• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 23
  • 9
  • 9
  • 3
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 49
  • 49
  • 28
  • 23
  • 12
  • 10
  • 9
  • 8
  • 8
  • 8
  • 8
  • 8
  • 7
  • 7
  • 7
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Radioelementos naturais na área do Projeto Rio Preto (GO) /

Duarte, Cynthia Romariz. January 2002 (has links)
Orientador: Daniel Marcos Bonotto / Banca: Marcos Aurélio Farias de Oliveira / Banca: Antenor Zanardo / Banca: Boaventura Freire dos Reis / Banca: Francisco Yukio Hiodo / Resumo: Os radioelementos naturais U, Th e K foram caracterizados na área do Projeto Rio Preto (GO), executado pela extinta Nuclebrás, após a realização de etapa de campo para reconhecimento da área e amostragem de corpos litológicos das formações aflorantes na área. Sua determinação foi efetuada por espectrometria gama que possibilitou a mensuração dos nuclídeos 40K, 214Bi e 208Tl. Para o universo total de amostras (n = 288) também foram efetuadas análises químicas dos óxidos SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, MnO, K2O, Na2O, CaO e P2O5 com o intuito de se proceder a caracterização química das rochas da região. Os valores de concentração de óxidos e de nuclídeos permitiram a confecção de mapas de sua distribuição pela área de estudo. Para amostras selecionadas foram realizadas leituras de espectrometria alfa para a determinação dos isótopos de U presentes. As razões 234U/238U e eU/U, relativas às leituras por espectrometria alfa e gama, respectivamente, foram determinadas para avaliar a situação de equilíbrio radioativo na cadeia natural de decaimento do urânio. Foi utilizada também a autorradiografia para identificar a presença de minerais radioativos em lâminas de xistos e gnaisses da Formação Ticunzal. / Abstract: The natural radioelements U, Th and K were characterized in the area of the Rio Preto project held by Nuclebrás, after recognizing the area and sampling the rocks occurring there. The determination was performed by gamma spectrometry that allowed to quantify the nuclides 40K, 214Bi and 208Tl. All rock samples (n = 288) were chemically analyzed in terms of the oxides SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, MnO, K2O, Na2O, CaO and P2O5. The values of concentration of oxides and nuclides were used to generate distribution maps in the studied area. Alpha spectrometry was utilized for selected samples in order to determine the U-isotopes. The 234U/238U and eU/U ratios relative to the alpha and gamma spectrometry readings, respectively, were determined to evaluate the radioactive equilibrium condition in the natural uranium series decay. Autorradiography was also used to identify the presence of radioactive minerals in shales and gneisses from Ticunzal Formation. / Doutor
2

Estudo das impurezas radioativas gama emissoras presentes nos radiofármacos produzidos no IPEN-CNEN/SP / Study of the radioactive impurities gamma emitters present in the radiopharmaceutical solutions produced at IPEN-CNEN/SP

Almeida, Jamille da Silveira 19 June 2017 (has links)
Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a concentração de impurezas radioativas gama emissoras presentes nas soluções dos radiofármacos produzidos no Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN em São Paulo. Para que este radiofármaco possa ser utilizado adequadamente, sua qualidade deve ser avaliada de acordo com os procedimentos estabelecidos de acordo com os \"Requisitos Gerais para a Competência de Laboratórios de Teste e Calibração\", ISO / IEC 17025: 2005 e pelas \"Boas Práticas de Fabricação\" (BPF), controladas pela ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária), no Brasil. Para determinar a atividade, dos radiofármacos das impurezas gama emissoras, foi utilizado um espectrômetro gama de alta resolução em duas distâncias fonte-detector; uma de 18 cm e outra de 1,7 cm. Para a distância de 18 cm, o espectrômetro HPGe foi calibrado com energias gama entre 81 kev e 1408 kev, medindo ampolas seladas de 60Co, 133Ba, 137Cs e 152Eu, padronizadas no Laboratório de Metrologia Nuclear (LMN) do IPEN. Para impurezas com baixas atividades, utilizou a distância fontedetector de 1,7 cm. A esta distância, o efeito soma em cascata é muito elevado, tornando difícil a medição das ampolas de calibração padrão, com isso, a curva de eficiência do espectrômetro foi obtida por um código de simulação de Monte Carlo, desenvolvido no IPEN. Neste código, todos os detalhes do sistema de detecção são modelados e as curvas de resposta para raios X e raios gama são calculadas pelo código de transporte de radiação MCNPX. Os espectros gama foram analisados pelo programa Alpino, que aplica o método de integração numérica da área sob os fotopicos de absorção total. Para as impurezas gama emissoras não detectadas visualmente, os limites de detecção foram calculados a partir da taxa de contagem de fundo, sob a área do pico de interesse. As soluções radioativas analisadas foram 67Ga,99Mo, 99mTc, 111In, 131I, 153Sm, 177Lu e 201Tl. Os resultados da relação entre a atividade do radionuclídeo em análise e as impurezas identificadas apresentaram acordo com os certificados de análise dos fabricantes, assim como, com as especificações da ANVISA. / This work aims to investigate the concentration of radioactive impurities gamma emitters in the radiopharmaceutical solutions produced at Nuclear and Energy Research Institute -IPEN in São Paulo, So that this radiopharmaceutical may be used properly, its quality should be evaluated in accordance with the procedures established by quality control agencies, such as \"General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories\", ISO/IEC 17025:2005 and the \"Good Laboratory Practice\" (GLP), controlled by ANVISA (National Agency Health Surveillance), in Brazil, requiring a confirmation of the values of impurities related at the certificates supplied by the manufacturers. To determine the activity, a high resolution gamma spectrometer were used in two source-detector distances. One was 18 cm and the other 1.7 cm. For the 18 cm distance, the high pure germanium spectrometer was calibrated in the energy range between 81 keV and 1408 keV by measuring sealed ampoules of 60Co, 133Ba, 137Cs and 152Eu, standardized at the Nuclear Metrology Laboratory (NML) of IPEN. For lower activity of the impurities, the distance source-detector of 1.7 cm was assumed. However, as at this distance, the sum coincidence effect is very high, making the measurement of the standard calibration ampoules difficult, the spectrometer efficiency curve was obtained by a Monte Carlo simulation code, developed at IPEN. In this code, all details of the detection system are modeled and the response curves for x-rays and gamma rays are calculated by the MCNPX radiation transport code. The gamma spectra were analyzed by Alpino code, which applies the method of numeric peak integration of the area under the photopeaks. For gamma emitter impurities, not visually detected, the decision threshold and the detection limits were calculated from the background count rate, under the peak area. The radiopharmaceutical solutions analyzed were 67Ga,99Mo, 99mTc, 111In, 131I, 153Sm, 177Lu and 201Tl. The results of impurities ratio for analyzed solutions are in accordance with the manufacturers´ certificate and with the ANVISA.
3

Estudo das impurezas radioativas gama emissoras presentes nos radiofármacos produzidos no IPEN-CNEN/SP / Study of the radioactive impurities gamma emitters present in the radiopharmaceutical solutions produced at IPEN-CNEN/SP

Jamille da Silveira Almeida 19 June 2017 (has links)
Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a concentração de impurezas radioativas gama emissoras presentes nas soluções dos radiofármacos produzidos no Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN em São Paulo. Para que este radiofármaco possa ser utilizado adequadamente, sua qualidade deve ser avaliada de acordo com os procedimentos estabelecidos de acordo com os \"Requisitos Gerais para a Competência de Laboratórios de Teste e Calibração\", ISO / IEC 17025: 2005 e pelas \"Boas Práticas de Fabricação\" (BPF), controladas pela ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária), no Brasil. Para determinar a atividade, dos radiofármacos das impurezas gama emissoras, foi utilizado um espectrômetro gama de alta resolução em duas distâncias fonte-detector; uma de 18 cm e outra de 1,7 cm. Para a distância de 18 cm, o espectrômetro HPGe foi calibrado com energias gama entre 81 kev e 1408 kev, medindo ampolas seladas de 60Co, 133Ba, 137Cs e 152Eu, padronizadas no Laboratório de Metrologia Nuclear (LMN) do IPEN. Para impurezas com baixas atividades, utilizou a distância fontedetector de 1,7 cm. A esta distância, o efeito soma em cascata é muito elevado, tornando difícil a medição das ampolas de calibração padrão, com isso, a curva de eficiência do espectrômetro foi obtida por um código de simulação de Monte Carlo, desenvolvido no IPEN. Neste código, todos os detalhes do sistema de detecção são modelados e as curvas de resposta para raios X e raios gama são calculadas pelo código de transporte de radiação MCNPX. Os espectros gama foram analisados pelo programa Alpino, que aplica o método de integração numérica da área sob os fotopicos de absorção total. Para as impurezas gama emissoras não detectadas visualmente, os limites de detecção foram calculados a partir da taxa de contagem de fundo, sob a área do pico de interesse. As soluções radioativas analisadas foram 67Ga,99Mo, 99mTc, 111In, 131I, 153Sm, 177Lu e 201Tl. Os resultados da relação entre a atividade do radionuclídeo em análise e as impurezas identificadas apresentaram acordo com os certificados de análise dos fabricantes, assim como, com as especificações da ANVISA. / This work aims to investigate the concentration of radioactive impurities gamma emitters in the radiopharmaceutical solutions produced at Nuclear and Energy Research Institute -IPEN in São Paulo, So that this radiopharmaceutical may be used properly, its quality should be evaluated in accordance with the procedures established by quality control agencies, such as \"General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories\", ISO/IEC 17025:2005 and the \"Good Laboratory Practice\" (GLP), controlled by ANVISA (National Agency Health Surveillance), in Brazil, requiring a confirmation of the values of impurities related at the certificates supplied by the manufacturers. To determine the activity, a high resolution gamma spectrometer were used in two source-detector distances. One was 18 cm and the other 1.7 cm. For the 18 cm distance, the high pure germanium spectrometer was calibrated in the energy range between 81 keV and 1408 keV by measuring sealed ampoules of 60Co, 133Ba, 137Cs and 152Eu, standardized at the Nuclear Metrology Laboratory (NML) of IPEN. For lower activity of the impurities, the distance source-detector of 1.7 cm was assumed. However, as at this distance, the sum coincidence effect is very high, making the measurement of the standard calibration ampoules difficult, the spectrometer efficiency curve was obtained by a Monte Carlo simulation code, developed at IPEN. In this code, all details of the detection system are modeled and the response curves for x-rays and gamma rays are calculated by the MCNPX radiation transport code. The gamma spectra were analyzed by Alpino code, which applies the method of numeric peak integration of the area under the photopeaks. For gamma emitter impurities, not visually detected, the decision threshold and the detection limits were calculated from the background count rate, under the peak area. The radiopharmaceutical solutions analyzed were 67Ga,99Mo, 99mTc, 111In, 131I, 153Sm, 177Lu and 201Tl. The results of impurities ratio for analyzed solutions are in accordance with the manufacturers´ certificate and with the ANVISA.
4

Distribution of Radium Isotopes in the sea around Taiwan and northern SCS based on gamma spectrometr

Yu, Feng-Chao 05 September 2003 (has links)
ABSTRACT This thesis was to develop a simplified technique for the analysis of 210Pb in sediment samples with gamma spectrometry. Compared with the results of the conventional beta method, we found that the gamma method yields values that are 1.5 times higher. This discrepancy awaits further investigation. However, the results determined on two sediment-trap samples and a 210Pb source by the gamma technique agree within 10 % to those determined by the same method at the Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica. Also, using the manganese-impregnated fiber extraction technique, the distributions of 228Ra and 226Ra in surface waters around Taiwan and in the northern South China Sea¡]SCS¡^ were measured by a high-purity germanium¡]HPGe¡^ detector coupled with gamma spectrometry. The distribution of 228Ra in the surface sea water off eastern Taiwan was controlled by its source function, horizontal mixing and dilution of the Kuroshio. It was higher in coastal or estuarine areas but much lower farther away from the coast line. The 228Ra/226Ra activity ratio¡]AR¡^ varied in the same trend. Estuaries and coastal zones in eastern Taiwan were probably the main source for 228Ra in the adjacent sea. Concentrations of 226Ra on transect LY, CC and PN were almost constant. The AR values along the transect CC were lower than unity, because there was no estuarine input and it was entirely occupied by the Kuroshio water. The concentration of 228Ra along this transect was about 30 % higher in summer than in spring, probably because 228Ra was preferentially released from the coastal sediments by typhoon Nichole. Applying a steady-state one-dimensional diffusion model to the LY and PN lines extending from the estuarine coastal areas, we estimated a horizontal eddy diffusion coefficient of about 1.3 ¡Ñ 105 cm2/s for the sea off eastern Taiwan. This value is comparable to that of the Japan Sea determined by Nozaki et al.¡]1989¡^. Taiwan Strait¡]TS¡^ is mainly continental shelf with water depth less than 50 m on the average. Ra isotopes in the surface water were probably supplied by diffusion from the bottom sediments; their distributions were affected by currents and tides, and so no clear trend could be recognized when sampling was conducted in different times. 228Ra was seen inversely correlated with salinity, showing effect of the fresh water. Concentrations of 228Ra and 226Ra along the transect CS decreased away from the estuary during the spring. The 228Ra values along the TS transect in the same season increased toward the northwest, suggesting a possible source from the coastal zone of the mainland. Distribution of 228Ra in the northern SCS was determined consecutively in 2000 and 2001. The 228Ra activities in the northern continental shelf and northwestern Luzon were higher than in the central region during the spring season. The NE monsoon prevails in fall and winter causing the longshore current to transport the shelf water of high 228Ra to the central region. The 228Ra activities of surface water decreased southward and so the central region away from land had low 228Ra values. The low 228Ra concentration observed at the sea off southern Taiwan was probably due to dilution by the Kuroshio. Based on the 228Ra distribution along a transect roughly perpendicular to the 200m bathymetric contour, we calculated a horizontal eddy diffusion coefficient, Kh of about 6.2 ¡Ñ 106 cm2/s, a value lower than that estimated by Huang et al.¡]1996¡^in the Nansha sea area. Compared to the Kh values estimated for the northwest Pacific by Yamada and Nozaki¡]1986¡^, this value falls in between those within and without 200 km away from land in the Kuroshio region.
5

Développement de la mesure par spectrométrie gamma en coïncidence / Development of coincident measurement by gamma ray spectrometry

Paradis, Hugues 16 September 2016 (has links)
Dans le cadre de la mission de surveillance radiologique de l’environnement de l’Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), le Laboratoire de Mesure de la Radioactivité dans l’Environnement (LMRE) réalise la mesure de la concentration en activité dans différentes matrices environnementales. Il s’agit de matrices biologiques (mousses aquatiques, algues, lait, légumes …), de sols, d’eaux ou encore de filtres de prélèvement d’aérosols.Les radionucléides artificiels recherchés sont en très faible proportion par rapport à certains radionucléides naturels : le potassium 40 dans les matrices biologiques ou encore les descendants particulaires du radon dans les filtres d’aérosols. L’important fond Compton induit par ces radionucléides naturels dans le spectre gamma complique la détermination des radionucléides présents au niveau trace.Un moyen de s’affranchir de ce fond Compton est de faire une mesure par spectrométrie $gamma$ en coïncidence en utilisant au moins deux détecteurs. La méthode a été développée sur un système existant, le système anti-Compton constitué d’un détecteur germanium entouré d’un scintillateur NaI(Tl), avec le développement d’un algorithme d’analyse et de l’étalonnage par simulation Monte Carlo si nécessaire. De plus, un nouveau système de mesure en coïncidence a été conçu par simulation Monte Carlo puis mis en service pour pallier les limites du système anti-Compton. Ce nouveau système de mesure, nommé Léda, est composé de deux détecteurs germanium face à face, entourés d’un scintillateur NaI(Tl) ; il possède plusieurs voies de mesure, chacune présentant une amélioration en termes de limite de détection pour tous les radionucléides mesurés. / The French Institute of Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) is in charge of the radiological surveillance of the environment. In this framework the Laboratory of Environment Radioactivity Measurement (LMRE) measures the radioactivity concentrations in various environmental samples: biological matrices (aquatic moss, seaweed, milk, vegetables …), soils, waters or aerosol filters.Artificial radionuclides searched are in low proportion compared to natural radionuclides: potassium 40 in biological matrices or radon particular daughters in aerosol filters. The significant Compton continuum induced in the gamma spectrum makes difficult the identification and the quantification of radionuclides present at trace level.The use of two detectors enables to make coincident spectrometry in order to decrease this Compton background. This technique was developed with an existing system of the laboratory, the anti-Compton system, composed of a germanium detector surrounded by a NaI(Tl) scintillator. A data analysis algorithm was developed and also a Monte Carlo calibration if radionuclides measured are not available in standard source. Moreover a new coincident measurement system was designed by Monte Carlo simulation, called Leda consisting of two germanium detectors face to face surrounded by a NaI(Tl) scintillator. This new system overcomes the limits of the anti-Compton system. Different measurement channels improve the detection limits for all radionuclides measured in our laboratory.
6

Migration and gamma ray assessment of uranium on a gold tailings disposal facility / Jaco Koch

Koch, Jaco January 2014 (has links)
This project aims to quantify natural gamma radiation in gold tailings disposal facilities (TDFs) relative to uranium concentration data in order to use natural gamma detection methods as alternative methods for uranium resource estimation modelling in gold tailings. Uranium migration within the New Machavie TDF was also investigated as migration affects both the grade of the TDF as a uranium resource and poses a threat to the environment. In order to determine the most appropriate radiometric testing procedure, various methods were employed for natural gamma detection, including surface natural gamma spectrometry, borehole natural gamma spectrometry and scintillometry, as well as incremental sampling. These measurements were then statistically compared to ICP-MS analyses to find the best method, and then modelled to apply volumetric resource estimation procedures. The oxidation reduction potential was also tested as uranium geochemistry is dependent on oxidation for mobilisation. Furthermore, leaching tests were employed to relate specific anions as a mode of transportation in solution. Results indicated that down-hole natural gamma spectrometry performed the best and that 2376.87 kg of uranium is present in the TDF. Migration modelling indicated that uranium is mobilised away from the oxidized top area of the TDF and that accumulation occurs in the saturated zone of the TDF under a reducing environment. Sulphate anions as the result of pyrite oxidation are primarily responsible for the mobilisation as radionuclides in New Machavie. The results of this project can be applied to the resource estimation of all uranium bearing tailings facilities prior to re-mining as a means to decrease exploration costs and to accurately model the distribution of uranium. / MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014
7

Avaliação da variação da radioatividade natural em areias da praia de Camburi- Vitória- Espírito Santo com fatores climatológicos e geológicos da região / Assessment of the variation of natural radioactivity in sands of Camburi Beach-Vitória-Espírito Santo with climatological and geological factors of the region

Barros, Livia Fernandes 10 December 2013 (has links)
A principal contribuição para a exposição externa aos seres humanos provem da radioatividade natural presente em solos, principalmente do 40K e das séries do 238U e 232Th. No presente trabalho foram determinadas as concentrações de atividade de 226Ra (série do 238U) , 232Th e 40K em amostras superficiais de areia coletadas mensalmente em 11 locais ao longo da Praia de Camburi durante o ano de 2011, selecionados para cobrir toda a extensão da praia. As amostras seladas foram medidas por espectrometria gama, após um tempo de espera de aproximadamente 30 dias, para que fosse atingido o equilíbrio radioativo nas séries do 238U e 232Th. A concentração de atividade do 226Ra foi determinada pela média ponderada das concentrações do 214Pb e do 214Bi, a concentração de atividade do 232Th pela média ponderada das concentrações do 212Pb, do 212Bi e do 228Ac. A atividade do 40K foi determinada pela sua única transição gama de 1460,8 keV. Para todas as amostras, as concentrações foram corrigidas pelos fatores de autoatenuação gama. A partir destas concentrações foram avaliados os índices radiológicos, atividade equivalente em rádio (Raeq), índice de concentração de atividade (Iγ), índice de risco à exposição gama externo (Hext), índice de risco à exposição gama interno (Hint), taxa de dose gama absorvida no ar (D) em nGy.h-1 e dose efetiva anual (E) em mSv.a-1. No local estudado foi realizada uma avaliação da correlação das concentrações de atividade de 226Ra, 232Th e 40K com os fatores geológicos, geográficos, climatológicos (precipitação pluviométrica e temperatura) e oceanográficos (variação da altura das marés). Devido à presença forte de monazita, a concentração de 232Th é mais elevada do que a concentração de 226Ra e 40K. As concentrações de atividade encontradas variaram de 4 Bq.kg-1 a 1380 Bq.kg-1 para o 226Ra, de 9 Bq.kg-1 a 7453 Bq.kg-1 para o 232Th e de 6 Bq.kg-1 a 504 Bq.kg-1 para o 40K. A variação encontrada para o Raeq foi de 20 Bq.kg-1 a 12077 Bq.kg-1 , para o Iγ foi de 0,07 a 42,08, para o Hext foi de 0,05 a 32,61, para o Hint foi de 0,06 a 36,34 e para a taxa de dose absorvida no ar foi de 9 nGy.h-1 a 5160 nGy.h-1. As baixas concentrações de atividade de 226Ra,232Th e 40K em todos os pontos no mês de abril estão possivelmente relacionadas aos valores máximos da variação da altura das marés e da precipitação pluviométrica. A temperatura média de Vitória durante o ano de 2011 não interfere diretamente nas variações observadas nas concentrações de atividade de 226Ra,232Th e 40K das areias. Foi realizada uma avaliação da dose efetiva anual para um indivíduo do público que frequenta a Praia de Camburi durante 8 horas diárias em 1 mês, em janeiro ou em julho, e todas as doses encontradas estão abaixo do limite de 1 mSv.a-1, recomendado pela ICRP 60 para público em geral. / The main contribution to the external exposure to humans comes from gamma emitting radionuclides in soils, especially the 40K and 238U and 232Th series. In this work, the activity concentrations of 226Ra (238U serie), 232Th and 40K in surface sand monthly collected at 11 sites along the Camburi beach during the year 2011, selected to cover the entire length of the beach, were determined. The samples were hermetically sealed and measured by high resolution gamma spectrometry, after a resting time of approximately 30 days, in order to attain the radioactive equilibrium in the 238U and 232Th series. The activity concentration of 226Ra was determined by the weighted average concentrations of 214Pb and 214Bi, the activity concentration of 232Th by the weighted average concentrations of 212Pb, 212Bi and 228Ac. The activity of 40K was determined by its single transition of 1460,8 keV. For all samples the concentrations were corrected by self attenuation factors. From these concentrations, radiological indices like radium equivalent activity (Raeq), activity concentration index (Iγ), external exposure risk index (Hext), internal exposure risk index (Hint), absorbed gamma dose rate in air (D) in nGy.h-1 and annual effective dose (E) in mSv.y-1 were evaluated. In the studied area it was realized an assessment of the correlation of the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K with the geological, geographical, climatological (rainfall and temperature) and oceanographic (tidal height variation) factors. Due to the strong presence of monazite, the concentration of 232Th is higher than the concentration of 226Ra and 40K. The activity concentrations found ranged from 4 Bq.kg-1 to 1380 Bq.kg-1 for 226Ra, from 9 Bq.kg-1 to 7453 Bq.kg-1 for 232Th and 6 Bq.kg-1 to 504 Bq.kg-1 for 40K. The variation of Raeq from 20 Bq.kg-1 to 12077 Bq.kg-1, of Iγ from 0,07 to 42,08, of Hext from 0,05 to 32,61, of Hint from 0,06 to 36,34 and of absorbed gamma dose rate in air from 9 nGy.h-1 to 5160 nGy.h-1. The low activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in all points in April , are possibly related to the maxima of the variation of the height of the tides and rainfall. The average temperature of Vitória during the year 2011 does not directly interfere in the observed variations in the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K sands. The assessment of the annual effective dose to an individual from the public who attends the Camburi Beach throughout 8 hours per day in a month, in January or July, showed that all values are below the limit of 1 mSv.y-1 , recommended by the ICRP 60 for the general public.
8

Avaliação da variação da radioatividade natural em areias da praia de Camburi- Vitória- Espírito Santo com fatores climatológicos e geológicos da região / Assessment of the variation of natural radioactivity in sands of Camburi Beach-Vitória-Espírito Santo with climatological and geological factors of the region

Livia Fernandes Barros 10 December 2013 (has links)
A principal contribuição para a exposição externa aos seres humanos provem da radioatividade natural presente em solos, principalmente do 40K e das séries do 238U e 232Th. No presente trabalho foram determinadas as concentrações de atividade de 226Ra (série do 238U) , 232Th e 40K em amostras superficiais de areia coletadas mensalmente em 11 locais ao longo da Praia de Camburi durante o ano de 2011, selecionados para cobrir toda a extensão da praia. As amostras seladas foram medidas por espectrometria gama, após um tempo de espera de aproximadamente 30 dias, para que fosse atingido o equilíbrio radioativo nas séries do 238U e 232Th. A concentração de atividade do 226Ra foi determinada pela média ponderada das concentrações do 214Pb e do 214Bi, a concentração de atividade do 232Th pela média ponderada das concentrações do 212Pb, do 212Bi e do 228Ac. A atividade do 40K foi determinada pela sua única transição gama de 1460,8 keV. Para todas as amostras, as concentrações foram corrigidas pelos fatores de autoatenuação gama. A partir destas concentrações foram avaliados os índices radiológicos, atividade equivalente em rádio (Raeq), índice de concentração de atividade (Iγ), índice de risco à exposição gama externo (Hext), índice de risco à exposição gama interno (Hint), taxa de dose gama absorvida no ar (D) em nGy.h-1 e dose efetiva anual (E) em mSv.a-1. No local estudado foi realizada uma avaliação da correlação das concentrações de atividade de 226Ra, 232Th e 40K com os fatores geológicos, geográficos, climatológicos (precipitação pluviométrica e temperatura) e oceanográficos (variação da altura das marés). Devido à presença forte de monazita, a concentração de 232Th é mais elevada do que a concentração de 226Ra e 40K. As concentrações de atividade encontradas variaram de 4 Bq.kg-1 a 1380 Bq.kg-1 para o 226Ra, de 9 Bq.kg-1 a 7453 Bq.kg-1 para o 232Th e de 6 Bq.kg-1 a 504 Bq.kg-1 para o 40K. A variação encontrada para o Raeq foi de 20 Bq.kg-1 a 12077 Bq.kg-1 , para o Iγ foi de 0,07 a 42,08, para o Hext foi de 0,05 a 32,61, para o Hint foi de 0,06 a 36,34 e para a taxa de dose absorvida no ar foi de 9 nGy.h-1 a 5160 nGy.h-1. As baixas concentrações de atividade de 226Ra,232Th e 40K em todos os pontos no mês de abril estão possivelmente relacionadas aos valores máximos da variação da altura das marés e da precipitação pluviométrica. A temperatura média de Vitória durante o ano de 2011 não interfere diretamente nas variações observadas nas concentrações de atividade de 226Ra,232Th e 40K das areias. Foi realizada uma avaliação da dose efetiva anual para um indivíduo do público que frequenta a Praia de Camburi durante 8 horas diárias em 1 mês, em janeiro ou em julho, e todas as doses encontradas estão abaixo do limite de 1 mSv.a-1, recomendado pela ICRP 60 para público em geral. / The main contribution to the external exposure to humans comes from gamma emitting radionuclides in soils, especially the 40K and 238U and 232Th series. In this work, the activity concentrations of 226Ra (238U serie), 232Th and 40K in surface sand monthly collected at 11 sites along the Camburi beach during the year 2011, selected to cover the entire length of the beach, were determined. The samples were hermetically sealed and measured by high resolution gamma spectrometry, after a resting time of approximately 30 days, in order to attain the radioactive equilibrium in the 238U and 232Th series. The activity concentration of 226Ra was determined by the weighted average concentrations of 214Pb and 214Bi, the activity concentration of 232Th by the weighted average concentrations of 212Pb, 212Bi and 228Ac. The activity of 40K was determined by its single transition of 1460,8 keV. For all samples the concentrations were corrected by self attenuation factors. From these concentrations, radiological indices like radium equivalent activity (Raeq), activity concentration index (Iγ), external exposure risk index (Hext), internal exposure risk index (Hint), absorbed gamma dose rate in air (D) in nGy.h-1 and annual effective dose (E) in mSv.y-1 were evaluated. In the studied area it was realized an assessment of the correlation of the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K with the geological, geographical, climatological (rainfall and temperature) and oceanographic (tidal height variation) factors. Due to the strong presence of monazite, the concentration of 232Th is higher than the concentration of 226Ra and 40K. The activity concentrations found ranged from 4 Bq.kg-1 to 1380 Bq.kg-1 for 226Ra, from 9 Bq.kg-1 to 7453 Bq.kg-1 for 232Th and 6 Bq.kg-1 to 504 Bq.kg-1 for 40K. The variation of Raeq from 20 Bq.kg-1 to 12077 Bq.kg-1, of Iγ from 0,07 to 42,08, of Hext from 0,05 to 32,61, of Hint from 0,06 to 36,34 and of absorbed gamma dose rate in air from 9 nGy.h-1 to 5160 nGy.h-1. The low activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in all points in April , are possibly related to the maxima of the variation of the height of the tides and rainfall. The average temperature of Vitória during the year 2011 does not directly interfere in the observed variations in the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K sands. The assessment of the annual effective dose to an individual from the public who attends the Camburi Beach throughout 8 hours per day in a month, in January or July, showed that all values are below the limit of 1 mSv.y-1 , recommended by the ICRP 60 for the general public.
9

Estudo dos processos sedimentológicos na Margem Continental Sudeste do Brasil pelo uso de radionuclídeos naturais / Study of thesedimentological process in the Shelf and Upper Slope off Southeast Brazil throught the use of natural radionuclides

Cordero, Luisa Mariutti 09 November 2010 (has links)
A Oceanografia, recentemente, vem fazendo uso dos mais diferentes radionuclídeos os quais funcionam como traçadores e auxiliam em uma maior compreensão dos processos de dinâmica oceânica, movimentação e deposição do fundo marinho. No Brasil, porém, há pouca informação a respeito dos teores de radionuclídeos naturais para a região costeira e oceânica e poucos são os estudos que utilizam esses radionuclídeos como ferramentas de compreensão de processos oceânicos. Neste contexto, este trabalho determinou atividades de 238U, 232Th e 40K por espectrometria gama e realizou análises granulométricas em amostras de sedimentos marinhos da Margem Continental Sudeste do Brasil. Os níveis variaram de 1,48 a 52,76 Bq kg-1 para o 238U, 10,63 a 49,45 Bq kg-1 para o 232Th e 65,45 a 873,28 Bq kg-1 para o 40K. Os resultados mostraram afinidade entre as frações finas do sedimento com 40K e 232Th. A razão 238U/232Th mostrou ser bom indicador de condições redox dos sedimentos. Verificou-se uma diferença nos níveis dos três radionuclídeos entre os setores ao norte e ao sul da Ilha de São Sebastião, com valores mais elevados ao sul. Estas diferenças foram relacionadas aos processos sedimentares dominantes em cada setor e aos agentes hidrodinâmicos responsáveis por tais processos. / Recently, Oceanography has been using a variety of radionuclides as tracers to understand ocean dynamic processes, handling and disposal of sediments in seabed. In Brazil, there is little information about the contents of natural radionuclides on the coast and deep ocean and few studies using radionuclides as tools to comprehend oceanic processes. In this context, this work determined grain size and activities of 238U, 232Th and 40K using gamma spectrometry in marine sediments from shelf and upper slope off Southeast Brazil. The levels ranged from 1,48 to 52,76 Bq kg-1 for 238U, from 10,63 to 49,45 Bq kg-1 for 232Th and, from 65,45 to 873,28 Bq kg-1 for 40K. 40K and 232Th showed good correlation with grain size (mud and clay content) and 238U/232Th ratios appeared to be good indicators of sediment redox conditions. There was a difference in levels of radionuclides between sectors northward and southward of São Sebastião Island, with higher values in south sector. These differences were related to differences in sedimentary processes in each sector and to the hydrodynamic agents responsible for these processes.
10

Métodos de estudo de variáveis e processos de dinâmica sedimentar marinha com radionuclídeos naturais e artificiais / Methods of study of variables and processes of marine sedimentary dynamics with natural and artificial radionuclides

Ferreira, Paulo Alves de Lima 31 August 2018 (has links)
A onipresença dos radionuclídeos naturais e artificiais nas diversas matrizes ambientais é passível de ser aproveitada como ferramenta em estudos de dinâmica sedimentar marinha, pois estes nuclídeos registram processos em escalas espaciais e temporais de acordo com seus níveis e distribuição espacial e vertical em sedimentos. Dentro deste contexto, este trabalho demonstrou o uso de radionuclídeos naturais (210Pb, 226Ra, 230,232Th, 234,238U) e artificiais (137Cs) em estudos de dinâmica sedimentar marinha com a espectrometria gama como única técnica analítica, através da apresentação de um conjunto de métodos de aplicação de radionuclídeos, modelos matemáticos e de interpretação de seus resultados. A primeira aplicação descrita foi uma avaliação quantitativa da sedimentação no Sistema Santos-São Vicente, que permitiu um estudo das variações espaciais e ao longo do tempo na sedimentação deste sistema costeiro. Outra aplicação foi o uso da ocorrência e distribuição espacial de 137Cs como uma ferramenta estratigráfica em sistemas costeiros do Oceano Atlântico Sul, com um modelo matemático cujos resultados indicaram um padrão latitudinal nos níveis de atividade deste nuclídeo consistente com observações de sua deposição atmosférica reportadas pela literatura internacional. Finalmente, um modelo de sedimentação e idade baseado nas relações entre isótopos de Th e U (validado com resultados de isótopos estáveis de oxigênio e bio/magnetoestratigrafia) foi empregado para estimar taxas de sedimentação e idades em testemunhos quaternários de duas margens continentais passivas (oeste do Oceano Atlântico Sul e Mar do Sul da China). Com os resultados deste modelo, observou-se períodos de aumento nos níveis de 230Th que podem sugerir a influência de fatores como variações na taxa de deposição de 230Th e ciclos orbitais de Milankovitch. / The occurrence of natural and artificial radionuclides in the environment can be used as a tool for studies of marine sedimentary dynamics, as these nuclides record environmental processes at both spatial and temporal scales. Within this context, this work aimed at demonstrating the use of natural (210Pb, 226Ra, 230,232Th, 234,238U) and artificial (137Cs) radionuclides in studies of sedimentary dynamics with gamma spectrometry as sole analytical technique. This was done through the application of several mathematical models and methods of radionuclides\' data interpretation. The first application was a quantitative assessment of sedimentation in the Santos-São Vicente coastal system, studying its spatial variations during the last century. Another application was the use of the occurrence and spatial distribution of 137Cs as a stratigraphical tool for age studies in coastal systems of the South Atlantic Ocean. With the results of a mathematical model it was possible to infer values of radionuclide deposition that showed a latitudinal pattern in the levels of this element, consistent with international reports of fallout atmospheric deposition. Finally, a model of sedimentation and age determination based on the relationships between Th and U isotopes was used to estimate sedimentation rates in Quaternary cores from two passive continental margins (South Atlantic western margin and South China Sea margin). The model was validated by statistical comparison with data of stable oxygen isotopes and bio/magnetostratigraphy. The results of this model showed periods with an increase on the 230Th excess activity that could be related to variations on Th deposition rate and the influence of Milankovitch orbital cycles on Th and U deposition.

Page generated in 0.4819 seconds