Furrow irrigation is the dominant practice for irrigating row crops in the western Treasure Valley region near Ontario, Oregon. Though improvements have been made in management practices over the years, excessive runoff and deep percolation are still important problems contributing to surface water and groundwater degradation. Field observations were made during two growing seasons to establish a data base from which the hydraulic surface irrigation model, SRFR (SRFR, a computer program for simulating flow in surface irrigation, developed at the U.S. Water Conservation Laboratory in Phoenix, Arizona (Strelkoff, 1991)), could be calibrated. SRFR is a numerical model, based on the principles of open channel hydraulics coupled with an empirical relationship characterizing furrow intake. SRFR is an analytical tool, with which the user supplies the physical parameters (such as furrow shape and furrow intake) and also the management variables (inflow rate and duration of inflow), and a simulation is conducted based on these conditions. Therefore, this model is a tool which provides insight into furrow irrigation processes. More specifically, SRFR can help answer such questions as which factors at the time of the irrigation are most important in determining irrigation performance. Once calibrated for a given set of conditions, various management strategies may be evaluated as to their relative effectiveness. These strategies may include, but are not limited to, cut-back irrigation, surge irrigation, alternating furrow irrigation, and laser-leveling of the field. A broad data-base is necessary for model calibration and to develop an understanding of it's limitations. Measurements of furrow intake, stream advance times, inflow and outflow, hydraulic roughness and furrow shape were obtained from several sites and irrigation events. These sites represent several crops, field lengths, field slopes, and soil textures. Using these data, a model calibration procedure was developed which matched irrigation inflow and outflow volumes and stream advance times for a given irrigation event. The calibration procedure is used to help identify those model input parameters that best describe a given irrigation event. This thesis is to provide a broad understanding of furrow irrigation systems in northeast Malheur County, recommended hydraulic parameters for use with SRFR, and the practical limitations of such hydraulic irrigation models. Irrigation performance is largely determined by the intake characteristics of the soil at the time of irrigation. Field conditions vary greatly depending on the crop, soil moisture, number of irrigations, tractor traffic, field slope, furrow shape and field history. The grower has control over only two variables which determine irrigation performance: inflow rate and duration. A difference in intake and irrigation performance was found to exist between non-wheel and wheel traffic furrows. These differences became less noticeable late in the season. Straw mulching greatly increases the furrow hydraulic roughness and therefore increases stream wetted perimeter and advance time. Vegetative interference from crops such as potato and sugar beets increase furrow hydraulic roughness late in the season. Initially, furrow shape depends on the crop and which cultivating implement is used. Furrow shape may evolve during the growing season depending on field slope, flow velocities, crop stand and the presence of crop residues and straw mulch. / Graduation date: 1996

A cross-section averaged Advection-Dispersion equation (ADE) model was developed to simulate the transport of fertilizer in furrow irrigation. The advection and dispersion processes were solved separately by implementing the method of the characteristics with cubic spline interpolation (and natural boundary condition) and weighted finite difference scheme respectively. A zero-flux boundary condition during advance and an advective gradient at the downstream end of an open furrow were established. Local pseudo-steady state was assumed in order to apply Fischer's longitudinal dispersion equation under non-uniform and unsteady furrow flow conditions. Also, several parameters were used to evaluate the ADE model and fertigation performance.A field tracer experiment in two types of downstream-end furrow and two treatments was conducted and described. Infiltration and roughness parameters were calibrated by implementing a volume balance approach. The calibrated parameters were used as input data to run the surface irrigation model (SRFR). The roughness coefficient was 0.045 for wheel and 0.055 for non-wheel furrow treatment for bare soil. The root mean square error (RMSE) comparing the computed and observed infiltrated volume was in the range of 0.09-0.38 m3. The close match between simulated and observed data indicates an acceptable calibration. Pulses of fertilizer injected at the head end of four furrows each having unique management characteristics were simulated satisfactorily during the entire duration of the irrigation event. The constant value of the longitudinal dispersion coefficient was 1 m2 min-1 and yielded an acceptable space-time evolution of the pulses of tracer injected. Similar results for the dispersion coefficient were obtained with Fischer's equation in non-uniform and unsteady stream flow conditions in the furrow. An evaluation of several fertigation strategies for furrow systems indicated that fertigation by pulses could help reduce leaching and runoff losses in surface irrigation systems.

Modified design of a planter to be attached to a mobile robot, was the main objective of this project. This research project was part of a larger project, called “Developing robotics assisted technology for farming”. The main motivation for this research project is the fact that mobile robot, is an electric powered vehicle with limited power and pulling force. Thus, a customized planter with a customized connection mechanism should be designed. Besides, it should require less draft force compared to existing planters so that it can be pulled by the mobile robot. The developed planter should have the same efficiency as the existing planters in seeding. To find the forces between soil engagement tool (disc coulter) and soil, experiments were designed and performed in the Linear Soil Bin at University of Saskatchewan. Disc and tilt angle of a disc coulter was changed and draft, vertical and side forces applied to it were measured to find the disc and tilt angle combinations that results in minimum draft force. Experiments showed that 7° disc angle and 25° tilt angle provides the least draft force compared to other disc angle and tilt angle combinations. Then, using the knowledge obtained from literature and the soil bin experiments, a planter was designed conceptually and in detail, based on the existing CNH planter. For further analyses computer modeling was performed. The whole planter was modeled in 3D, using SolidWorks. Stress analysis was performed in ANSYS Workbench to calculate safety factor of the designed parts. Two prototypes were fabricated and were attached to the mobile robot for field tests. Tests were performed in indoor settings to measure the total draft force required to pull developed planters. Draft force was very close to the value that was calculated in design stage. Results showed that an average of 460 N pulling force is required to pull one row planter for 50 mm depth of cut, which can be compared to n existing CNH corn planter that requires a pulling force of between 900 N to 1300 N. Seed drop accuracy and function of the developed planters in opening and closing a packed soil in presence of residue, were also observed in outdoor tests.

Orientador: Roberto Testezlaf / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T12:49:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomes_EderPereira_D.pdf: 2568175 bytes, checksum: 5e0ee1aa19ad6060b3562bc9ef0c7b3e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A irrigação, na forma que vem sendo realizada na tomaticultura da região de Campinas, SP, tem proporcionado sérias restrições ambientais. O presente trabalho avaliou alternativas de mudanças tecnológicas na irrigação da tomaticultura da região de Campinas, buscando uma solução sustentável, viável economicamente e com eficiente uso da água, instalando em uma área experimental, diferentes sistemas de irrigação empregados na tomaticultura da região (sulcos, sulcos abastecidos por mangueira e gotejamento). As parcelas experimentais foram dispostas em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Comparou-se no experimento, a eficiência de uso da água, os parâmetros de eficiência e de uniformidade de irrigação, a produtividade e a qualidade dos frutos de tomate e o efeito de cada sistema de irrigação no valor da cobrança da água e no custo de produção. A irrigação por sulcos, por ser o sistema predominante na região, foi utilizada como testemunha (sem interferência no manejo de irrigação), enquanto os outros sistemas, foram avaliados como alternativas tecnológicas. Mediante os resultados obtidos pode-se afirmar que não houve diferenças significativas de produtividade entre os tratamentos, pois todos ofereceram condições ideais de umidade no solo. Entretanto, as eficiências de uso da água foram distintas, sendo iguais a 24,1 kg.m-3, 71,5 kg.m-3 e 112,8 kg.m-3, respectivamente para sulcos, sulcos abastecidos por mangueira e gotejamento. A irrigação por sulcos obteve baixa eficiência de aplicação, em torno de 28%, com perda por percolação profunda superior a 70%. Na irrigação por sulcos abastecidos por mangueira e gotejamento, os valores de eficiência de aplicação foram superiores, sendo iguais a 85% e 87,8%, respectivamente, com perdas por percolação menores, 15% e 12,2%, respectivamente. Em todos os sistemas de irrigação, a cobrança da água exerceu pouca influência no custo de produção, com valores iguais a 0,14% (R$40,80), 0,04% (R$13,32) e 0,03% (R$8,25), respectivamente para sulcos, sulcos abastecidos por mangueira e gotejamento. A irrigação por gotejamento elevou o custo de produção em 3,5% (+R$1041,89), enquanto a irrigação por sulcos abastecidos por mangueira reduziu o custo de produção em 1,1%(-R$330,08). Diante dos resultados, chegou-se à conclusão que a irrigação por sulcos abastecidos por mangueira é opção mais sustentável de mudança tecnológica, pois demandou menor investimento, diminuiu o custo de produção e o consumo de água, enquanto a irrigação por gotejamento contemplou somente o último aspecto, a redução do consumo de água / Abstract: Searching for a sustainable yield, economically viable and water efficient use, the objective of this study was to evaluate changes in irrigation technologies used in fresh-market-tomatoes crop. Three different irrigation systems (furrow, furrow supplied by hose and drip) were installed in the same farm to compare water application uniformity and efficiency, to estimate crop yield and fruits quality and to analyze its effects on water and production costs. The irrigation systems were select based upon the facts that furrow is a most utilized system in the region, the furrow supplied by hose and drip irrigation are recent alternatives market technologies for the farmers. The results showed no significant differences in yields and fruits qualities among the evaluated irrigation systems. The drip irrigation system showed higher water use efficiency. The furrow irrigation system showed application efficiency of around 28%, with deep percolation losses of 70%. The furrow supplied for hose and drip irrigations systems had applications efficiencies of 85% and 87.8%, respectively with deep percolation losses of 15% and 12.2%, respectively. In all the irrigation systems, the water cost had no significant effect the total production cost, representing only 0.14%, 0.05% and 0.03%, for furrow, furrow supplied by hose and drip irrigations systems, respectively. The change to drip irrigation system increased the production cost yield in 3.5%, while furrow supplied by hose reduced it in 1.1%. The furrow irrigation system supplied by hose showed the most sustainable technical option to change from the traditional furrow irrigation for the farmers, being able to reduce the production cost and the amount of water with less investment / Doutorado / Agua e Solo / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Sendo a cana-de-açúcar uma das culturas mais importantes hoje no contexto de agroindústria, sua expansão cresce de acordo com o aumento de consumo de açúcar e etanol no Brasil e no mundo. Muitas vezes, estas expansões são realizadas em área de baixa fertilidade e/ou degradadas, tendo pouca disponibilidade de fósforo. De maneira geral, os solos no Brasil apresentam baixos teores de fósforo. A cultura da cana-de-açúcar considerada semi perene, a aplicação principal de fósforo é realizada na reforma ou implantação do canavial, como fosfatagem e/ou localizado dentro do sulco do plantio. O fósforo é crucial no metabolismo das plantas, em que as limitações na disponibilidade de P no início do ciclo vegetativo podem resultar em restrições no desenvolvimento, das quais a planta não se recupera posteriormente, mesmo aumentando o suprimento de P a níveis adequados. Com a mecanização da colheita, a produtividade passou a andar na contramão da pesquisa, reduzindo a produtividade dos canaviais mesmo com altos potenciais genéticos e técnicas avançadas para o cultivo da cana-de-açúcar. Foram surgindo novas fontes de fósforo (P) como opção para utilização na cana-de-açúcar. Neste sentido, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar qual a melhor forma de aplicação de fósforo no plantio da cana-de-açúcar e o melhor resultado em diferentes fontes de fósforo, auxiliando assim em expansões na instalação do canavial em áreas com baixo teor de fósforo (P). Utilizando a variedade CTC 4, conduzimos em São João da Boa Vista/SP, o trabalho de pesquisa com 25 tratamentos, divididos em parcelas e sub parcelas, sendo as parcelas aplicação de 150 kg de P2O5 de fosfatagem em área total: Controle; MAP; FAPs P28; Super Triplo; Termofosfato; e as sub parcelas adubação de 150 kg de P2O5 no sulco: Controle, FAPs P28 100%; FAPs P28 50% + MAP 50%; FAPs P28 25% + MAP 75%; MAP 100%;. As aplicações das parcelas foram realizadas antes do preparo do solo e as aplicações das sub parcelas na sulcação do plantio. Foram realizadas avaliações de perfilhos, retirado amostra de folhas e solo aos 284 dias após plantio e na colheita , aos 13 meses após plantio, avaliando perfilho, peso de colmo, produtividade, e qualidade tecnológica. Verificou-se que o Termofosfato Magnesiano em área total obteve melhores resultados para fertilidade do solo em todos os elementos na análise de solo, análise foliar e para produtividade. Para a qualidade tecnológica, não houve diferenciação dos tipos e formas de aplicação de adubação com fósforo. Para implantação do canavial (cana planta) é essencial a aplicação de fertilizante fosfatado. / Since sugarcane is one of the most important crops pre4sent by in the context of agribusiness, its expansion grows according to the increase of consumption of sugar and ethanol in Brazil and in the world. Often, these expansions are execute in an area of low fertility and / or degraded, having less availability of phosphorus. In general, soils in Brazil have low levels of phosphorus. On sugarcane crops, considered semi-perennial, the main application of phosphorus is execute in the reforestation or implantation of the sugarcane, as phosphatic and / or located within the furrow\'s plantation. Phosphorus is crucial in plant\'s metabolism, where the limitations on the availability of P at the beginning of the vegetative cycle can result limitation in the development, from which the plant does not recover later, even increasing the P supply at appropriate levels. With the harvest\'s mechanization, the productivity started to move against the research, reducing the productivity of sugarcane\'s plantations even with high genetic potential and advanced for sugarcane\'s plantation. New sources of phosphorus (P) have been as an option for use in sugarcane. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the best way of applying phosphorus in sugarcane plantation and the best result in different sources of phosphorus, then helping in the expansion of sugarcane\'s plantation in areas with low phosphorus content (P). Using the CTC 4 variety, we conducted the research work with 25 treatments, divided into plots and subplots, in the plots of 150 kg of P2O5 in total area: Control, MAP; FAPs P28; Super Triple; Thermophosphate; and the sub plots fertilization of 150 kg of P2O5 in the furrow: Control, FAPs P28 100%; FAPs P28 50% + MAP 50%; FAPs P28 25% + MAP 75%; 100% MAP . The plots applications were executed before the soil preparation and the subplot\'s application in the furrow. Tiller evaluations were performed, leaves and soil samples were collected at 284 days after plantation and harvest, 13 months after the plantation, evaluating tiller, stem weight, productivity, and technological quality. It was verified that the Magnesian Termophosphate in total area obtained better results for soil fertility in all the elements in the soil analysis, leaf analysis and for productivity. For the technological quality, there was no differentiation of the types and forms of application of fertilization with phosphorus. For implantation of the sugarcane (cane plant) is essential the application of phosphate fertilizer.

This diploma thesis deals with epoch GNSS measurement by static method at Tetčice polygon. The main purpose is to confirm the geological activity of the Earth's surface on the territory of the village, caused by a tectonic fault. As part of the thesis, the fourth phase of observation was carried out in June 2016 to detect horizontal shifts on four concrete pillars with depth stabilization and forced centering equipment. Results are velocity vector maps obtained by processing the measured data from all the measurement phases that have been performed so far. The thesis also contains the theoretical basis of geological conditions in the area and a description of technology of global navigation satellite systems.

The diploma thesis deals with monitoring vertical shifts in the village Tetčice, located at the contact of two geological units in Boskovice furrow. The theoretical part describes the geological structure of the site and the technology high-precision levelling. It also includes measuring and graphic processing, including follow-up on results of previous stages.

This thesis deals with periodical measurements at the Tetčice polygon to confirm geological activity caused by geological shift that pass through the center of the village. This work was focused on the third phase of measurement by long static GNSS observation in summer 2013 to monitor horizontal shifts on both edges of Boskovice furrow. Points are stabilized on pillars with forced centring. Part of the thesis is summary of present results, the differences between the various stages and graphical representations of shifts. The theoretical part deals with the geological conditions in the area and description of GNSS technology.

Cette thèse d'histoire politique, à cheval sur le XVIIIe siècle et le XIXe siècle vise à mettre en évidence les mutations de la vie politique locale et les ruptures opérées par la Révolution française dans la vallée du Rhône, un espace de forte conflictualité politique ayant une longue tradition municipale. L’objectif principal de notre travail est d’observer à différentes échelles géographiques les bouleversements sociopolitiques rhodaniens à l’aune de la Révolution française et leurs ramifications au cours du premier XIXe siècle. Il s’agit de comprendre comment l’élargissement de la sphère politique et la nationalisation de la vie politique locale changent considérablement les règles des jeux politiques au village ou dans la petite ville en intégrant de nouveaux protagonistes tout en relançant les conflits politiques anciens qui trouvent une nouvelle caisse de résonnance à partir de 1789, ou en créant de nouveaux. L’intérêt majeur du sujet réside dans la démarche adoptée, mêlant à la fois micro-histoire, prosopographie et jeux d’échelles. En menant nos investigations au ras du sol, au plus proche des acteurs politiques, notre enquête ambitionne également d’appréhender, à l’aune des mutations de la conflictualité politique locale, les mécanismes qui conduisent les populations rhodaniennes à adapter des pratiques politiques d’Ancien Régime, avec ses codes et ses gestes, aux nouveaux contextes institutionnels se succédant à partir de 1789. / This thesis of political history, astride the XVIII and the XIX centuries, aims to study the mutations of the local politics and the consequences of the Frenc revolution in the rhodanian furrow, an area with a great municipal tradition plagued by political conflicts. The main objective is to follow the political evolution of the rhodanian furrow from the Old regime to the first decades of the XIX century by multiplying geographical scales. It’s important to understand how widening the political sphere and nationalizing the local political life considerably changes the rules of the political games in villages or small towns by accepting new protagonists while reopening old political conflicts that find a new echo from 1789, or by creating aboves. The main interest of the subject resides in its approach, intertwining micro-history, prosopography and geographical scales. While conducting our local investigations, closer as can to political actors, we aim to study, in the light of the changes of the local political conflicts, the mecanics that lead the populations to adapt political culture of the Old regime, with its codes and gestures, to the new institutional contexts that take over from 1789.

Contemporary row-crop practices in the mid-southern, USA contribute to declining water tables and impairment of downstream waters, threatening the sustainability of irrigated agriculture and vital ecosystem services. This research was conducted to determine if various conservation practices and technologies can economically reduce negative environmental consequences of regional corn (Zea mays L.) production. The environmental, agronomic, and economic effects of implementing cover crops, manipulating traffic pattern, and integrating irrigation water management (IWM) technologies (computerized hole selection, surge irrigation, and soil moisture sensors) were investigated at either the small plot or field scale in the Delta region of Mississippi. Cover crop effects on runoff, water quality, corn grain yield, and net returns were primarily neutral or negative. Under furrow irrigation, cover crops did not affect runoff or nitrogen and phosphorus transport, but decreased erosion 16%. No cover crop decreased rainfall-induced runoff, erosion, or N and P transport. Over the four years of the experiment, cover crops maintained or decreased yield, net returns, and water use efficiency. Eliminating equipment traffic from furrows largely maintained or reduced runoff and subsequent contaminant transport. For both furrow irrigation and simulated rainfall, runoff and erosion were consistently less from nontraffic furrows than traffic furrows. Traffic effects on nutrient transport was more variable. Transport of some phosphorus constituents was decreased in the absence of furrow traffic; however, rainfall-induced nitrogen transport was greater from nontraffic furrows during the late-season event. Irrigation water management technologies improved corn grain yield, net returns, and irrigation water use efficiency across multiple locations in the mid-southern USA. Relative to standard production practices, implementing IWM technologies reduced total water applied 40% and increased corn grain yield 6.5 bu acre-1, which constituted a 51% increase in irrigation water use efficiency. The decrease in cost for irrigation water applied and increase in returns from yield gains exceeded the cost of the IWM technologies and resulted in an increase in net returns across a range of pumping depth and diesel price scenarios. Of the evaluated conservation strategies, reducing equipment traffic and implementing IWM technologies will most consistently improve the sustainability of irrigated agriculture and ecosystem services in the mid-southern USA.