Studien syftar till att belysa gastric by-pass opererade personers upplevelser före och efter operationen. Studien är utformad efter en fenomenologisk ansats och fokus ligger mot fenomenet som är upplevelserna av en gastric by-pass. De medverkande avgränsades till kvinnor och ett inklusionskriterium för att medverka i studien var att de hade genomgått en gastric bypass operation. Datainsamlingen skedde med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer. Vi har eftersträvat att få våra intervjuer till ett samtal, där vi som intervjuar är aktiva lyssnare. Bearbetningen av materialet fokuserade på de teman vi fann; Socialt isolerad och rädslan för varaktiga relationer, förväntningar och en svårighet att se skillnad, smärta och värk- operationen som en sista utväg, vården och komplikationer, jag ångrar mig inte och jag är lyckligare idag, den sociala omgivningen samt kroppslig förändring. Studiens resultat visar att det finns upplevelser av en gastric by-pass operation som har inverkan på den psykosociala hälsan. Med stöd av resultatet kan vi dra slutsatsen om att en gastric by-pass operation bidrar till att kvinnorna anser att dem lever ett lyckligare liv. Kvinnorna lever ett lyckligare liv bland annat eftersom dem har en känsla av att passa in i samhället, men operationen kan bidra till en del fysiska komplikationer, som kvinnorna redogör för. / The study aims to highlight the gastric bypass surgery people's experiences before and after surgery. The study is designed with a phenomenological approach and our focus is on our phenomenon, the experience of a gastric by-pass. The participants were limited to women and an inclusion criterion to participate in the study was that they had undergone a gastric by-pass operation. Data collection was done using qualitative interviews. We have strived to make our interviews to a conversation where we are active listeners. The processing of the material focused on the themes we found; Socially isolated and the fear of relationships, expectations and an inability to see the difference, pain and surgery as a last resort, treatment and complications, I don’t regret it and I'm happier today, the social environment and physical change of body. We have found that there are experiences of a gastric by-pass surgery that have impact on the psychosocial health. With the support of the results we can conclude that gastric by-pass surgery helps participants live a happier life with a feeling of fitting into the society, but that the surgery may contribute to complications that woman in the study are telling us about.

A obesidade tem sido associada com a insuficiência cardíaca, e indivíduos obesos apresentam uma forma de cardiomiopatia caracterizada por dilatação ventricular esquerda, e hipertrofia ecêntrica, atribuída à sobrecarga volêmica. A disfunção ventricular tem sido descrita, sendo que a maioria dos estudos descrevem anormalidades da função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo. O presente estudo foi desenhado para se determinar o efeito da obesidade sobre a função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo e o impacto da perda de peso induzida pela cirurgia bariátrica sobre esta função.104 pacientes agendados para cirurgia bariátrica foram incluídos, 74 mulheres e 30 homens. Idade média de 38,8 ± 11,44 anos. Oitenta e um pacientes eram obesos mórbidos ( IMC maior ou igual 40 kg/m²) e 23 pacientes eram obesos graves ( IMC entre 35 e 39,99 kg/m²) com pelo menos duas co- morbidades associadas. A análise ecoDopplercardiográfica estrutural e funcional foi realizada previamente e após 6 meses do procedimento cirúrgico. Encontramos que indivíduos obesos tinham aumento da espessura septal do ventrículo esquerdo, do diâmetro atrial esquerdo e da massa ventricular esquerda. Além disso, apresentavam uma incidência maior de disfunção diastólica no pré-operatório. Observamos que a perda de peso induzida pela cirurgia bariátrica causou impacto nas velocidades do fluxo mitral, nas velocidades do fluxo de veia pulmonar e no Doppler tissular, mas não causou impacto nos outros parâmetros ecoDopplercardiográficos de análise da função diastólica. Como conclusões, obtemos que a perda de peso induzida pela cirurgia bariátrica melhora a função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo em indivíduos obesos. O fato do paciente ser hipertenso, diabético ou ser portador de outras co- morbidades, não esteve relacionado a uma maior incidência de disfunção diastólica. Os parâmetros ecoDopplercardiograficos de análise da função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo devem ser utilizados em associação para uma melhor avaliação desta função. / Obesity has been associated with heart failure, and individuals with severe obesity have been recognized to have a form of cardiomiopathy attributed to chronic volume overload, characterized by left ventricular dilation, and eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy. Impairment of cardiac function has been reported, with most studies reporting abnormal diastolic function.The present study was designed to determinate the effect of obesity on left ventricular diastolic function and the impact of weight loss after bariatric surgery on this function. One hundred and four patients scheduled for bariatric surgery were enrolled, 74 women and 30 men. Baseline mean age was 38.8 ± 11.44 years. Eighty- one patients were morbid obese (B.M.I. maior ou igual 40 kg/m²) and 23 were severe obese (B.M.I from 35 to 39.99 kg/m²), with at least two associated co-morbidities. Structural and functional echoDopplercardiographic analysis were performed before and 6 months after the bariatric surgery. We found that obese individuals had higher septal wall thickness, left atrial diameter, left ventricular mass and a higher incidence of diastolic dysfunction before the surgery than after. It was observed that weight loss had an impact on mitral flow velocities, on pulmonary vein flow velocities, and on tissue Doppler imaging, but had no impact on the other diastolic echocardiographic parameters. Weight loss after bariatric surgery had improved cardiac diastolic function. Being hypertensive, diabetic or having another associated co-morbidity was not related to a higher incidence of diastolic dysfunction. The diastolic echoDopplercardiographic parameters should be used in combination for a better diastolic evaluation.

A obesidade tem sido associada com a insuficiência cardíaca, e indivíduos obesos apresentam uma forma de cardiomiopatia caracterizada por dilatação ventricular esquerda, e hipertrofia ecêntrica, atribuída à sobrecarga volêmica. A disfunção ventricular tem sido descrita, sendo que a maioria dos estudos descrevem anormalidades da função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo. O presente estudo foi desenhado para se determinar o efeito da obesidade sobre a função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo e o impacto da perda de peso induzida pela cirurgia bariátrica sobre esta função.104 pacientes agendados para cirurgia bariátrica foram incluídos, 74 mulheres e 30 homens. Idade média de 38,8 ± 11,44 anos. Oitenta e um pacientes eram obesos mórbidos ( IMC maior ou igual 40 kg/m²) e 23 pacientes eram obesos graves ( IMC entre 35 e 39,99 kg/m²) com pelo menos duas co- morbidades associadas. A análise ecoDopplercardiográfica estrutural e funcional foi realizada previamente e após 6 meses do procedimento cirúrgico. Encontramos que indivíduos obesos tinham aumento da espessura septal do ventrículo esquerdo, do diâmetro atrial esquerdo e da massa ventricular esquerda. Além disso, apresentavam uma incidência maior de disfunção diastólica no pré-operatório. Observamos que a perda de peso induzida pela cirurgia bariátrica causou impacto nas velocidades do fluxo mitral, nas velocidades do fluxo de veia pulmonar e no Doppler tissular, mas não causou impacto nos outros parâmetros ecoDopplercardiográficos de análise da função diastólica. Como conclusões, obtemos que a perda de peso induzida pela cirurgia bariátrica melhora a função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo em indivíduos obesos. O fato do paciente ser hipertenso, diabético ou ser portador de outras co- morbidades, não esteve relacionado a uma maior incidência de disfunção diastólica. Os parâmetros ecoDopplercardiograficos de análise da função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo devem ser utilizados em associação para uma melhor avaliação desta função. / Obesity has been associated with heart failure, and individuals with severe obesity have been recognized to have a form of cardiomiopathy attributed to chronic volume overload, characterized by left ventricular dilation, and eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy. Impairment of cardiac function has been reported, with most studies reporting abnormal diastolic function.The present study was designed to determinate the effect of obesity on left ventricular diastolic function and the impact of weight loss after bariatric surgery on this function. One hundred and four patients scheduled for bariatric surgery were enrolled, 74 women and 30 men. Baseline mean age was 38.8 ± 11.44 years. Eighty- one patients were morbid obese (B.M.I. maior ou igual 40 kg/m²) and 23 were severe obese (B.M.I from 35 to 39.99 kg/m²), with at least two associated co-morbidities. Structural and functional echoDopplercardiographic analysis were performed before and 6 months after the bariatric surgery. We found that obese individuals had higher septal wall thickness, left atrial diameter, left ventricular mass and a higher incidence of diastolic dysfunction before the surgery than after. It was observed that weight loss had an impact on mitral flow velocities, on pulmonary vein flow velocities, and on tissue Doppler imaging, but had no impact on the other diastolic echocardiographic parameters. Weight loss after bariatric surgery had improved cardiac diastolic function. Being hypertensive, diabetic or having another associated co-morbidity was not related to a higher incidence of diastolic dysfunction. The diastolic echoDopplercardiographic parameters should be used in combination for a better diastolic evaluation.

L’altération du métabolisme postprandial des lipides et l’inflammation chronique associée apparaissent comme des éléments majeurs de la physiopathologie de l’obésité. L’implication de l’absorption intestinale d’endotoxines bactériennes du microbiote au cours de la digestion des lipides a été mise en évidence. Cependant la modulation de ces phénomènes par différentes quantités de lipides différemment structurés reste mal caractérisée, notamment chez les obèses. Nous avons mis en place un protocole clinique, en cross-over randomisé, visant à étudier chez des sujets normo-pondérés et obèses les conséquences de la digestion de matière grasse consommée, soit sous forme tartinée en différentes quantités (10 g ou 40 g), soit sous forme finement émulsionnée (40 g) sur le métabolisme postprandial des lipides et des endotoxines. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence que l’augmentation plasmatique des chylomicrons, suite à une augmentation de la quantité de matière grasse ingérée, était plus précoce et plus importante chez les normo-pondérés que chez les sujets obèses, avec la sécrétion de plus gros chylomicrons suite à 40 g. Lorsque 40 g de matière grasse est émulsionnée, nous montrons qu’elle aboutit à un pic de triglycérides des chylomicrons plus précoce et plus élevé, reflétant une absorption facilitée des lipides, et de manière plus marquée chez l’obèse. Nous montrons aussi que cet état émulsionné aboutit à une β-oxydation plus élevée des lipides exogènes sur la journée, sans différence de perte fécale. Une endotoxémie postprandiale est également observée suite aux différents repas. L’accumulation postprandiale d’endotoxines, notamment présentes dans les chylomicrons, augmente avec la quantité de matière grasse tartinée en corrélation avec l’aire sous courbe des chylomicrons chez les obèses. En complément, l’absorption lipidique in vitro par des cellules Caco-2 était plus importante suite à l’incubation de milieux de lipolyse d’émulsions stabilisées par du caséinate que de la lécithine. Enfin, un test de digestion a été réalisé avant et après une chirurgie de by-pass gastrique pour identifier si une diminution drastique de l’absorption lipidique modifiait l’endotoxémie. Suite à l’opération, les patients sont davantage exposés aux endotoxines après la prise d’une émulsion au petit-déjeuner. En revanche, la LBP, protéine de transport des endotoxines proinflammatoire, diminue significativement à jeun et en postprandial suite à l’opération. L’ensemble de ces travaux démontrent qu’en plus des effets de la quantité de lipides ingérée sur la lipémie et l’absorption d’endotoxines associée, la structure de la matière grasse joue un rôle important dans la modulation du devenir métabolique des acides gras. La structuration des lipides alimentaires pourrait donc être spécifiquement adaptée afin d’optimiser le métabolisme lipidique postprandial, notamment chez des personnes obèses. / The alteration of postprandial lipid metabolism and associated chronic inflammation emerge as major elements in the obesity pathophysiology. The involvement of the intestinal absorption of endotoxin from microbiota during lipid digestion was recently highlighted. However, the modulation of these phenomena by different amounts of differently structured lipids remains poorly characterized, especially in obese people. We developed a cross-over randomized clinical study to explore in normal weight and obese subjects the consequences of fat digestion, consumed either spread on bread in different amounts (10 g or 40 g) or finely emulsified (40 g), on postprandial metabolism of lipids and endotoxins. We have demonstrated that the increase in plasma chylomicrons, after increase in the amount of fat ingested, was earlier and greater in normal-weight than in obese subjects, with the secretion of larger chylomicrons after consumption of 40 g of spread fat. When 40 g of fat is emulsified, we show that it leads to an earlier and higher peak of chylomicron triglycerides, reflecting facilitated absorption of fat, and more significantly in obese subjects. We also show that emulsified fat results in higher β-oxidation of exogenous lipids over the day, with no difference in fecal excretion. Postprandial endotoxemia was also observed in response to different meals. The postprandial accumulation of endotoxins, present in chylomicrons, increases with the amount of spread fat ingested and it is correlated with the area under the curve of chylomicrons in obese subjects. In addition, the in vitro lipid absorption by Caco-2 cells was greater following incubation with lipolysis media of emulsions stabilized by caseinate than lecithin. Finally, a digestion test was conducted before and after gastric bypass surgery to identify whether a drastic reduction in lipid absorption altered metabolic endotoxemia. After surgery, patients are more exposed to endotoxins in the morning after emulsion consumption at breakfast. However, LBP, a proinflammatory protein transporting endotoxins, significantly decreases after surgery. Altogether, these studies demonstrate that in addition to the metabolic effects of dietary fat intake on lipemia and associated endotoxemia, the fat structure also plays an important role in the modulation of further fatty acid handling. Structuring of dietary lipids could thus be specifically adapted to optimize postprandial lipid metabolism, especially in obese people.