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La connaissance des positions et des mouvements des articulateurs (lèvres, palais, langue...) du conduit vocal lors de la phonation est un enjeu crucial pour l’étude de la parole. Puisqu’il n’existe pas encore de système permettant l’acquisition de ces positions et de ces mouvements, ce travail de thèse s’intéresse à la fusion de plusieurs modalités d’imagerie et de capteurs de localisation pour l’acquisition des positions des articulateurs dans l’espace et dans le temps. Nous décrivons un ensemble de protocoles et de méthodes pour obtenir et fusionner automatiquement un important volume de données échographiques (imageant en 2D la dynamique de la langue), stéréoscopiques (imageant en 3D la dynamique des lèvres), de capteurs électromagnétiques (capturant des points 3D de la langue et du visage), et d’Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique (IRM) pour acquérir en 3D l’ensemble des articulateurs en position statique. Nos contributions concernent plus particulièrement la synchronisation temporelle, le recalage spatial des données et l’extraction automatique des formes à partir des données (suivi de la langue dans les images échographiques). Nous évaluons la précision sur chaque donnée extraite, ainsi que sur l’ensemble des données fusionnées. Nous les validons enfin sur un modèle articulatoire existant. Ces travaux permettent l’obtention de données bien fondées pour la mise en place et l’étude de modèles articulatoires pour des applications en parole. / There is no single technique that will allow all relevant behaviour of the speech articulators (lips, tongue, palate...) to be spatially ant temporally acquired. Thus, this thesis investigates the fusion of multimodal articulatory data. A framework is described in order to acquire and fuse automatically an important database of articulatory data. This includes: 2D Ultrasound (US) data to recover the dynamic of the tongue, stereovision data to recover the 3D dynamic of the lips, electromagnetic sensors that provide 3D position of points on the face and the tongue, and 3D Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) that depict the vocal tract for various sustained articulations. We investigate the problems of the temporal synchronization and the spatial registration between all these modalities, and also the extraction of the shape articulators from the data (tongue tracking in US images). We evaluate the uncertainty of our system by quantifying the spatial and temporal inaccuracies of the components of the system, both individually and in combination. Finally, the fused data are evaluated on an existing articulatory model to assess their quality for an application in speech production.

Lam Lik. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-112). / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Chemistry of portland cement manufacture --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- Classical methods of cement analysis --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3. --- Application of instrumental methods in cement analysis --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.1. --- X - ray fluorescence spectrometry --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.2. --- Atomic absorption spectrometry --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.3. --- Other instrumental methods --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4. --- Treatment of data --- p.25 / Chapter 1.5. --- Dissolution techniques for AAS analysis --- p.28 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Hydrofluoric acid decomposition --- p.28 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Fusion --- p.30 / Chapter 1.6. --- Research objective --- p.34 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Analysis of Cement and Raw Meal Samples --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1. --- Experimental --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.1. --- Reagents --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.2. --- Instrumental --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.3. --- Procedure --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.3.1. --- "Sample solutions for the determination of SiO2, A1203, Fe2O3, Ti02, Na20 and K20" --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.3.2. --- Sample solutions for the determination of CaO and MgO --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1.3.3. --- "Standard solutions for the determination of SiO2, Al2O3， Fe203, TiO2, Na2O and K2O" --- p.33 / Chapter 2.1.3.4. --- Sample solutions for the determination of CaO and MgO --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.3.5. --- X-ray briquettes --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2. --- Results and discussion --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- The proposed fusion system --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Instrumental conditions --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.3. --- Accuracy --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.4. --- Interferences studies --- p.61 / Chapter 2.2.5. --- "Calibration graph, detection limits and precision" --- p.69 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Real sample analysis --- p.80 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Analysis of Siliceous Materials and Coal --- p.84 / Chapter 3.1. --- Experimental --- p.84 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Reagents and instruments used --- p.84 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- Procedure --- p.85 / Chapter 3.1.2.1. --- "Sample solutions for the determination of SiO2, A1203, Fe2O3, Ti02, Na20 and K20" --- p.85 / Chapter 3.1.2.2. --- Sample solutions for the determination of CaO and MgO --- p.85 / Chapter 3.1.2.3. --- "Standard solutions for the determination of Si02, Al2O3, Fe2O3,TiO2, Na20 and K20 in siliceous material and coal" --- p.86 / Chapter 3.1.2.4. --- Standard solutions for the determination of CaO and MgO --- p.87 / Chapter 3.1.2.5. --- X - ray briquettes --- p.88 / Chapter 3.2. --- Results and discussion --- p.88 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Fusion of siliceous materials --- p.88 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Fusion of coal --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2.3. --- Accuracy and precision --- p.95 / Chapter 3.2.4. --- Real sample analysis --- p.99 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Conclusion --- p.103 / Chapter 4.1. --- Comparison of XRF and AAS as analytical means in the cement industry --- p.103 / Chapter 4.2. --- The proposed fusion system --- p.105 / References --- p.107

The primary research aims of this thesis were the identification of novel cell fusion mutants of Neurospora crassa and the subsequent functional characterization of selected candidate proteins during conidial anastomosis tube (CAT)-mediated cell fusion by means of genetic, molecular, biochemical and live-cell imaging analysis. Chapter 1 provides a general introduction of the model organism and the cell fusion processes studied during different stages of the fungal lifecycle. Chapter 2 summarizes the materials and methods used. Chapter 3 introduces the comparative genomics screen conducted between appressorium-mediated plant infection by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and hyphal fusion in Neurospora crassa. Novel cell fusion mutants were identified in MAP kinase signalling, redox-signalling and Rho-type GTPase signalling pathways, whereas no functional overlap in the cAMP response pathway between both species could be found. Chapter 4 demonstrates how newly developed fluorescent reporters for F-actin and activated Rho GTPases in filamentous fungi lead to novel insights into the dynamic rearrangement of the F-actin cytoskeleton and cortical activation of Rho GTPases during cell symmetry breaking, polarized tip growth and cell fusion. Chapter 5 focuses on the role of the cell wall integrity (CWI) MAP kinase pathway during cell fusion, and in particular, on the function of the terminal MAP kinase MAK-1 during CAT homing and fusion pore formation. Inhibitor studies indicated that MAK-1 kinase activity is required for its own recruitment to the fusion site already during homing and for cell wall remodelling during fusion pore enlargement between interacting cells. Chapter 6 presents ultrastructural scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies which indicate that defects in hyphal attachment, extracellular matrix deposition and cell wall remodelling prematurely abort morphogenesis of the female fruitbody. These findings are put into context with defects observed in mutants of components acting in related signalling pathways which appear to regulate non-self fusion events at later stages of sexual development leading to fertilization in N. crassa. Chapter 7 provides the first evidence for a role of NADPH-oxidase (NOX)-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the regulation of morphogenetic changes required for CAT-mediated cell fusion. Redox-modification of signalling proteins might be involved in cell-cell chemoattraction. Chapter 8 provides a summary of the key findings and discusses future directions.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'interaction entre des écoulements cisaillés et la turbulence dans les plasmas chauds magnétisés. On s'est particulièrement focalisé sur l'étude de la dynamique complexe d'une barrière de transport et sur un moyen de contrôler ses oscillations de relaxations.