Photogem® comprimento de onda azul. Inicialmente, os microrganismos avaliados foram inoculados em tubos de ensaio contendo meio de cultura líquido e incubados overnight a 37ºC. Em seguida, foram obtidas suspensões celulares das espécies de Candida avaliadas. Essas suspensões foram transferidas para placas de 96 orifícios, tratadas com cinco diferentes concentrações de Photogem® (2,5; 5; 10; 25 e 50mg/L) e expostas a quatro doses de luz (10,5; 18; 25,5 e 37,5J/cmø). Suspensões adicionais foram tratadas somente com as cinco concentrações do fotossensibilizador ou apenas com as quatro doses de luz. Cada condição experimental foi realizada três vezes. Após a realização desses experimentos, foram obtidas diluições seriadas de cada amostra (10-1 a 10-3 ), e alíquotas de 25 æL dessas diluições foram plaqueadas, em triplicatas, em Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. Adicionalmente, alíquotas de 25 æL foram removidas das cavidades das placas de orifícios e transferidas diretamente para um quadrante da placa de Petri, sem a realização de diluição. As placas foram incubadas a 37ºC por 48 horas. Após a incubação, foi realizada a contagem das colônias viáveis (ufc/mL), e os valores obtidos foram analisados com o teste t de Student (p < 0,05). / Oral candidosis is an opportunistic infection that affects a significant percentage of the population. The oral infection caused by Candida spp. is usually treated with topical and systemic antifungal drugs. However, the widespread use of these agents has resulted in an alarming increase in the rate of antifungal resistance. Recently, the photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been studied as an alternative modality of killing microorganisms, including viruses, fungi and bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine whether Candida albicans and C. glabrata, ATCC and fluconazole-resistant strains, could be photosensitized by Photogem® in combination with blue Light Emitted Diode (LED). Suspensions of each Candida strain, containing 106 viable cells per milliliter, were treated with five concentrations of Photogem® (2.5, 5, 10, 25 and 50 mg/l), followed by LED irradiation in four light doses (10.5, 18, 25.5 and 37.5 J/cm2). Each experimental condition was carried out in triplicate and repeated tree times. From each sample, serial dilutions were obtained and aliquots of 25 æl of each dilution were plated on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. All plates were incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. After incubation, colonies were counted (CFU/ml) and the data were statistically analyzed by the Student's t test (p < 0.05). The results demonstrated a concentration/dose-dependent pattern of inactivation, that resulted in complete elimination of all Candida evaluated. The minimal light dose for the complete inactivation of both C. albicans source was 18 J/cmø, in conjunction with 50 mg/l of Photogem®. After 25.5 and 37.5 J/cmø, a lower concentration of Photogem® was required to totally inactivate C. albicans ATCC (5 and 2.5 mg/l) in comparison with C. albicans luconazole-resistant (10 and 5 mg/l). (Complete abstract, clik electronic access below)

Motivado pela crescente importância que os animais domésticos vêem causando na sociedade humana, tanto em relação à busca de melhor qualidade de vida, quanto em relação ao seu valor epidemiológico, visto que são poucos os estudos sobre este assunto, este trabalho objetivou-se em identificar e traçar o perfil de sensibilidade frente aos antífúngicos das espécies de leveduras potencialmente patogênicas isoladas da mucosa oral de cães sem raça definida, da cidade de Campinas, São Paulo. Por motivos de segurança, os animais selecionados foram anestesiados para a realização de exame clínico da cavidade oral e coleta de amostras da região de mucosa oral, seguida de inoculação em ágar Sabouraund dextrose com cloranfenicol. A partir do crescimento em placa, foram isoladas as colônias de fungos leveduriformes, submetidas a exames macromorfológicos e micromorfológicos, meio cromogênico, provas bioquímicas (urease e método API 20C AUX) e teste de sensibilidade aos antifúngicos. Dos 50 animais participantes do estudo, os cães com idade superior a 4 anos e os que apresentavam doença periodontal tiveram maior percentual de isolamento. Foram identificadas 43 leveduras das 45 amostras isoladas, sendo elas 86% (37) correspondentes ao gênero Candida spp, 11,6% (5) pertencentes ao gênero Trichosporon spp e 2,3% (1) do gênero Malassezia pachydermatis. O perfil de sensibilidade pelo método \"Etest\" identificou importante resistência de algumas amostras à antifúngicos rotineiramente utilizados na clínica médica veterinária, o que ressalta a importância da continuidade deste trabalho para o melhoramento da conduta clínica e para a explicação dos inúmeros tratamentos recidivos tanto em animais como em humanos. / Regarding the increasing impact that that the pets have been causing to the human society as its relation to the search for a better quality of life, and its relation with the epidemiological value, this study aimed to identify and draw the profile of the susceptibility to the antifungal drugs of the potentially pathogenic species of yeasts isolated from the oral canine mucosa of animals from indefinite breed of the city of Campinas, São Paulo. For their safety, the selected animals were anesthetized to have a short clinic exam of the oral cavity performed and to have samples from the oral mucosa collected. Later an inoculation in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar with chloramphenicol was performed. After the growth on a dish, colonies of fungi with yeast shape were isolated and submitted to macro morphological and micro morphological exams, chromogenous medium, biochemical proofs (urease and API 20C AUX method), and the test of the susceptibility to the antifungal drugs. Among the 50 animals taken part in the study, the dogs over 4 years old and those which presented periodontal diseases had a higher isolation percentage. Yeasts were identified 43 of the 45 isolates, being that 86%(37) were from the genus Candida spp, 11,6% (5) belonged to the genus Trichosporon spp., and 2,3% (1) belonged to the genus Malasseziapachydermatis.The susceptibility profile through the \"Etest®\" method identified a relevant resistance of some strains to the antifungal drugs commonly used in the veterinary medical clinic. This found highlights the relevance of the continuity of this study to improve the clinical conduct and to explain many relapse treatments in both animals and humans.

Maize is an important food crop in most parts of the world including the United States. The plants growing in the field are constantly challenged with various biotic stresses like insect herbivores and fungal pathogens. The physical wounds produced on the growing crops by the insects render the plants more vulnerable to the fungal pathogens. Hence developing both insect and fungal resistant maize varieties is crucial to benefit more from the harvest. Several studies have been in advance in this direction and as a consequence insect, in particular lepidopteran larve resistant maize genotype Mp708 and Aspergillus flavus resistant genotype Mp313E were developed. This study particularly focuses on understanding the functional involvement of the major phytohormones in the signal transduction and expression of the unique defense protein, Maize insect resistance 1-cysteine protease (Mir1-CP) shown to accumulate in response to herbivory by lepidopteran larvae, Spodoptera frugiperda (Fall armyworm, FAW) as a defense mechanism. Using a pharmacological approach involving exogenous hormone and hormone inhibitor treatments and analyzing the expression and accumulation of Mir1-CP protein and mir1 transcript by immunoblot and qRT-PCR analysis respectively, both JA and ET were found to be involved in mediating Mir1-CP accumulation with JA acting upstream of ET. Results also indicate that Mir1-CP accumulation involves both transcriptional and post-transcriptional (or post-translational) regulations. A different part of the study involved in understanding and evaluating the performance of Aspergillus flavus on the resistant and susceptible maize genotypes during infection. As of part of this study I also analyzed and compared the defense response offered by the resistant maize genotype, Mp313E and the susceptible genotype, Va35 by looking at the expression levels of the various defense related genes. The potency of the resistant maize genotype in sustaining the fungal infection in the field was of particular focus. Resistant maize genotype Mp313E was found to potentially oppose A.flavus proliferation and colonization and also delay aflatoxin biosynthesis unlike Va35. The up regulation of the maize defense genes during the early time points of infection, in Mp313E, indicate the potential role of these genes in conferring resistance against fungal pathogens.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-01-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:37:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_mat_me_botfca.pdf: 1701093 bytes, checksum: a0f9979d96649f11849b3f734c7eb846 (MD5) / Os fungicidas agrícolas consistem num componente importante da produção agrícola, exercendo papel primordial principalmente no momento em que os demais métodos de controle mostram-se ineficientes. Sua intensa utilização vem provocando um sério problema, que é a resistência dos fungos a alguns princípios ativos utilizados. Quando se utilizam os fungicidas em um programa de manejo de doenças, é muito importante o conhecimento do mecanismo de ação das moléculas utilizadas, visando evitar erros que podem comprometer sua vida útil e, em alguns casos, gerar situações de difícil resolução como está. Porém, nem sempre as informações necessárias sobre os fungicidas utilizados na agricultura estão disponíveis, necessitando-se recorrer a inúmeras obras e trabalhos científicos para melhor compreender seu funcionamento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a elaboração de uma revisão que abordasse todos os grupos de fungicidas utilizados no mercado nacional e internacional, disponibilizando informações importantes àqueles que fazem uso desta modalidade de controle, quer para recomendação direta no controle de doenças, quer para pesquisa e desenvolvimento que esclareçam sua performance regional, ou ainda na consulta acadêmica. Utilizou-se como diretriz para formatação deste trabalho as normas estabelecidas pelo FRAC (Fungicide Resitance Action Committee), que são internacionalmente conhecidas e respeitadas pelos usuarios de fungicidas. Juntamente com o mecanismo de ação, procurou-se também esclarecer alguns pontos importantes no metabolismo dos fungos, principalmente aqueles caracterizados como alvo dos fungicidas. / The fungicides are efficient tools for agriculture, exerting primordial role especially when different methods of control are inefficient. However, the intensive use may result in a serious problem, the fungi resistance against the fungicide. When the fungicides are used in a program of disease management, knowing the mechanism of action of the molecules used is of the most importance, in order to prevent errous which can compromises its lifetime and, in some cases, to produce situations of difficult resolution. However, its not always that the information about the fungicides used in agriculture are readily available, and in that case, there's the need to consult several books and scientific pappers. The target of this work is to review and organize the information about all groups of fungicides used in the market, providing important information to those who are going to use this tool, for direct recommendation in the control of diseases, or for research and development which will help its regional performance, or for academic purposes. This work was based on the norms used by FRAC (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee), which are internationally known and respected by the users of fungicides. Additionally to the mechanism of action, it was also presented some important points in the fungi metabolism, mainly related to fungicide targets.

Resumo: Os fungicidas agrícolas consistem num componente importante da produção agrícola, exercendo papel primordial principalmente no momento em que os demais métodos de controle mostram-se ineficientes. Sua intensa utilização vem provocando um sério problema, que é a resistência dos fungos a alguns princípios ativos utilizados. Quando se utilizam os fungicidas em um programa de manejo de doenças, é muito importante o conhecimento do mecanismo de ação das moléculas utilizadas, visando evitar erros que podem comprometer sua vida útil e, em alguns casos, gerar situações de difícil resolução como está. Porém, nem sempre as informações necessárias sobre os fungicidas utilizados na agricultura estão disponíveis, necessitando-se recorrer a inúmeras obras e trabalhos científicos para melhor compreender seu funcionamento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a elaboração de uma revisão que abordasse todos os grupos de fungicidas utilizados no mercado nacional e internacional, disponibilizando informações importantes àqueles que fazem uso desta modalidade de controle, quer para recomendação direta no controle de doenças, quer para pesquisa e desenvolvimento que esclareçam sua performance regional, ou ainda na consulta acadêmica. Utilizou-se como diretriz para formatação deste trabalho as normas estabelecidas pelo FRAC (Fungicide Resitance Action Committee), que são internacionalmente conhecidas e respeitadas pelos usuarios de fungicidas. Juntamente com o mecanismo de ação, procurou-se também esclarecer alguns pontos importantes no metabolismo dos fungos, principalmente aqueles caracterizados como alvo dos fungicidas. / Abstract: The fungicides are efficient tools for agriculture, exerting primordial role especially when different methods of control are inefficient. However, the intensive use may result in a serious problem, the fungi resistance against the fungicide. When the fungicides are used in a program of disease management, knowing the mechanism of action of the molecules used is of the most importance, in order to prevent errous which can compromises its lifetime and, in some cases, to produce situations of difficult resolution. However, its not always that the information about the fungicides used in agriculture are readily available, and in that case, there's the need to consult several books and scientific pappers. The target of this work is to review and organize the information about all groups of fungicides used in the market, providing important information to those who are going to use this tool, for direct recommendation in the control of diseases, or for research and development which will help its regional performance, or for academic purposes. This work was based on the norms used by FRAC (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee), which are internationally known and respected by the users of fungicides. Additionally to the mechanism of action, it was also presented some important points in the fungi metabolism, mainly related to fungicide targets. / Orientador: Nilton Luiz de Souza / Coorientador: Wilson Story Venâncio / Banca: Edson Luiz Furtado / Banca: Dauri José Tessmann / Mestre