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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Statistical detection with weak signals via regularization

Li, Jinzheng 01 July 2012 (has links)
There has been an increasing interest in uncovering smuggled nuclear materials associated with the War on Terror. Detection of special nuclear materials hidden in cargo containers is a major challenge in national and international security. We propose a new physics-based method to determine the presence of the spectral signature of one or more nuclides from a poorly resolved spectra with weak signatures. The method is different from traditional methods that rely primarily on peak finding algorithms. The new approach considers each of the signatures in the library to be a linear combination of subspectra. These subspectra are obtained by assuming a signature consisting of just one of the unique gamma rays emitted by the nuclei. We propose a Poisson regression model for deducing which nuclei are present in the observed spectrum. In recognition that a radiation source generally comprises few nuclear materials, the underlying Poisson model is sparse, i.e. most of the regression coefficients are zero (positive coefficients correspond to the presence of nuclear materials). We develop an iterative algorithm for a penalized likelihood estimation that prompts sparsity. We illustrate the efficacy of the proposed method by simulations using a variety of poorly resolved, low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) situations, which show that the proposed approach enjoys excellent empirical performance even with SNR as low as to -15db. The proposed method is shown to be variable-selection consistent, in the framework of increasing detection time and under mild regularity conditions. We study the problem of testing for shielding, i.e. the presence of intervening materials that attenuate the gamma ray signal. We show that, as detection time increases to infinity, the Lagrange multiplier test, the likelihood ratio test and Wald test are asymptotically equivalent, under the null hypothesis, and their asymptotic null distribution is Chi-square. We also derived the local power of these tests. We also develop a nonparametric approach for detecting spectra indicative of the presence of SNM. This approach characterizes the shape change in a spectrum from background radiation. We do this by proposing a dissimilarity function that characterizes the complete shape change of a spectrum from the background, over all energy channels. We derive the null asymptotic test distributions in terms of functionals of the Brownian bridge. Simulation results show that the proposed approach is very powerful and promising for detecting weak signals. It is able to accurately detect weak signals with SNR as low as -37db.
2

ESTUDO DO DECAIMENTO DO 101Rh E DO 101fRh E ESTRUTURANUCLEAR DO 101Ru / 101mRh and 101fRh decay studies and 101Ru nuclear structure

Vanin, Vito Roberto 01 March 1984 (has links)
Os decaimentos dos nuclídeos 101mRh e 101fRh foram estudados por espectroscopia gama, tanto em medidas de espectros simples quanta de espectros em coincidência. As fontes foram produzidas na reação 103Rh(,2n) 101m,fRh, com fótons provenientes de Bremsstrahlung de elétrons no Acelerador linear do IFUSP. Diversas transições gama anteriormente atribuídas aos decaimentos desses nuclídeos não foram confirmadas, num total de 6 transições, e mais duas que foram observadas este trabalho foram atribuídas ao decaimento do 102mRh. As transições gama observadas seguindo o decaimento do 101mRh tem as seguintes energias em keV, e intensidades relativas, respectivamente: 127,226(9), 0,79(2); 157,41(4), 0,280(5); 179,636(15), 0,660(15); 184,11(5), 0,193(3); 233,74(4), 0,2198(15); 238,27(4), 0,2505(17); 306,857(5), 100; 311,367(19), 0,0175(9); 417,86(5), 0,005(2); 545,117(7), 5,3(3). As transições gama observadas seguindo o decaimento do 101fRh tem as seguintes energias e intensidades relativas: 110,94(12), 0,06(2); 127,226(9), 93,2(9); 184,22(13), 0,081(14); 198,01(13), 100; 295,01(3), 0,815(24); 352,23(3), 16,20(15); 422,19(8) ,0,272(15). A intensidade da captura eletrônica do 101fRh para o estado fundamental do 101Ru foi estimada em 51(17) % a partir do acompanhamento do crescimento da intensidade dos gamas de 198 keV decorrente da alimentação do estado fundamental pela transição isométrica de 157 keV, durante os primeiros 10 dias após o fim da irradiação. Os esquemas de decaimento dos 101m,fRh resultantes deste trabalho exigem apenas seis níveis excitados do 101Ru para acomodar todas as transições gama observadas, ao contrário do estudo anterior que concluía pela necessidade de 11 níveis. A estrutura nuclear do 101Ru para baixas energias de excitação pode, em razão da simplificação do esquema de níveis decorrente deste trabalho, ser bem descrita qualitativamente num modelo de quase-partícula-fonon com acoplamento fraco. Uma descrição quantitativa através desse modelo no esquema de acoplamento intermediário, tem sucesso limitado às probabilidades de transição de quadruplo elétrico e aos fatores espectroscópicos, conduzindo a um espectro de energia muito diferente do experimental, embora com a densidade de níveis correta. A mistura de estados de três quase-partículas foi introduzida através da teoria de perturbação. Verifica-se que a introdução desses estados permite uma melhor interpretação do espectro de energia. Os cálculos com o modelo de uma quase-partícula-fonon foram estendidos aos isótopos ímpares do Ru com 95 A 105. Os poucos dados ex perimentais disponíveis de probabilidades de transição de quadrupolo elétrico e de fatores espectroscópicos são razoavelmente reproduzidos. Já o espectro de energia calculado só concorda razoavelmente com o experimental para o 95Ru. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que os isótopos ímpares do Ru podem ser descritos utilizando-se quase-partículas e fonons como modos elementares de excitação , sendo necessário incluir no modelo estados intrínsecos de três quase-partículas. / The decays of 101mRh and 101fRh nuclides were studied by gamma-ray spectroscopy either or single or coincidence . spectra. The sources were obtained through the 103Rh(,2n) 101m,fRh reaction with the electron Bremsstrahlung beam of the Linear Accelerator of the IFUSP. Six transitions earlier attributed to the decays of these nuclides were not confirmed. Two other transitions that were observed in the present work were attributed to the 102mRh decay. The energies (keV) and the relative intensities for the observed gamma transitions following the 101mRh decay are respective1y: 127.226(9), 0.79(2); 157.41(4), 0.280(5); 179.636(15), 0.660(15); 184.11(5), 0.193(3); 233.74(4), 0.2198(15); 238.27(4), 0.2505(17); 306.857(5), 100; 311.367(19), 0.0175(9); 417.86(5) 0.005(2); 545.117(7), 5.3(3). The energies and the relative intensities of the gamma transitions observed for the 101fRh decay are the following: 110.94(12), 0.06(2); 127.226(9), 93.2(9); 184.22(13), 0.081(14); 198.01(3), 100; 295.01(3), 0.815(24); 325.23(3), 16.20(15); 422.19 (8), 0.272(15).The growth of the intensity of the 198 keV gammas due to the feeding of the ground state by the isomeric transition of 157 keV during the first ten days after the end of the irradiation allowed the measurement of the 101fRh electron capture intensity for the ground state of the 101Ru which was established as roughly 51(17)%. Previous work had shown that for the decay scheme of the 101m,fRh eleven excited levels of the 101Ru were needed to fit all observed gamma transitions. This work shows that only six excited levels are necessary. Due to the simplification of the level scheme obtained in this work, the nuclear structure of the 101Ru for low excitation energy can be described as a quasi-particle-phonon with weak coupling. Using this model in the intermediate coupling scheme, a quantitative description is successful in the calculation of electric quadrupole transition probabilities and spectroscopic factors. The calculated energy spectrum is very different from the experimental one although the level densities coincide. Through the perturbation theory, mixture with three quasi-particle states was introduced. The introduction of these states allows a better interpretation of the energy spectrum. For the other Ru isotopes the calculations using the one quasi-particle-phonon model were performed with 95 A I05. The small amount of experimental data available for electric quadrupole transition probabilities and spectroscopic factors agreed fairly well with the theoretical calculations. Nevertheless, the calculated energy spectrum agrees reasonably with the experimental one only for 95Ru. The theoretical results suggest that the odd-A Ru isotopes can be described using quasi-particle and phonons as elementary excitation modes, provided that the three quasi-particle intrinsic states are taken into account.
3

ESTUDO DO DECAIMENTO DO 101Rh E DO 101fRh E ESTRUTURANUCLEAR DO 101Ru / 101mRh and 101fRh decay studies and 101Ru nuclear structure

Vito Roberto Vanin 01 March 1984 (has links)
Os decaimentos dos nuclídeos 101mRh e 101fRh foram estudados por espectroscopia gama, tanto em medidas de espectros simples quanta de espectros em coincidência. As fontes foram produzidas na reação 103Rh(,2n) 101m,fRh, com fótons provenientes de Bremsstrahlung de elétrons no Acelerador linear do IFUSP. Diversas transições gama anteriormente atribuídas aos decaimentos desses nuclídeos não foram confirmadas, num total de 6 transições, e mais duas que foram observadas este trabalho foram atribuídas ao decaimento do 102mRh. As transições gama observadas seguindo o decaimento do 101mRh tem as seguintes energias em keV, e intensidades relativas, respectivamente: 127,226(9), 0,79(2); 157,41(4), 0,280(5); 179,636(15), 0,660(15); 184,11(5), 0,193(3); 233,74(4), 0,2198(15); 238,27(4), 0,2505(17); 306,857(5), 100; 311,367(19), 0,0175(9); 417,86(5), 0,005(2); 545,117(7), 5,3(3). As transições gama observadas seguindo o decaimento do 101fRh tem as seguintes energias e intensidades relativas: 110,94(12), 0,06(2); 127,226(9), 93,2(9); 184,22(13), 0,081(14); 198,01(13), 100; 295,01(3), 0,815(24); 352,23(3), 16,20(15); 422,19(8) ,0,272(15). A intensidade da captura eletrônica do 101fRh para o estado fundamental do 101Ru foi estimada em 51(17) % a partir do acompanhamento do crescimento da intensidade dos gamas de 198 keV decorrente da alimentação do estado fundamental pela transição isométrica de 157 keV, durante os primeiros 10 dias após o fim da irradiação. Os esquemas de decaimento dos 101m,fRh resultantes deste trabalho exigem apenas seis níveis excitados do 101Ru para acomodar todas as transições gama observadas, ao contrário do estudo anterior que concluía pela necessidade de 11 níveis. A estrutura nuclear do 101Ru para baixas energias de excitação pode, em razão da simplificação do esquema de níveis decorrente deste trabalho, ser bem descrita qualitativamente num modelo de quase-partícula-fonon com acoplamento fraco. Uma descrição quantitativa através desse modelo no esquema de acoplamento intermediário, tem sucesso limitado às probabilidades de transição de quadruplo elétrico e aos fatores espectroscópicos, conduzindo a um espectro de energia muito diferente do experimental, embora com a densidade de níveis correta. A mistura de estados de três quase-partículas foi introduzida através da teoria de perturbação. Verifica-se que a introdução desses estados permite uma melhor interpretação do espectro de energia. Os cálculos com o modelo de uma quase-partícula-fonon foram estendidos aos isótopos ímpares do Ru com 95 A 105. Os poucos dados ex perimentais disponíveis de probabilidades de transição de quadrupolo elétrico e de fatores espectroscópicos são razoavelmente reproduzidos. Já o espectro de energia calculado só concorda razoavelmente com o experimental para o 95Ru. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que os isótopos ímpares do Ru podem ser descritos utilizando-se quase-partículas e fonons como modos elementares de excitação , sendo necessário incluir no modelo estados intrínsecos de três quase-partículas. / The decays of 101mRh and 101fRh nuclides were studied by gamma-ray spectroscopy either or single or coincidence . spectra. The sources were obtained through the 103Rh(,2n) 101m,fRh reaction with the electron Bremsstrahlung beam of the Linear Accelerator of the IFUSP. Six transitions earlier attributed to the decays of these nuclides were not confirmed. Two other transitions that were observed in the present work were attributed to the 102mRh decay. The energies (keV) and the relative intensities for the observed gamma transitions following the 101mRh decay are respective1y: 127.226(9), 0.79(2); 157.41(4), 0.280(5); 179.636(15), 0.660(15); 184.11(5), 0.193(3); 233.74(4), 0.2198(15); 238.27(4), 0.2505(17); 306.857(5), 100; 311.367(19), 0.0175(9); 417.86(5) 0.005(2); 545.117(7), 5.3(3). The energies and the relative intensities of the gamma transitions observed for the 101fRh decay are the following: 110.94(12), 0.06(2); 127.226(9), 93.2(9); 184.22(13), 0.081(14); 198.01(3), 100; 295.01(3), 0.815(24); 325.23(3), 16.20(15); 422.19 (8), 0.272(15).The growth of the intensity of the 198 keV gammas due to the feeding of the ground state by the isomeric transition of 157 keV during the first ten days after the end of the irradiation allowed the measurement of the 101fRh electron capture intensity for the ground state of the 101Ru which was established as roughly 51(17)%. Previous work had shown that for the decay scheme of the 101m,fRh eleven excited levels of the 101Ru were needed to fit all observed gamma transitions. This work shows that only six excited levels are necessary. Due to the simplification of the level scheme obtained in this work, the nuclear structure of the 101Ru for low excitation energy can be described as a quasi-particle-phonon with weak coupling. Using this model in the intermediate coupling scheme, a quantitative description is successful in the calculation of electric quadrupole transition probabilities and spectroscopic factors. The calculated energy spectrum is very different from the experimental one although the level densities coincide. Through the perturbation theory, mixture with three quasi-particle states was introduced. The introduction of these states allows a better interpretation of the energy spectrum. For the other Ru isotopes the calculations using the one quasi-particle-phonon model were performed with 95 A I05. The small amount of experimental data available for electric quadrupole transition probabilities and spectroscopic factors agreed fairly well with the theoretical calculations. Nevertheless, the calculated energy spectrum agrees reasonably with the experimental one only for 95Ru. The theoretical results suggest that the odd-A Ru isotopes can be described using quasi-particle and phonons as elementary excitation modes, provided that the three quasi-particle intrinsic states are taken into account.

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