Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 182 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-142).

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 46 p. : ill. (some col.), col. map. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 42-43).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:07:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ernst_mab_dr_guara.pdf: 1070921 bytes, checksum: ae273e66978a6fbbebf387c55e60a66f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Neste trabalho é definido um cenário de transição entre o uso da energia proveniente de combustíveis fósseis e a utilização ainda restrita de certas fontes renováveis, como as biomassas, em especial, uma vez que o emprego de recursos hídricos e eólicos é dependente da sua disponibilidade, e tecnologias de aproveitamento da energia solar ainda demandam aperfeiçoamentos tecnológicos. Durante essa transição cabe otimizar os ciclos tradicionais que consomem óleo diesel e gás natural, visando diminuir o impacto nas reservas e no meio ambiente, aumentando o tempo disponível para a mudança, caso seja necessário. Após uma descrição dos ciclos avançados mais conhecidos é analisado de forma mais detalhada a utilização do ciclo com injeção de vapor (STIG) utilizando gás natural, em duas plantas processadoras de gás natural, incluindo uma comparação com o ciclo Rankine e Brayton convencionais. Esta análise é principalmente focado em Unidades de Compressão de gás natural, visto a grande ênfase que vêm sendo dada à sua utilização, trazendo como conseqüência a necessidade da extensão das redes de gasodutos. Os ciclos são analisados operando nas condições de projeto e com carga parcial ou sobrecarga, motivo pelo qual são formulados modelos termodinâmicos que são apresentados integrados a programas computacionais, considerando a maior quantidade de informações que permitam uma simulação próxima da realidade. Na simulação são considerados os custos de combustíveis e equipamentos, manutenção e, de forma simplificada, os ganhos potenciais provenientes da venda de créditos de carbono. Os objetivos propostos neste trabalho incluem a criação de modelos termodinâmicos para os ciclos estudados e sua simulação, considerando a operação com carga parcial, disponibilizando os dados utilizados de forma organizada... . / This work considers a transition scenario from fossil combustible energy and the restrict usage of renewable sources, specially biomass, just because water and eolic sources depend on their availability, and solar energy usage depends on technological improvements . During this transition, it is important to optimize traditional cycles that use diesel oil and natural gas, for minimizing the impact on natural reserves and environment, increasing the existing time schedule for changes, if necessary. After describing some advanced cycles, this study evaluates in more detail the usage of steam injection cycle (STIG) burning natural gas, applicable to two natural gas production plant, considering the comparison between Rankine and Brayton conventional cycles. This analysis is focused mainly in natural gas Compression Units due to the great emphasis that it has nowadays, with the necessity of increasing the gas pipeline. In this thesis, the cycles are analyzed considering the project part-load and over-load conditions, explaining why there are thermodynamic modeling to be integrated to computer programs to generate informations for a simulation closer to the real operational condition. In the simulation fuel and equipment prices, maintenance costs and, in a simple way, the potential return of investments coming from carbon dioxide credits sales were considered. Proposal goals from this study include new thermodynamic modelling applicable to the studied cycles and its simulation, considering partial load operation, offering the sparse technical and economic data in an organized way. After ending the study it was possible to conclude that the part load operation must be considered and that the oil and gas installation have a potential in energy savings.

Con la investigación se pretende atender a un mercado no desarrollado en el distrito de Bagua Grande, ya que existen empresas que se dediquen a la comercialización de GLP doméstico, pero estas no satisfacen en su totalidad la demanda del mercado local. La implementación de nuevas empresas dentro del entorno regional es la base del crecimiento económico para el sector, estimulando la creación de nuevos puestos de trabajo los cuales serán el sustento de las familias. En el presente proyecto se realizó un estudio de mercado donde se dio a conocer el mercado de GLP mundial y nacional y su comportamiento a través de los últimos años. De igual manera se realizó un estudio de mercado en el que se utiliza como herramienta la encuesta. Esta tuvo la finalidad de conocer al consumidor objetivo. Los resultados fueron reveladores para la investigación, ya que se entiende que el mercado objetivo no está satisfecho, el servicio que las empresas de GLP del sector brindan no es el esperado por los clientes. Uno de los resultados más importantes fue que el 88.22% de los clientes ha tenido problemas con experiencias de servicios pasados y el 78.2% estaría dispuesto a cambiar de proveedor por uno que satisfaga sus necesidades. En el capítulo tercero se definió el tamaño de planta en relación con el mercado objetivo al que se atenderá, se definió la capacidad de planta a 116228 balones para el primer año y para el último año habrá un aumento a 128119 balones. El cuarto capítulo está basado en la organización, el tipo y las características de la empresa basada en la ley de sociedades del Perú. Se definió que la empresa sería denominada como una empresa individual de responsabilidad limitada (E.I.R.L), se necesitara los servicios de 17 colaboradores que se dividirán en cargos como operarios, repartidores, jefes de área, administrativos, secretaria, contador y seguridad. También se establecieron las políticas de empresas divididas en políticas de comercialización, compras, financiera, de personal y de control. Se unió toda la información de los capítulos previos para calcular la inversión que se tendrá para el proyecto, que será propia y a través de un crédito, en esta inversión intervienen los gastos y costes del proceso de producción. Después se elabora estados de resultados proyectados, punto de equilibrio y flujos de caja para tres escenarios: pesimista, probable y optimista. Fueron evaluados bajo criterios como el VAN, TIR, BC y PR. Para finalmente poder conocer si es viable la implementación del proyecto en la ciudad de Bagua Grande. Se concluye que para el proyecto existe un mercado potencial ubicado en la zona, ya que esta desatendido por el momento. Al realizarse un VAN esperado del proyecto bajo 3 escenarios: pesimista, probable y optimista se obtuvo un VANF promedio de S/. S/. 602,196.78. En términos generales se concluye que el proyecto de inversión es rentable desde el punto de vista técnico, económico y financiero. / Tesis

No description available.

This thesis examines the prospect of structure H (sH) hydrate to be exploited for methane storage. The methane content in the hydrate, hydrate kinetics and conversion rates are areas of particular importance. Experiments and theory are employed at the macroscopic and molecular levels to study the relevant phenomena. sH hydrate was successfully synthesized from ice particles with full conversion achieved within a day when thermal ramping above the ice melting point was applied. It was found that a polar guest (tert-butyl methyl ether / TBME) wets ice more extensively compared to two hydrophobic guests (neo-hexane / NH and methyl-cyclohexane / MCH). TBME also has much higher solubility in water. Consequently, the system with TBME was found to exhibit the highest initial hydrate formation rate from ice particles or in water in a well stirred vessel. However, the rate with the hydrophobic guests was the fastest when the temperature exceeded the ice point. Thus, the applied temperature ramping compensated the slow kinetics below the ice point for the hydrophobic guests and allowed faster overall conversion than the polar guest. Structure, cage occupancy, composition and methane content in the hydrate were also determined by employing different techniques and the results were found to be consistent. It was found that the methane content in structure H hydrate with TBME was the smallest (103-125 v/v) whereas that with NH was 130-139 (v/v) and that with MCH was 132-142 (v/v). The methane content in structure II hydrate by using propane (C₃H₈) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the large guest molecule were also estimated. Optimal methane content was found at approximately 100 (v/v) for both C₃H₈ and THF systems with the large guest concentrations at 1% for C₃H₈ (10°C) and 1% for THF (room temperature). The gas content is of course lower than that for structure I hydrate (170 v/v) but one should consider the fact that the hydrate formation conditions are much lower (less than 1 MPa). Finally, MD simulations revealed for the first time the formation of defects in the cavities for the TBME/methane/water (sH hydrate) system which may affect hydrate stability and kinetics. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Attention worldwide has been placed towards reducing the global carbon footprint. To this end the scientific community has been involved in improving many of the available methods of carbon capture and storage (CCS). CCS involves scrubbing flue gases of greenhouse gases and safely storing them deep underground. MOFs, a family of functionally tunable three dimensional nanoporous frameworks, have been shown to adsorb gases with great selectivity and capacity. Investigating these frameworks using computational simulations, although faster than in-lab synthetic methods, involves a tedious and meticulous input preparation process which is subject to human error. This thesis presents Dave's Occupancy Automation Package (DOAP),a software which provides a means to automatically determine the gas uptake of many three dimensional frameworks. By providing atomic coordinates for a unit simulation cell, the software acts to performs the necessary calculations to construct and execute a Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulation, determining the gas uptake in a metal organic framework. Additionally an analysis of different convergence assessment tests for describing the end point of the GCMC simulation is presented.

The purpose of this paper is to examine two of the alternatives for transporting natural gas from the Mackenzie Delta-Beaufort Sea area of the Northwest Territories in Canada and from Prudhoe Bay on the Alaska north slope. The first of these is a Mackenzie Valley pipeline proposed by Canadian Arctic Gas Pipeline Ltd to transport both Alaskan and Mackenzie Delta gas to southern markets. The other alternative analysed is the all American El Paso proposal to transport solely Prudhoe Bay gas to U.S. markets. In particular the cost-benefit analyses of these proposals as undertaken by the D.0.I.-Aerospace study and by Helliwell et al., are examined. The paper attempts to highlight differences, both methodological and other, between two studies of the economic returns in exploiting northern natural gas resourses. The Department of the Interior study was undertaken to examine two alternative methods of transporting Prudhoe Bay gas from the Alaskan north slope; a pipeline and liquification route (proposed by El Paso Natural Gas Co.), and transportation via an all pipeline route which would traverse Alaska, the Yukon Territory, and the Northwest Territories, and thence through southern Canada into the continental U.S.A. The major differences highlighted include different estimates of capital and operating costs, for the proposed Mackenzie Valley Pipeline, between D.O.I, and CAGPL. Also evaluated are the different lifetime assumptions, estimates for the supply price of capital and the discount rate, and the treatment of Canadian taxes. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

En el presente trabajo se determina el tipo de competencia espacial (Löschian, Hotelling-Smithies y Greenhut-Ohta) bajo el cual operan los gasocentros en Lima Metropolitana y Callao durante el periodo 2011-2015, utilizando el enfoque de variaciones conjeturales planteado por Capozza y Van Order (1978). A partir de ello, se analiza la existencia de comportamientos colusorios o competitivos en dos niveles: en Lima Metropolitana y Callao y en submercados o mercados locales creados dentro de esta región. La base de datos contiene información de 234 gasocentros (4.264 observaciones) y la estimación se realiza utilizando el Método Generalizado de Momentos (GMM). Los resultados muestran que, si bien no es posible determinar el tipo de competencia espacial para todo el mercado de Lima Metropolitana y Callao, sí es posible hacerlo para algunos de sus mercados locales. El análisis realizado sugiere que 2 mercados locales se comportarían a lo Löschian; 1 a lo Hotelling-Smithies y 1 a lo Greenhut-Ohta.

El acceso universal al gas natural es ahora una política de Estado impostergable porque se trata una herramienta más para la lucha contra la pobreza y el cuidado del medio ambiente. Esta política de Estado se ha visto reflejada en la emisión de una normativa específica que está orientada a promover la masificación del gas natural al interior del país, con un criterio claro de inclusión social. En la actualidad ya están en marcha proyectos de inversión que tienen como objetivo impulsar este proceso de masificación, tales como las concesiones de transporte y distribución de gas natural comprimido y licuefactado en diversas provincias. No obstante, el alcance de estas concesiones es limitado, lo que implica que las poblaciones ubicadas fuera de su ámbito de acción se verán impedidas de acceder a los beneficios del gas natural en el corto y mediano plazo. Partiendo de estas premisas, el presente trabajo de investigación analizará si es competitivo suministrar gas natural licuefactado en zonas aisladas del sur-oeste del Perú, donde el concesionario de transporte y distribución de gas natural licuefactado no tiene previsto desarrollar infraestructura.