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Sofware para identificação de corrosão interna nas tubulações dos gasodutos a partir de imagens gravadas por um robô de inspeção / Software for identifying internal corrosion in pipelines from images recorded by an inspection robotBerto Junior, Carlos Antonio 21 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Elias Basile Tambourgi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T23:08:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O trabalho apresenta a metodologia aplicada à automação de partes do processo de inspeção das tubulações de gasodutos, utilizando técnicas de processamento de imagem para identificar corrosão. Como o gás natural possui alguns contaminantes que, além de serem corrosivos, comprometem a qualidade para o consumo, dessa forma, a condensação de água residual presente no gás pode iniciar um processo corrosivo localizado, que acarreta prejuízo à estrutura dos gasodutos. Devido à grande extensão dos dutos, os corrosivos comprometem a qualidade do gás e causam grandes transtornos de ordem operacional. Para avaliar a redução da espessura da parede metálica do duto, proveniente de efeitos corrosivos foi avaliada imagens, que são processadas digitalmente e analisadas por um software desenvolvido para tal finalidade que é utilizado na verificação das imagens e, ao mesmo tempo, na identificação das não-conformidades presentes e na orientação do processo de manutenção. Atualmente as técnicas adotadas para tal avaliação consistem na inclusão de um corpo de prova, conhecido como pipeline inspection gauge (PIG), com varredura por meio de ultra-som, termografia, sensores ópticos, sensores de efeito Hall e sensores para análise de resistência elétrica, além de levantamentos de campo especiais realizados sobre a superfície do solo. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como norteador a otimização do processo de detecção, com vistas à redução de custos e precisão na identificação das falhas. Para tal, foi implementado um PIG autônomo para o monitoramento contínuo da região interna dos dutos dotado de câmeras infra-vermelho, o que diferencia este equipamento dos atuais para o mesmo fim. As câmeras fornecem imagens que são processadas digitalmente e gravadas em uma memória não-volátil presente no equipamento. Um software é utilizado para verificar as imagens e, ao mesmo tempo, identificar as não-conformidades presentes. Estas informações serão utilizadas como orientador na tomada de decisão acerca do processo de manutenção que deverá ser utilizado para a solvência dos problemas encontrados / Abstract: This thesis presents a methodology applied to automate the pipeline inspection process, using image processing techniques to identify the corrosion. As natural gas has some contaminants, besides being corrosive, affect the quality for consumption, thus the condensation of residual water present in the gas corrosion process can initiate a localized, which results in damage to the pipeline structure. Due to the large extension of the ducts, the corrosive affect the quality of the gas and cause major disruptions in operational order. To evaluate the reduction of the wall thickness of the metal, from the corrosive effects were evaluated images which are digitally processed and analyzed by software developed for this purpose which is used to verify the images and at the same time, the identification the problems and guidance of maintenance process. Currently the techniques adopted for this assessment consist to insert a robot, known as pipeline inspection gauge (PIG) with scanning through ultrasound, thermography, optical sensors, Hall Effect sensors and sensors for electrical resistance analysis, plus special field surveys conducted on the soil surface. Thus, the present study was guiding to reduce the costs for maintenance and provide a precise identification of failures. It was implemented a standalone PIG for continuous monitoring of the internal region of the ducts, that fitted with infra-red cameras, what distinguishes this machine from the current for the same purpose. The cameras provide images that are digitally processed and stored in a nonvolatile memory in this machine. The software is used to verify the images and at the same time, identify nonconformities present. This information will be used as a guide in making decisions about the maintenance process that should be used for the solvency of the problems encountered / Doutorado / Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica / Doutor em Engenharia Química
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Studie rekonstrukce plynovodní sítě vybrané části urbanizovaného celku / Study of the reconstruction of the gas pipeline network of a selected part of the urbanized unitTamborlani, Alessandro January 2021 (has links)
The diploma thesis deals with the study of construction and reconstruction of gas pipeline networks. It will acquaint us with the basic properties of gases, from their extraction to distribution. At the end of the work we apply this knowledge to the real situation of construction of the regulation station together with the reconstruction of the adjacent gas pipeline network in Tišnov with the application of the 3D program Revit.
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Design of a clamp-on ultrasonic flow meter for wet gas pipelinesVedapuri, Damodaran January 2001 (has links)
No description available.
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Study of Slug Flow Characteristics and Performance of Corrosion Inhibitors, in Multiphase Flow, in Horizontal Oil and Gas PipelinesKaul, Ashwini January 1996 (has links)
No description available.
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Desenvolvimento de procedimentos para avaliação de curvas J-R em espécimes à fratura SE(T) utilizando o método de flexibilidade. / Estimation procedure of J-R Curves for SE(T) fracture specimens based upon the unloading compliance methodology.Cravero, Sebastian 26 November 2007 (has links)
Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de procedimentos para a medição de curvas de resistência J-R em espécimes SE(T) usando os métodos de flexibilidade elástica e método n. Uma descrição da metodologia sobre a qual J e o crescimento de trinca são medidos estabelece o contexto para determinar dados de resistência ao rasgamento dúctil com o emprego de curvas carga vs. deslocamento obtidas experimentalmente. A extensiva matriz de análises em estado plano de deformações de espécimes SE(T) complementada, em algumas geometrias selecionadas, com análises 3D permite a determinação numérica da flexibilidade adimensional, u, e fatores nJ e Y para uma grande faixa de proporções geométricas e propriedades de material características de aços estruturais e para dutos. Ensaios laboratoriais de um aço API 5L X60 à temperatura ambiente usando espécimes SE(T) carregados por pinos com entalhes laterais (side-grooves) fornecem os dados de carga e deslocamento necessários para validar o procedimento para determinar curvas de resistência do material. Os resultados apresentados nesta tese fornecem uma base de soluções para o futuro estabelecimento de norma padronizada para a medição experimental de curvas J-R em corpos de prova SE(T) mecanicamente similares a dutos com defeitos bidimensionais. / This work provides an estimation procedure to determine J-resistance curves for pinloaded and clamped SE(T) fracture specimens using the unloading compliance technique and the n-method. A summary of the methodology upon which J and crack extension are derived sets the necessary framework to determine crack resistance data from the measured load vs. displacement curves. The extensive plane-strain analyses and key 3D results enable numerical estimates of the nondimensional compliance, u , and parameters n and Y for a wide range of specimen geometries and material properties characteristic of structural and pipeline steels. Laboratory testings of an API 5L X60 steel at room temperature using pin-loaded SE(T) specimens with side-grooves provide the load-displacement data needed to validate the estimation procedure for measuring the crack growth resistance curve for the material. The results presented in the this thesis produce a representative set of solutions which lend further support to develop standard test procedures for constraint-designed SE(T) specimens applicable in measurements of crack growth resistance for pipelines.
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Russia's strategic natural gas export policy : the case of Gazprom's 'bypass' pipelinesChyong, Chi Kong January 2011 (has links)
No description available.
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Desenvolvimento de procedimentos para avaliação de curvas J-R em espécimes à fratura SE(T) utilizando o método de flexibilidade. / Estimation procedure of J-R Curves for SE(T) fracture specimens based upon the unloading compliance methodology.Sebastian Cravero 26 November 2007 (has links)
Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de procedimentos para a medição de curvas de resistência J-R em espécimes SE(T) usando os métodos de flexibilidade elástica e método n. Uma descrição da metodologia sobre a qual J e o crescimento de trinca são medidos estabelece o contexto para determinar dados de resistência ao rasgamento dúctil com o emprego de curvas carga vs. deslocamento obtidas experimentalmente. A extensiva matriz de análises em estado plano de deformações de espécimes SE(T) complementada, em algumas geometrias selecionadas, com análises 3D permite a determinação numérica da flexibilidade adimensional, u, e fatores nJ e Y para uma grande faixa de proporções geométricas e propriedades de material características de aços estruturais e para dutos. Ensaios laboratoriais de um aço API 5L X60 à temperatura ambiente usando espécimes SE(T) carregados por pinos com entalhes laterais (side-grooves) fornecem os dados de carga e deslocamento necessários para validar o procedimento para determinar curvas de resistência do material. Os resultados apresentados nesta tese fornecem uma base de soluções para o futuro estabelecimento de norma padronizada para a medição experimental de curvas J-R em corpos de prova SE(T) mecanicamente similares a dutos com defeitos bidimensionais. / This work provides an estimation procedure to determine J-resistance curves for pinloaded and clamped SE(T) fracture specimens using the unloading compliance technique and the n-method. A summary of the methodology upon which J and crack extension are derived sets the necessary framework to determine crack resistance data from the measured load vs. displacement curves. The extensive plane-strain analyses and key 3D results enable numerical estimates of the nondimensional compliance, u , and parameters n and Y for a wide range of specimen geometries and material properties characteristic of structural and pipeline steels. Laboratory testings of an API 5L X60 steel at room temperature using pin-loaded SE(T) specimens with side-grooves provide the load-displacement data needed to validate the estimation procedure for measuring the crack growth resistance curve for the material. The results presented in the this thesis produce a representative set of solutions which lend further support to develop standard test procedures for constraint-designed SE(T) specimens applicable in measurements of crack growth resistance for pipelines.
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Aplicação de ondas longitudinais criticamente refratadas para a medição de tensões em dutos / Application of longitudinal critically refracted waves to measure stress in pipelinesAndrino, Marcilio Haddad 27 July 2007 (has links)
Orientador: Auteliano Antunes dos Santos Junior / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T18:53:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Os dutos têm se tornado o principal meio de transporte para gás natural, petróleo e derivados nas últimas décadas. Diversos novos projetos, visando a extensão da malha dutoviária atual estão sendo implantados e as dimensões das redes de distribuição de países desenvolvidos mostram que este tipo de modal será cada vez mais utilizado, acompanhando o crescimento do Brasil. Dutovias com tais dimensões requerem esquemas de manutenção adequados, com técnicas otimizadas de inspeção. A falha, em muitos casos, pode levar a desastres ambientais, com conseqüências econômicas e sociais imensuráveis. Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver uma nova metodologia para a medição de tensões mecânicas em dutos baseada na variação da velocidade de ondas longitudinais criticamente refratadas (ondas Lcr). Como objetivos específicos foram estudadas a influência da temperatura sobre o resultado da medição, a influência da textura do material para dutos e a determinação e validação do método matemático mais adequado para emprego na determinação das tensões. Para a determinação das tensões no duto foi construído um dispositivo especial para movimentar o conjunto de transdutores ao longo dos pontos de medição. Foram realizadas medições na direção longitudinal e transversal do duto e esses levantamentos foram comparados com medidas de tensão determinadas através de extensômetros. Os resultados finais da tese mostraram a excelente correlação entre a tensão aplicada e a resposta do sistema indicando que a técnica pode ser empregada em campo / Abstract: Pipelines have become the main transport means for natural gas, petroleum and derivatives
in the last decades. Several new projects aiming the extension of the current pipeline mesh are being deployed and the size of distribution networks in developed countries show that this kind of modal will be increasingly used, following the growth of Brazil. Pipelines with such dimensions require proper schedules for maintenance, with optimized techniques of inspection. In many cases a flaw can lead to environmental disasters with economic and social consequences. This work is aimed to develop a new methodology for the measurement of mechanical stress in pipelines based in the variation of the speed of longitudinal critically refracted waves (Lcr waves). A more specific objectives, this study treats with the influence of the temperature on the measurement results, the influence of the texture of the material for pipelines and the determination and validation of the most suitable mathematical method for determination of the stress. For the determination of the stress in the pipeline a special device was constructed to move the set of transducers along the points of measurement. Measurements were performed in the longitudinal and transversal directions of the pipeline and the results were compared with stress measures determined by strain gages. The final results of the thesis showed the excellent correlation between the applied stress and the response of the system indicating that the technique can be employed in field / Doutorado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica
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Ruská federace - energetická politika a ekonomizace zahraniční politiky / Russian federation - energy policy and economization of foreign policyŘezáč, Tomáš January 2011 (has links)
The paper clearly shows that Russia has been diversifying its export routes during past 20 years, in order to by-pass third countries and to avoid paying additional transportation fees. The overall Russian export capacities of oil and gas are increasing, but in the same time the export volumes are stagnant. In case of oil transportation, pipelines are progressively substituted by sea transport, which enables Russia to participate on the world market. Situation with gas is different. Despite increasing export capacity Russia nowadays export almost the same amount of gas to the same locations as it did in 1990. It means that if there is any political or economical pressure it is laid against transition countries, which can be substituted, rather than against importing countries. Russian economical gains from export are following increasing oil and gas prices. To make the gains even higher, Russia initiated transition to world gas prices in the CIS countries as well as at the domestic market. To support the hypothesis of this thesis that primary goal of Russia is to increase its economical gains rather than to strengthen its political leverage, it is important to mention that majority of energy disputes of past twenty years were ignited by quarrel over prices and were settled by trade agreement. The...
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'Quota measures' and 'trade-related investment measures' in oil and gas regulation : reconciling normative conflicts between energy-focused regimes and WTO rules on energyEnobun, Ernest January 2016 (has links)
Regulation of border and behind-the-border measures in the oil and gas sectors presents the ‘resource access’ challenge with immense economic ramifications for export markets, yet their status under the multilateral trading regime remains obscure. Recent developments that could reshape the trading regime and market dynamics for oil and gas have seen the call for a global energy governance gain momentum in recent years. But the complex relationships between national laws, institutional norms, and the multilateral trading regime regulating energy presents an ideological ‘conflict in applicable law’. They reveal a conflict between regulatory privileges enshrined in energy resource-focused institutions namely: OPEC as a producer-only treaty, the ECT as a sector-specific multilateral energy treaty, national energy laws on the heel of the PSNR principle as a customary international law; versus international obligations under the GATT rules relevant to energy. These regimes have the trappings of nationalism, regionalism, and institutionalism in energy regulation, thereby creating an ambiguous path to global energy governance. This research revisits the institutional and regulatory architecture of oil and gas regimes from the perspective of quota measures and trade-related investment measures (TRIMs) implemented through the instrumentality of national laws, acts of NOCs (in the oil sector) and acts of non-state undertakings (in the gas sector). It therefore charts an uncommon territory and brings a new dimension to the discipline of energy and trade, with a robust examination of how regulation of quota measures and trade-related investment in the oil sector (with export restriction issues) differs from their regulation in the gas sector (with underlying competition issues) and how their varying trade effects shape their future in international economic law. Given the inherent conflicts between the legal, policy, and regulatory design of these regimes governing energy, this research first explores and applies the principle of conflict of norms to energy governance. This paves way for a hands-on approach to examining the applications of these measures under the auspices of these regimes aimed at a ‘co-operative energy governance’ between the resource-focused regimes and the GATT rules relevant to energy on the basis of their trade effects. I argue that an understanding of ‘quota measures’ and ‘TRIMs’ in the oil sector compared to their implementations in the gas sector is compelling in making a case for a systemic energy cooperation that would serve economic interests of all affected states without diminishing the normative value of each regime in each sector.
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