Gait analysis is the process of collecting and analyzing quantitative information about walking patterns of the people. Gait analysis enables the clinicians to differentiate gait deviations objectively. Diagnostic decision making from gait data only requires high level of medical expertise of neuromusculoskeletal system trained for the purpose. An automated system is expected to decrease this requirement by a &lsquo / transformed knowledge&rsquo / of these experts. This study presents a clinical decision support system for the detecting and scoring of a knee disorder, namely, Osteoarthritis (OA). Data used for training and recognition is mainly obtained through Computerized Gait Analysis software. Sociodemographic and disease characteristics such as age, body mass index and pain level are also included in decision making. Subjects are allocated into four OA-severity categories, formed in accordance with the Kellgren-Lawrence scale: &ldquo / Normal&rdquo / , &ldquo / Mild&rdquo / , &ldquo / Moderate&rdquo / , and &ldquo / Severe&rdquo / . Different types of classifiers are combined to incorporate the different types of data and to make the best advantages of different classifiers for better accuracy. A decision tree is developed with Multilayer Perceptrons (MLP) at the leaves. This gives an opportunity to use neural networks to extract hidden (i.e., implicit) knowledge in gait measurements and use it back into the explicit form of the decision trees for reasoning. Individual feature selection is applied using the Mahalanobis Distance measure and most discriminatory features are used for each expert MLP. Significant knowledge about clinical recognition of the OA is derived by feature selection process. The final system is tested with test set and a success rate of about 80% is achieved on the average.

The METU Gait Analysis System employs a computer program called Kiss-GAIT for the calculation of joint angles, moments and powers using force plate data and marker trajectories as input. Kiss-GAIT was developed using Delphi and is confined to calculations related to the standard gait protocol. Because the code lacks the flexibility required to carry out various test cases, the inverse dynamics formulation being used could not be verified and the extent of the error propagation problem could not be determined so far. The first aim of this study was to develop a code for the inverse dynamics model of the METU Gait Analysis System making use of the flexible programming environment provided by MATLAB. Verified and more reliable analysis results, obtained by reformulating the inverse dynamics algorithm in a new code, are presented. Secondly, data smoothing and differentiation techniques conventionally used in gait analysis were critically reviewed. A common tool used for filtering marker trajectories is the Butterworth digital filter. This thesis presents a modified, adaptive version of this classical tool that can handle non-stationary signals owing to its coefficients which are functions of local signal structure. The results of this thesis indicate the dominancy of ground reactions as compared to inertial effects in normal human gait. This implies that the accuracy needed in body segment inertial parameter estimation is not a critical factor. On the other hand, marker trajectories must be as accurate as possible for meaningful kinetic patterns. While any smoothing and differentiation routine that produces reasonable estimates is sufficient for joint moment calculation purposes, the estimation performance becomes a key requirement for the calculation of joint powers.

This thesis covers the study of an actively assisted passive walker with discontinuous and impulsive actuation. The dynamics of the passive and active portions are derived, and a comprehensive mathematical model is proposed. An actuation method is also proposed to study the use of multiple discrete actuation events in a walking gait. Two key cases are considered: actuation at the stance point and at the EA point of a non-kneed walker. An experimental walker was designed that is capable of passive walking and has an experimental implementation of the proposed actuation system. A thorough characterization of the model is then performed, with experimental validation to show that: at high ramp angles, energy injection results in an increase in BOA of ~38% on a stable walking gait at a Ct of 0.086, and at low ramp angles, injection results in a stride length increase of ~29% at a Ct of 0.06.

Obesity is a highly cited risk factor for knee osteoarthritis (OA) associated with increased risk of development of OA and accelerated disease progression. Rates of obesity are increasing internationally, and while obesity is well established as a risk factor, the precise role of obesity in knee OA pathogenesis and progression is not as clearly understood. Mechanical loading has been implicated as an important factor in knee OA initiation and progression. The purpose of this thesis was to further examine the roles of moderate knee OA disease presence and obesity on knee joint mechanics during gait, and to characterize their mechanical interaction. Two methods have been applied. First, principal component analysis has been applied to resultant waveforms from gait analysis and second, a sagittal plane joint contact force model has been applied. Using both methods, statistical differences in biomechanical loading has been associated with obesity, moderate knee OA, and their interaction.

The portability, ease of use and improved accuracy of miniature inertial sensors brought by current microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology has inspired researchers to develop human movement monitoring system with body-fixed sensors. Although a large number of studies have attempted to explore the use of miniature inertial sensors in estimating walking speed for the past two decades, there still remain some questions regarding applying inertial sensors in estimating walking speed under different walking conditions and for different subject populations. In this thesis, I focus on evaluating and improving the performance of a shank-mounted mounted inertial measurement unit (IMU) based walking speed estimation method. My research can be divided into four parts. The first part was a systematic review regarding the state of the art of current development of the inertial sensor based walking speed estimation method. A total of 16 articles were fully reviewed in terms of sensor specification, sensor attachment location, experimental design and spatial parameter estimation algorithm. In the second part, a comprehensive performance evaluation was conducted, which included the treadmill and overground walking experiments with constraint on the walking speed, stride length and stride frequency. A systematic error was observed in the error analysis of this study, which was adjusted by subtracting the bias by linear regression. In the third part, a post-stroke subject overground walking experiment was carried out with an improved walking speed estimation method that reduced the systematic error caused by previous false initial speed assumption. In addition to walking speed estimation, the gait asymmetry for post-stroke hemiparetic gait was also evaluated with the proposed method. The last part was the sensor error model analysis. We elaborately analyzed and discussed the estimation errors involved in this method in order to completely understand the sensor error compensation in walking speed estimation algorithm design. Two existing sensor error models and one newly developed sensor error model were compared with the treadmill walking experiment, which demonstrated the effect of each sensor error component on the estimation result and the importance of the sensor error model selection. / Thesis (Master, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2011-08-23 19:38:16.965

Achieving a believable gait pattern for a virtual quadrupedal character requires a significant time investment from an animator. This thesis presents a prototype system for creating a foundational layer of natural-looking animation to serve as a starting point for an animator. Starting with video of an actual horse walking, joints are animated over the footage to create a rotoscoped animation. This animation represents the animal’s natural motion. Joint angle values for the legs are sampled per frame of the animation and conditioned for Fourier analysis. The Fast Fourier Transform provides frequency information that is used to create mathematical descriptions of each joint’s movement. A model representing the horse’s overall gait pattern is created once each of the leg joints has been analyzed and defined. Lastly, a new rig for a virtual quadruped is created and its leg joints are animated using the gait pattern model derived through the analysis.

This thesis focuses on 3D marker tracking for human gait analysis. In KISS Gait Analysis System at METU, a subject&#039 / s gait is recorded with 6 cameras while 13 reflective markers are attached at appropriate locations on his/her legs and feet. These images are processed to extract 2 dimensional (2D) coordinates of the markers in each camera. The 3 dimensional (3D) coordinates of the markers are obtained by processing the 2D coordinates of the markers with linearization and calibration algorithms. Then 3D trajectories of the markers are formed using the 3D coordinates of the markers. In this study, software which takes the 2D coordinates of markers in each camera and processes them to form the 3D trajectories of the markers is developed. Kalman Filter is used in formation of 3D trajectories. The results are found to be satisfactory.

[Truncated abstract] Previous research has found that full recovery of knee function following arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM) is often not achieved, and in the long-term, over 50% of these patients will develop knee osteoarthritis (OA). Mechanical factors are believed to contribute largely to the development of knee OA. High frequency loading has been shown to lead to degenerative joint changes in animal models. In human gait, the knee adduction moment during stance phase, which tends to load the medial articular surface of the tibiofemoral joint, has been associated with the presence, severity and progression of knee OA. Quadriceps weakness, which is common in people with knee pathology, has been associated with abnormal sagittal plane knee moments during gait, yet no studies have investigated the effect of knee strength on frontal plane kinetics. This work aimed to investigate gait mechanics in a post-APM population, determine the influence of neuromuscular factors on gait, and assess recovery of function over 12 months while examining factors associated with recovery. One hundred and six APM subjects were examined between one and three months postsurgery. Data were compared to an age-matched control group of 49 healthy adults. Subjects were aged 20 to 50 years and had been screened for: clinical and radiographic evidence of knee OA; previous or current knee joint disease or injury (other than the current meniscus pathology); or any other previous or existing disease or injury that may have an effect on gait, or predispose to joint disease. Three-dimensional gait analysis was performed at a freely-chosen walking velocity, using a 50 Hz VICON three-dimensional motion analysis system, instrumented with two force platforms and 10-channel electromyography system. Subjects also underwent knee strength testing on a Biodex isokinetic dynamometer. Information was collected regarding subject’s physical activity levels, general health and knee function, as well as patient’s surgery specifics and rehabilitation regime.

Orientador: Sheila Canevese Rahal / Resumo: RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os sinais eletromiográficos do músculo bíceps femoral de três raças de cães hígidos, ao caminhar e ao trote. Foram utilizados 31 animais, distribuídos em três grupos: Grupo 1 – 10 cães da raça Beagle; Grupo 2 – 10 cães da raça Boiadeiro Australiano; Grupo 3 – 11 cães da raça Labrador. Foram determinados os parâmetros têmporo-espaciais e porcentagem de pressão para ambos os membros torácicos e pélvicos, no caminhar e ao trote, ao mesmo tempo em que foi analisado o músculo bíceps femoral, direito e esquerdo, por meio do sistema eletromiográfico de superfície. Pela análise estatística não foram observadas diferenças entre os membros, direito e esquerdo, tanto para os valores têmporo-espaciais como porcentagem de pressão. O padrão gráfico de atividade muscular mostrou que nos Grupos 2 e 3 na locomoção ao caminhar, o músculo bíceps femoral apresentou 1 pico máximo na fase de apoio, e 1 pico mínimo e 1 pico máximo de menor intensidade na fase de balanço. No Grupo 1 foi detectada a presença de três picos. Na locomoção ao trote o padrão gráfico de atividade muscular foi similar para os três grupos, com 1 pico máximo na fase de apoio, e 1 pico mínimo e 1 pico máximo na fase de balanço, ambos de menor intensidade. Os Grupo 2 e 3 não apresentaram diferença estatística na porcentagem de atividade muscular média ao caminhar e ao trote. Foi possível concluir que no trote o padrão de atividade eletromiográfico do músculo bíceps femoral mostro... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

L'analyse de la posture constitue un élément fondamental dans l'évaluation diagnostique et thérapeutique des patients atteints de déformations rachidiennes. Classiquement basée en pratique courante sur des radiographies du rachis en totalité, de nombreux paramètres posturaux ont été décrits et corrélés à la qualité de vie des patients. Toutefois, l'analyse radiographique conventionnelle ne permet pas systématiquement d'appréhender la posture véritable d'un individu. Une approche biomécanique de la posture en laboratoire d'analyse du mouvement permet donc de s'affranchir de ces contraintes et de caractériser la posture à l'aide de nouveaux paramètres. Un protocole spécifique biomécanique d'analyse de la posture, utilisant des plateformes de force et un système optoélectronique, a été développé afin de caractériser la posture libre d'un individu. D'autre part, ce protocole d'analyse peut ensuite être adapté à la pratique clinique quotidienne en couplant les données issues de la radiographie à celles d'une plateforme de pression. L'analyse d'une cohorte de volontaires sains a ainsi été réalisée, confirmant la faisabilité technique du calcul des moments nets inter segmentaires à l'aide de radiographies et d'une plateforme de pression. Les résultats de ce travail mettent en évidence la faisabilité et la fiabilité du protocole de mesure des moments inter-segmentaires. Ces résultats ouvrent des perspectives en pratique clinique courante avec la possibilité de réaliser cette analyse en pré et postopératoire a des fins diagnostics mais également pour évaluerl'influence du traitement chirurgical sur la modification des contraintes exercées sur le rachis. / Postural analysis is of primary importance for clinical and therapeutic evaluation of spinal deformity patients. This evaluation is currently based on full-spine radiographs and various parameters have been described and correlated with health related quality of life scores. However, this radiographic analysis is not applicable to every patient and can be sometimes misleading for physicians. A biomechanical postural approach using gait analysis is therefore necessary in order to avoid limits from the radiographic analysis. It provides new parameters for postural evaluation. A dedicated biomechanical "free-posture" protocol has been developed using force plates and gait analysis markers. Results from this approach revealed the reliability of the inter-segmental moment's measurements. Evolution of postural parameters during growth according to age was also described using a pediatric cohort. Concurrently, this biomechanical protocol can also be adapted to daily clinical practice, by the combination of a pressure platform and full-spine x-rays. Reliability of this combination was reported on a cohort of volunteers on whom spinal constraints were measured. These results are a source for potential new methods of postural outcomes evaluation in daily practice as they can be calculated during preoperative and postoperative courses.