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The pathophysiology of stress urinary incontinence is poorly understood but bladder neck funneling (BNF) and posterior urethrovesical angle (PUVA) enlargement have been implicated. Methods to measure these phenomena are poorly established. The aim of this thesis was to develop and evaluate a semi-automated method to analyze BNF and PUVA from ultrasound images acquired transperineally and test its repeatability and concurrent validity compared to manual segmentation. Agreement between the semi-automated and manual methods was assessed by kappa statistics and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). The repeatability of detection of BNF using the semi-automated approach was almost perfect (ĸC = 1.00 (p<0.001)), while the reliability of semi-automated detection of PUVA was good (ICC(3,1) = 0.860 (0.784 – 0.910)). Concurrent validity of BNF classification was almost perfect (ĸL = 1.00 (p<0.001)), while PUVA estimation was moderate (ICC(2,1) = 0.610 (0.514 – 0.705)). The method presented here is an acceptable proof of concept; further development is recommended.

Guiding a player through a 3D environment can be a difficult task, especially in a game with a choice of multiple paths. Because of this, designers are often forced to implement various navigational tools such as maps, user interface (UI) elements and written explanations to help the player get from one point to another. This study explores the possibility of using research of spatial design along with player exploration patterns to better influence how player navigates in game environments.Player background and player navigation pattern data were gathered through a survey taken by 97 participants. This survey contained 13 pictures with multiple pathways, where participants needed to choose a pathway for different stated contexts. The pictures themselves were based on research of design methods meant to help guide or communicate to the player via the environment.The result showed that it is possible to influence players if the

Fragestellung: Die Trichterbildung der proximalen Urethra ist ein typischer, aber nicht beweisender Befund bei Frauen mit Streßharninkontinenz. In der Studie wurde geprüft , ob spezifische pathomorphologische Veränderungen des Kontinenzkontrollsystems bei Frauen mit Trichterbildung gehäuft vorkommen und ob der Trichterbildung der Urethra ein diagnostischer Aussagewert zukommt. Methoden: 54 Frauen (mittleres Alter 52±11 Jahre) mit einer klinisch und urodynamisch gesicherten Streßharninkontinenz und ohne vorhergehende urogynäkologische Operationen wurden standardisiert kernspintomographisch (Protonendichte. Gewichtete Aufnahmen, transversale Schnittebene in Höhe der proximalen Urethra) untersucht. Folgende pathomorphologische Veränderungen des Strßharnkontinenzkontrollsystems wurden unterschieden: Urethradefekte, Defekte des M. levator ani und Defekte der Fascia endopelvina. Die Trichterbildung der Urethra wurde beim Pressen mit Hilfe der Introitussonographie diagnostiziert. Ergebnisse: Im Untersuchungskollektiv fanden sich 32 Frauen mit und 22 Frauen ohne Trichterbildung der Urethra. Streßharninkontinenz in Kombination mit einer Trichterbildung war signifikant vermehrt assoziiert mit einer Strukturveränderung des M. levator ani im MRT-Bild (erhöhte Signalintensität) und einem introitussonographisch diagnostizierten vertikalen Deszensus. Defekte der Urethralmuskulatur und der endopelvinen Faszie wurden nicht vermehrt gefunden. Schlußfolgerungen: Die Trichterbildung der Urethra reflektiert eine funktionellen Zustand der Urethra, welcher durch multifunktionelle pathomorphologische Veränderungen des Sreßharnkontinenzkontrollsystems bedingt ist. Die Diagnose Trichterbildung der Urethra besitzt keine diagnostische Relevanz. / Aims of study: Funneling of the proximal urethra is a typical ultrasound finding in stress urinary incontinence but no definitive proof. The study was performed to determine whether women with funneling of the urethra show specific pathomorphologic changes of the continence control system at MR imaging and whether the demonstration of urethral funneling has any diagnostic relevance. Methods: Fifty-four women (mean age 52±11 years) with clinically and urodynamically proven stress urinary incontinence without prior urogynecologic surgery underwent standardized MR imaging (proton-density-weighted sequence, transverse section orientation at the level of the proximal urethra). The following pathomorphologic changes of the stress urinary continence control system were distinguished: urethral defects, defects of levator ani muscle and defects of endopelvic fascia. Funneling of the urethra was confirmed by introital ultrasound during pressing. Results: In the study group were 32 women with and 22 woman without urethral funnelling. Stress urinary incontinence in combination with funneling of the urethra was found to be associated with a significant increase in structural changes of the levator muscle at MR imaging (increased signal intensity) and vertical prolapse at ultrasound. Defects of urethral muscles and defects of endopelvic fascia were not found to be increased. Conclusions: Funneling of the urethra reflects a functional condition of the urethra caused by multifunctional pathomorphologic changes of the stress continence control system. The demonstration of urethral funneling has no any diagnostic relevance.

The Internet has become the primary vector for the delivery of malicious code in cyber attacks, and malware has rapidly become a pervasive critical threat. Anti- malware products offer effective protection from malware threats for servers and endpoint devices using a variety of techniques. Advanced enterprise-level anti-malware products rely on state-of-art behavioral-based detection algorithms, in addition to traditional signature-based mechanisms. These dynamic detection techniques have been around for more than a decade and in response hackers have developed methods to evade them. However, currently known bypass methods require intensive manual labor. Moreover, this manual work has to be repeated whenever a parameter of the environment (such as the payload, operating system, Antivirus version, etc) changes, making these methods impractical. This may lead to the belief that dynamic techniques provide a good deterrence, and hence good protection. In this thesis we evaluate dynamic techniques. Specifically, we build tools to implement generic unhooking and funneling, and using these tools we show how dynamic techniques can be bypassed with considerably less effort than by fully manual methods. We also extend the repertoire of existing bypass methods and introduce a new malicious function call technique which exploits detection techniques that monitor a limited collection of critical system functions, as well as a method for bypassing guard-page protections. We demonstrate the effectiveness of all our techniques by conducting attacks against two enterprise antivirus products. Our results lead us to conclude that that dynamic techniques do not provide sufficient protection. / Graduate / 2018-02-07 / 0984 / erkanersan@gmail.com