M.B.A. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

The aim of this study was to develop an optimized process for the manufacturing of hexazinone and to validate laboratory results on a larger scale, in this case a miniplant. Patent protection on hexazinone has expired and the objective of this study was to improve on the known commercial process to enable the cost-effective manufacturing of hexazinone. The generic market is highly competitive and hexazinone can be sourced from several suppliers at low cost. Ownership of improved technology for the production of hexazinone can give Dow AgroSciences a competitive advantage in the generic market. Various routes for the manufacture of hexazinone are reviewed and important aspects of scale-up is considered and summarized. The known commercial five-step synthesis was optimized on a laboratory scale, using experimental design where applicable. The optimized procedures were scaled to the mini-plant. Significant improvements over patent results were realized for the process efficiencies. This is in particular true for the synthesis of N-ethoxycarbonyl-N,N,Ntrimethylguanidine in step 3. Employing experimental design to optimize the reaction was instrumental in meeting the objective of the study. Higher overall yields lead to substantial cost savings because of more efficient raw material conversion to value adding products. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die vervaardigingsproses vir heksasinoon te optimizeer. Die geldigheid van die laboratorium resultate is bevestig op ‘n groter skaal, in hierdie geval, op ‘n loodsaanleg met ‘n vyftig liter kapasiteit. Patente op die bekende vervaardigingsproses van heksasinoon het verval. Die mark vir generiese produkte is hoogs kompeterend en heksasinoon kan teen lae koste aangekoop word van verskeie vervaardigers. ‘n Betekenisvolle verbetering op die bestaande tegnologie kan aan Dow AgroSciences ‘n kompeterende voordeel besorg in die generiese heksasinoon mark. Die studie gee ‘n oorsig oor verskeie roetes vir die vervaardiging van heksasinoon en belangrike aspekte van opskalering. Die bekende vyf-stap sintese van heksasinoon is suksesvol geoptimiseer in die laboratorium met behulp van eksperimentele ontwerp. Die optimum kondisies is bevestig op ‘n loodsaanleg. Die gebruik van eksperimentele ontwerp om die vervaardigingsproses te optimiseer, het gelei tot belangrike verbetering in die tegnologie. Die totale opbrengs van die vyf-stap sintese oorskry gedokumenteerde waardes. Die geoptimiseerde proses kan lei tot betekenisvolle besparings deur die effektiewe omskakeling van uitgangstowwe na ‘n waardevolle produk. / Prof. F. Van Heerden

by Chow Yiu Ho, Andrew, Chui Wai Shun, Clare. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1988. / Bibliography: leaves 124-125.

No description available.

Software products can be categorized into three types namely bespoke, market driven and customizable generic products. Each of these products is facing different problems in their development and to address these problems different software process models have been introduced. The use and validation of different software process models for bespoke and market driven products have been discussed in earlier work. On the other hand, less attention was paid to the customizable generic products. Our thesis will fill this gap by conducting a case study on evolutionary prototyping (EP) for customizable generic products. The main aim of the thesis is to make an initial validation of EP for customizable generic products. In order to fulfill the aforementioned aim we performed a literature study on prototyping and EP, together with development of two customizable generic products. During this development process, we used approach of EP. The results from our investigation will provide researchers and practitioners with a deep insight to the EP and also to guide them in making decision regarding the use of EP. The main findings from our investigation are as follows: • EP is not used standalone as a software process model. Rather it is used as a concept that can be augmented with some iterative software process model. • Negative and positive aspects of EP were highlighted by discussing situations where it could be a better choice, with its advantages and disadvantages. • An initial validation was performed on EP for customizable generic products. Reported results from this case study show that the selected approach is a good choice when you want to have innovative product, clear ambiguous and sketchy requirements, discover new requirements, save resources of software testing, involve and satisfy customer. EP shows vulnerabilities in documentation of product and quality of code. / Mobile number : 0046762183249

No description available.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study is essentially an investigation into perceptions that exist in the medical field with regards to generic medicines and generic substitution. The study was conducted via the sampling of a variety of physicians, specialists and pharmacists in the Cape Peninsula. The primary test for these perceptions was the application of a five page questionnaire that the targeted sample group had to complete. South Africa entered a new era on political, social and economic levels with the election of a new democratic government. The reality is that South Africa is becoming more and more a third world country with deteriorating systems of health care and education, as a direct result of a shortage of funds and inadequate management or total lack thereof. It has also become more and more evident recently that this country is experiencing a "brain-drain", in that experienced and highly qualified people are leaving the country for mostly other first world countries, because they can no longer operate efficiently and effectively under the constraints imposed upon them by a shrinking health care budget. Government and private health departments constantly have to face the battle of containing costs so that they can operate in the way that they are supposed to. Unfortunately, with the constant escalation in the prices of medicine every year combined with a limited availability of funds, the problem just becomes worse every day with patients and medical aids suffering the most. One possible way in which an attempt could be made to reduce costs is to decrease the expenses of medicine, making more money available in other areas, or that the need for more medicines could be satisfied via having more money available as a result of these savings. Generic medicines are known to be less expensive than their ethical counterparts and can therefore contribute greatly to savings in this area, seeing that generic medicines mostly sell at 40%-50% of the price of the original. There are obviously more issues involved than just costs: the ethical issue of moral support to the ethical manufacturers that have done all the research and development of the original drug that now becomes "copied"; the issue of.quality and reliability of these "copycat" medicines; and the issue of the role that people in the medical field, government and other bodies should play in containing costs. These issues were addressed in the form of statements in the questionnaire and opinions were tested to see what perceptions exist, so that the marketers of medicines would know how to formulate their marketing plans and strategies in order to attain a bigger market share, or how to protect their current share of the market. The information should also prove handy to government and private health care organisations that should endeavour to contain costs wherever they can, seeing that they operate within the constraint of an allocated budget. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie projek is essensieel 'n ondersoek na persepsies wat bestaan in die mediese veld met betrekking tot generiese medisynes en generiese plaasvervanging. Vir die doel van die studie is "mediese veld" gedefinieer as die verskillende kategorieë van mediese dokters en aptekers wat elke dag met die vraagstuk te make het. Die steekproef was dus mediese dokters, spesialiste en aptekers in die Kaapse Skiereiland. Die primere toetsinstrument was 'n vyf-bladsy vraelys wat 35 stellings bevat het waarin 8 faktore verskans was waarvoor die navorser getoets het. Suid-Afrika het 'n nuwe era betree met die daarstelling en verkiesing van 'n nuwe demokratiese regering van nasionale eenheid waarin alle Suid-Afrikaners deelname het. Die realiteite van Suid-Afrika vandag is dat dit meer en meer sy derde wêreld komponente openbaar waarvan die bestaan vantevore deur die eerste wêreld komponent geïgnoreer is. Die resultaat is dat gesondheidsorg en opvoedkundige sisteme aan die verkrummel is vanweë 'n tekort aan fondse asook oneffektiewe bestuur. Dit is dan ook onvermydelik dat 'n groot aantalleiers en kenners op hierdie gebiede besluit om die land te verlaat en na hoofsaaklik eerste wêreld lande emigreer, waar hulle in 'n veel mindere mate te kampe het met die probleme van swak bestuur en veral onder befondsing in die onderskeie areas van hulle spesialiteit. Dit laat 'n gaping wat gevul moet word deur swakker bestuur wat die probleem vererger. Regering- en privaat mediese departemente gaan gebuk onder die las van krimpende begrotings en 'n stygende vraag na mediese sorg, medisynes en ander geriewe. Dit is ook 'n voldonge feit dat mediese tariewe bly styg, dat medisynes konstant al hoe duurder word en dat daagliks waargeneem word dat daar 'n ondervoorsiening van personeel en medikasie in hospitale en ander gesondheidsorganisasies is. Die partye wat aan die kortste end trek is die pasient en die mediese fondse. Een moontlike wyse waarop hierdie probleem van stygende kostes aangespreek kan word is om die uitgawes op medisynes te beperk sonder om minder medisynes te koop, sodat meer geld beskikbaar sal wees vir ander behoeftes. Dit is bekend dat generiese medisynes heelwat goedkoper is as hulle etiese "broers" en dat die gebruikmaking hiervan kan lei tot besparings so groot as selfs 60% en meer. Daar is duidelik meer vraagstukke betrokke rondom die hele aangeleentheid van generiese medisynes en generiese plaasvervanging soos: die etiese vraagstuk aangaande morele ondersteuning aan die etiese firmas wat al die navorsing en ontwikkeling van die oorspronklike produkte doen en wat nou net gedupliseer word deur die generiese vervaardigers; die vraagstuk aangaande die betroubaarheid en kwaliteit van hierdie "duplikate"; asook die vraagstuk rondom die rol wat persone in die mediese veld en regerings- en- privaatinstansies moet vervul in die bekamping van stygende kostes. Hierdie vraagstukke is geadresseer in die vraelyste as stellings en opinies is getoets om vas te stel wat die huidige persepsies rondom die aangeleentheid van generiese produkte en generiese plaasvervanging is. Die belang van die kennis van hierdie opinies en persepsies is dat dit onontbeerlike inligting verskaf aan die bemarkers van farmaseutiese produkte en medisynes aangesien 'n bemarkingsplan en bemarkingstrategie hier rondom gevorm kan word, sodat maniere uitgewerk kan word om markaandeel te vergroot of om markaandeel te behou.